Calculus Examples

$y = \csc (x) \sec (x)$

Step 1

Find the first derivative.

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Differentiate using the Product Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (x) g (x)]$ is $f (x) \frac{d}{d x} [g (x)] + g (x) \frac{d}{d x} [f (x)]$ where $f (x) = \csc (x)$ and $g (x) = \sec (x)$ .

$f' (x) = \csc (x) \frac{d}{d x} (\sec (x)) + \sec (x) \frac{d}{d x} (\csc (x))$

The derivative of $\sec (x)$ with respect to $x$ is $\sec (x) \tan (x)$ .

$f' (x) = \csc (x) (\sec (x) \tan (x)) + \sec (x) \frac{d}{d x} (\csc (x))$

The derivative of $\csc (x)$ with respect to $x$ is $- \csc (x) \cot (x)$ .

$f' (x) = \csc (x) \sec (x) \tan (x) + \sec (x) (- \csc (x) \cot (x))$

Reorder terms.

$f' (x) = \csc (x) \sec (x) \tan (x) - \cot (x) \csc (x) \sec (x)$

Step 2

Find the second derivative.

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By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $\csc (x) \sec (x) \tan (x) - \cot (x) \csc (x) \sec (x)$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [\csc (x) \sec (x) \tan (x)] + \frac{d}{d x} [- \cot (x) \csc (x) \sec (x)]$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{d}{d x} (\csc (x) \sec (x) \tan (x)) + \frac{d}{d x} (- \cot (x) \csc (x) \sec (x))$

Evaluate $\frac{d}{d x} [\csc (x) \sec (x) \tan (x)]$ .

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Differentiate using the Product Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (x) g (x)]$ is $f (x) \frac{d}{d x} [g (x)] + g (x) \frac{d}{d x} [f (x)]$ where $f (x) = \csc (x) \sec (x)$ and $g (x) = \tan (x)$ .

$f'' (x) = \csc (x) \sec (x) \frac{d}{d x} (\tan (x)) + \tan (x) \frac{d}{d x} (\csc (x) \sec (x)) + \frac{d}{d x} (- \cot (x) \csc (x) \sec (x))$

The derivative of $\tan (x)$ with respect to $x$ is $\sec^{2} (x)$ .

$f'' (x) = \csc (x) \sec (x) \sec^{2} (x) + \tan (x) \frac{d}{d x} (\csc (x) \sec (x)) + \frac{d}{d x} (- \cot (x) \csc (x) \sec (x))$

Differentiate using the Product Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (x) g (x)]$ is $f (x) \frac{d}{d x} [g (x)] + g (x) \frac{d}{d x} [f (x)]$ where $f (x) = \csc (x)$ and $g (x) = \sec (x)$ .

$f'' (x) = \csc (x) \sec (x) \sec^{2} (x) + \tan (x) (\csc (x) \frac{d}{d x} (\sec (x)) + \sec (x) \frac{d}{d x} (\csc (x))) + \frac{d}{d x} (- \cot (x) \csc (x) \sec (x))$

The derivative of $\sec (x)$ with respect to $x$ is $\sec (x) \tan (x)$ .

$f'' (x) = \csc (x) \sec (x) \sec^{2} (x) + \tan (x) (\csc (x) (\sec (x) \tan (x)) + \sec (x) \frac{d}{d x} (\csc (x))) + \frac{d}{d x} (- \cot (x) \csc (x) \sec (x))$

The derivative of $\csc (x)$ with respect to $x$ is $- \csc (x) \cot (x)$ .

$f'' (x) = \csc (x) \sec (x) \sec^{2} (x) + \tan (x) (\csc (x) (\sec (x) \tan (x)) + \sec (x) (- \csc (x) \cot (x))) + \frac{d}{d x} (- \cot (x) \csc (x) \sec (x))$

Multiply $\sec (x)$ by $\sec^{2} (x)$ by adding the exponents.

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Move $\sec^{2} (x)$ .

$f'' (x) = \csc (x) (\sec^{2} (x) \sec (x)) + \tan (x) (\csc (x) (\sec (x) \tan (x)) + \sec (x) (- \csc (x) \cot (x))) + \frac{d}{d x} (- \cot (x) \csc (x) \sec (x))$

Multiply $\sec^{2} (x)$ by $\sec (x)$ .

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Raise $\sec (x)$ to the power of $1$ .

$f'' (x) = \csc (x) (\sec^{2} (x) \sec (x)) + \tan (x) (\csc (x) (\sec (x) \tan (x)) + \sec (x) (- \csc (x) \cot (x))) + \frac{d}{d x} (- \cot (x) \csc (x) \sec (x))$

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$f'' (x) = \csc (x) {\sec (x)}^{2 + 1} + \tan (x) (\csc (x) (\sec (x) \tan (x)) + \sec (x) (- \csc (x) \cot (x))) + \frac{d}{d x} (- \cot (x) \csc (x) \sec (x))$

Add $2$ and $1$ .

$f'' (x) = \csc (x) \sec^{3} (x) + \tan (x) (\csc (x) (\sec (x) \tan (x)) + \sec (x) (- \csc (x) \cot (x))) + \frac{d}{d x} (- \cot (x) \csc (x) \sec (x))$

$f'' (x) = \csc (x) \sec^{3} (x) + \tan (x) (\csc (x) \sec (x) \tan (x) + \sec (x) (- \csc (x) \cot (x))) + \frac{d}{d x} (- \cot (x) \csc (x) \sec (x))$

Evaluate $\frac{d}{d x} [- \cot (x) \csc (x) \sec (x)]$ .

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Since $- 1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- \cot (x) \csc (x) \sec (x)$ with respect to $x$ is $- \frac{d}{d x} [\cot (x) \csc (x) \sec (x)]$ .

$f'' (x) = \csc (x) \sec^{3} (x) + \tan (x) (\csc (x) \sec (x) \tan (x) + \sec (x) (- \csc (x) \cot (x))) - \frac{d}{d x} (\cot (x) \csc (x) \sec (x))$

Differentiate using the Product Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (x) g (x)]$ is $f (x) \frac{d}{d x} [g (x)] + g (x) \frac{d}{d x} [f (x)]$ where $f (x) = \cot (x) \csc (x)$ and $g (x) = \sec (x)$ .

$f'' (x) = \csc (x) \sec^{3} (x) + \tan (x) (\csc (x) \sec (x) \tan (x) + \sec (x) (- \csc (x) \cot (x))) - (\cot (x) \csc (x) \frac{d}{d x} (\sec (x)) + \sec (x) \frac{d}{d x} (\cot (x) \csc (x)))$

The derivative of $\sec (x)$ with respect to $x$ is $\sec (x) \tan (x)$ .

$f'' (x) = \csc (x) \sec^{3} (x) + \tan (x) (\csc (x) \sec (x) \tan (x) + \sec (x) (- \csc (x) \cot (x))) - (\cot (x) \csc (x) (\sec (x) \tan (x)) + \sec (x) \frac{d}{d x} (\cot (x) \csc (x)))$

Differentiate using the Product Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (x) g (x)]$ is $f (x) \frac{d}{d x} [g (x)] + g (x) \frac{d}{d x} [f (x)]$ where $f (x) = \cot (x)$ and $g (x) = \csc (x)$ .

$f'' (x) = \csc (x) \sec^{3} (x) + \tan (x) (\csc (x) \sec (x) \tan (x) + \sec (x) (- \csc (x) \cot (x))) - (\cot (x) \csc (x) (\sec (x) \tan (x)) + \sec (x) (\cot (x) \frac{d}{d x} (\csc (x)) + \csc (x) \frac{d}{d x} (\cot (x))))$

The derivative of $\csc (x)$ with respect to $x$ is $- \csc (x) \cot (x)$ .

$f'' (x) = \csc (x) \sec^{3} (x) + \tan (x) (\csc (x) \sec (x) \tan (x) + \sec (x) (- \csc (x) \cot (x))) - (\cot (x) \csc (x) (\sec (x) \tan (x)) + \sec (x) (\cot (x) (- \csc (x) \cot (x)) + \csc (x) \frac{d}{d x} (\cot (x))))$

The derivative of $\cot (x)$ with respect to $x$ is $- \csc^{2} (x)$ .

Raise $\cot (x)$ to the power of $1$ .

$f'' (x) = \csc (x) \sec^{3} (x) + \tan (x) (\csc (x) \sec (x) \tan (x) + \sec (x) (- \csc (x) \cot (x))) - (\cot (x) \csc (x) \sec (x) \tan (x) + \sec (x) (- \csc (x) (\cot (x) \cot (x)) + \csc (x) (- \csc^{2} (x))))$

Raise $\cot (x)$ to the power of $1$ .

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$f'' (x) = \csc (x) \sec^{3} (x) + \tan (x) (\csc (x) \sec (x) \tan (x) + \sec (x) (- \csc (x) \cot (x))) - (\cot (x) \csc (x) \sec (x) \tan (x) + \sec (x) (- \csc (x) {\cot (x)}^{1 + 1} + \csc (x) (- \csc^{2} (x))))$

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$f'' (x) = \csc (x) \sec^{3} (x) + \tan (x) (\csc (x) \sec (x) \tan (x) + \sec (x) (- \csc (x) \cot (x))) - (\cot (x) \csc (x) \sec (x) \tan (x) + \sec (x) (- \csc (x) \cot^{2} (x) + \csc (x) (- \csc^{2} (x))))$

Raise $\csc (x)$ to the power of $1$ .

$f'' (x) = \csc (x) \sec^{3} (x) + \tan (x) (\csc (x) \sec (x) \tan (x) + \sec (x) (- \csc (x) \cot (x))) - (\cot (x) \csc (x) \sec (x) \tan (x) + \sec (x) (- \csc (x) \cot^{2} (x) - (\csc (x) \csc^{2} (x))))$

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$f'' (x) = \csc (x) \sec^{3} (x) + \tan (x) (\csc (x) \sec (x) \tan (x) + \sec (x) (- \csc (x) \cot (x))) - (\cot (x) \csc (x) \sec (x) \tan (x) + \sec (x) (- \csc (x) \cot^{2} (x) - {\csc (x)}^{1 + 2}))$

Add $1$ and $2$ .

$f'' (x) = \csc (x) \sec^{3} (x) + \tan (x) (\csc (x) \sec (x) \tan (x) + \sec (x) (- \csc (x) \cot (x))) - (\cot (x) \csc (x) \sec (x) \tan (x) + \sec (x) (- \csc (x) \cot^{2} (x) - \csc^{3} (x)))$

Simplify.

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Apply the distributive property.

$f'' (x) = \csc (x) \sec^{3} (x) + \tan (x) (\csc (x) \sec (x) \tan (x)) + \tan (x) (\sec (x) (- \csc (x) \cot (x))) - (\cot (x) \csc (x) \sec (x) \tan (x) + \sec (x) (- \csc (x) \cot^{2} (x) - \csc^{3} (x)))$

Apply the distributive property.

$f'' (x) = \csc (x) \sec^{3} (x) + \tan (x) (\csc (x) \sec (x) \tan (x)) + \tan (x) (\sec (x) (- \csc (x) \cot (x))) - (\cot (x) \csc (x) \sec (x) \tan (x) + \sec (x) (- \csc (x) \cot^{2} (x)) + \sec (x) (- \csc^{3} (x)))$

Apply the distributive property.

$f'' (x) = \csc (x) \sec^{3} (x) + \tan (x) (\csc (x) \sec (x) \tan (x)) + \tan (x) (\sec (x) (- \csc (x) \cot (x))) - (\cot (x) \csc (x) \sec (x) \tan (x)) - (\sec (x) (- \csc (x) \cot^{2} (x))) - (\sec (x) (- \csc^{3} (x)))$

Combine terms.

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Raise $\tan (x)$ to the power of $1$ .

$f'' (x) = \csc (x) \sec^{3} (x) + \tan (x) \tan (x) (\csc (x) \sec (x)) + \tan (x) (\sec (x) (- \csc (x) \cot (x))) - (\cot (x) \csc (x) \sec (x) \tan (x)) - (\sec (x) (- \csc (x) \cot^{2} (x))) - (\sec (x) (- \csc^{3} (x)))$

Raise $\tan (x)$ to the power of $1$ .

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$f'' (x) = \csc (x) \sec^{3} (x) + {\tan (x)}^{1 + 1} (\csc (x) \sec (x)) + \tan (x) (\sec (x) (- \csc (x) \cot (x))) - (\cot (x) \csc (x) \sec (x) \tan (x)) - (\sec (x) (- \csc (x) \cot^{2} (x))) - (\sec (x) (- \csc^{3} (x)))$

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$f'' (x) = \csc (x) \sec^{3} (x) + \tan^{2} (x) (\csc (x) \sec (x)) + \tan (x) (\sec (x) (- \csc (x) \cot (x))) - (\cot (x) \csc (x) \sec (x) \tan (x)) - (\sec (x) (- \csc (x) \cot^{2} (x))) - (\sec (x) (- \csc^{3} (x)))$

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$f'' (x) = \csc (x) \sec^{3} (x) + \tan^{2} (x) \csc (x) \sec (x) + \tan (x) \sec (x) (- \csc (x) \cot (x)) - \cot (x) \csc (x) \sec (x) \tan (x) + 1 (\sec (x) (\csc (x) \cot^{2} (x))) - (\sec (x) (- \csc^{3} (x)))$

Multiply $\sec (x)$ by $1$ .

$f'' (x) = \csc (x) \sec^{3} (x) + \tan^{2} (x) \csc (x) \sec (x) + \tan (x) \sec (x) (- \csc (x) \cot (x)) - \cot (x) \csc (x) \sec (x) \tan (x) + \sec (x) (\csc (x) \cot^{2} (x)) - (\sec (x) (- \csc^{3} (x)))$

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$f'' (x) = \csc (x) \sec^{3} (x) + \tan^{2} (x) \csc (x) \sec (x) + \tan (x) \sec (x) (- \csc (x) \cot (x)) - \cot (x) \csc (x) \sec (x) \tan (x) + \sec (x) \csc (x) \cot^{2} (x) + 1 (\sec (x) (\csc^{3} (x)))$

Multiply $\sec (x)$ by $1$ .

$f'' (x) = \csc (x) \sec^{3} (x) + \tan^{2} (x) \csc (x) \sec (x) + \tan (x) \sec (x) (- \csc (x) \cot (x)) - \cot (x) \csc (x) \sec (x) \tan (x) + \sec (x) \csc (x) \cot^{2} (x) + \sec (x) \csc^{3} (x)$

Reorder the factors of $\tan (x) \sec (x) (- \csc (x) \cot (x))$ .

$f'' (x) = \csc (x) \sec^{3} (x) + \tan^{2} (x) \csc (x) \sec (x) - \cot (x) \csc (x) \sec (x) \tan (x) - \cot (x) \csc (x) \sec (x) \tan (x) + \sec (x) \csc (x) \cot^{2} (x) + \sec (x) \csc^{3} (x)$

Subtract $\cot (x) \csc (x) \sec (x) \tan (x)$ from $- \cot (x) \csc (x) \sec (x) \tan (x)$ .

$f'' (x) = \csc (x) \sec^{3} (x) + \tan^{2} (x) \csc (x) \sec (x) - 2 \cot (x) \csc (x) \sec (x) \tan (x) + \sec (x) \csc (x) \cot^{2} (x) + \sec (x) \csc^{3} (x)$

Reorder terms.

$f'' (x) = \sec^{3} (x) \csc (x) + \tan^{2} (x) \csc (x) \sec (x) - 2 \cot (x) \csc (x) \sec (x) \tan (x) + \cot^{2} (x) \csc (x) \sec (x) + \csc^{3} (x) \sec (x)$

Simplify each term.

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Rewrite $\tan (x)$ in terms of sines and cosines.

$f'' (x) = \sec^{3} (x) \csc (x) + {(\frac{\sin (x)}{\cos (x)})}^{2} \csc (x) \sec (x) - 2 \cot (x) \csc (x) \sec (x) \tan (x) + \cot^{2} (x) \csc (x) \sec (x) + \csc^{3} (x) \sec (x)$

Rewrite $\csc (x)$ in terms of sines and cosines.

$f'' (x) = \sec^{3} (x) \csc (x) + {(\frac{\sin (x)}{\cos (x)})}^{2} (\frac{1}{\sin (x)}) \cdot \sec (x) - 2 \cot (x) \csc (x) \sec (x) \tan (x) + \cot^{2} (x) \csc (x) \sec (x) + \csc^{3} (x) \sec (x)$

Apply the product rule to $\frac{\sin (x)}{\cos (x)}$ .

$f'' (x) = \sec^{3} (x) \csc (x) + \frac{\sin^{2} (x)}{\cos^{2} (x)} \cdot \frac{1}{\sin (x)} \cdot \sec (x) - 2 \cot (x) \csc (x) \sec (x) \tan (x) + \cot^{2} (x) \csc (x) \sec (x) + \csc^{3} (x) \sec (x)$

Cancel the common factor of $\sin (x)$ .

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Factor $\sin (x)$ out of $\sin^{2} (x)$ .

$f'' (x) = \sec^{3} (x) \csc (x) + \frac{\sin (x) \sin (x)}{\cos^{2} (x)} \cdot \frac{1}{\sin (x)} \cdot \sec (x) - 2 \cot (x) \csc (x) \sec (x) \tan (x) + \cot^{2} (x) \csc (x) \sec (x) + \csc^{3} (x) \sec (x)$

Cancel the common factor.

Rewrite the expression.

$f'' (x) = \sec^{3} (x) \csc (x) + \frac{\sin (x)}{\cos^{2} (x)} \cdot \sec (x) - 2 \cot (x) \csc (x) \sec (x) \tan (x) + \cot^{2} (x) \csc (x) \sec (x) + \csc^{3} (x) \sec (x)$

Factor $\cos (x)$ out of $\cos^{2} (x)$ .

$f'' (x) = \sec^{3} (x) \csc (x) + \frac{\sin (x)}{\cos (x) \cos (x)} \cdot \sec (x) - 2 \cot (x) \csc (x) \sec (x) \tan (x) + \cot^{2} (x) \csc (x) \sec (x) + \csc^{3} (x) \sec (x)$

Separate fractions.

$f'' (x) = \sec^{3} (x) \csc (x) + \frac{1}{\cos (x)} \cdot \frac{\sin (x)}{\cos (x)} \cdot \sec (x) - 2 \cot (x) \csc (x) \sec (x) \tan (x) + \cot^{2} (x) \csc (x) \sec (x) + \csc^{3} (x) \sec (x)$

Convert from $\frac{\sin (x)}{\cos (x)}$ to $\tan (x)$ .

$f'' (x) = \sec^{3} (x) \csc (x) + \frac{1}{\cos (x)} \cdot (\tan (x) \sec (x)) - 2 \cot (x) \csc (x) \sec (x) \tan (x) + \cot^{2} (x) \csc (x) \sec (x) + \csc^{3} (x) \sec (x)$

Convert from $\frac{1}{\cos (x)}$ to $\sec (x)$ .

$f'' (x) = \sec^{3} (x) \csc (x) + \sec (x) \tan (x) \sec (x) - 2 \cot (x) \csc (x) \sec (x) \tan (x) + \cot^{2} (x) \csc (x) \sec (x) + \csc^{3} (x) \sec (x)$

Multiply $\sec (x) \tan (x) \sec (x)$ .

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Raise $\sec (x)$ to the power of $1$ .

$f'' (x) = \sec^{3} (x) \csc (x) + \sec (x) \sec (x) \tan (x) - 2 \cot (x) \csc (x) \sec (x) \tan (x) + \cot^{2} (x) \csc (x) \sec (x) + \csc^{3} (x) \sec (x)$

Raise $\sec (x)$ to the power of $1$ .

$f'' (x) = \sec^{3} (x) \csc (x) + \sec (x) \sec (x) \tan (x) - 2 \cot (x) \csc (x) \sec (x) \tan (x) + \cot^{2} (x) \csc (x) \sec (x) + \csc^{3} (x) \sec (x)$

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$f'' (x) = \sec^{3} (x) \csc (x) + {\sec (x)}^{1 + 1} \tan (x) - 2 \cot (x) \csc (x) \sec (x) \tan (x) + \cot^{2} (x) \csc (x) \sec (x) + \csc^{3} (x) \sec (x)$

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$f'' (x) = \sec^{3} (x) \csc (x) + \sec^{2} (x) \tan (x) - 2 \cot (x) \csc (x) \sec (x) \tan (x) + \cot^{2} (x) \csc (x) \sec (x) + \csc^{3} (x) \sec (x)$