Calculus Examples

$g (x) = \sqrt{x^{2} - 4 x + 20}$

Step 1

Find the first derivative of the function.

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Use $\sqrt[n]{a^{x}} = a^{\frac{x}{n}}$ to rewrite $\sqrt{x^{2} - 4 x + 20}$ as ${(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}]$

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ and $g (x) = x^{2} - 4 x + 20$ .

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To apply the Chain Rule, set $u$ as $x^{2} - 4 x + 20$ .

$\frac{d}{d u} [u^{\frac{1}{2}}] \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 4 x + 20]$

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u} [u^{n}]$ is $n u^{n - 1}$ where $n = \frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} u^{\frac{1}{2} - 1} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 4 x + 20]$

Replace all occurrences of $u$ with $x^{2} - 4 x + 20$ .

$\frac{1}{2} {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 4 x + 20]$

To write $- 1$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot \frac{2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 4 x + 20]$

Combine $- 1$ and $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{- 1 \cdot 2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 4 x + 20]$

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{1}{2} {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1 - 1 \cdot 2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 4 x + 20]$

Simplify the numerator.

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Multiply $- 1$ by $2$ .

$\frac{1}{2} {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1 - 2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 4 x + 20]$

Subtract $2$ from $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{- 1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 4 x + 20]$

Combine fractions.

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Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$\frac{1}{2} {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{- \frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 4 x + 20]$

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and ${(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{- \frac{1}{2}}}{2} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 4 x + 20]$

Move ${(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ to the denominator using the negative exponent rule $b^{- n} = \frac{1}{b^{n}}$ .

$\frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 4 x + 20]$

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $x^{2} - 4 x + 20$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 4 x] + \frac{d}{d x} [20]$ .

$\frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 4 x] + \frac{d}{d x} [20])$

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$\frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 x + \frac{d}{d x} [- 4 x] + \frac{d}{d x} [20])$

Since $- 4$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- 4 x$ with respect to $x$ is $- 4 \frac{d}{d x} [x]$ .

$\frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 x - 4 \frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [20])$

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$\frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 x - 4 \cdot 1 + \frac{d}{d x} [20])$

Multiply $- 4$ by $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 x - 4 + \frac{d}{d x} [20])$

Since $20$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $20$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$\frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 x - 4 + 0)$

Add $2 x - 4$ and $0$ .

$\frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 x - 4)$

Simplify.

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Reorder the factors of $\frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 x - 4)$ .

$(2 x - 4) \frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Multiply $2 x - 4$ by $\frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ .

$\frac{2 x - 4}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Factor $2$ out of $2 x$ .

$\frac{2 (x) - 4}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Factor $2$ out of $- 4$ .

$\frac{2 (x) + 2 \cdot - 2}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Factor $2$ out of $2 (x) + 2 (- 2)$ .

$\frac{2 (x - 2)}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Cancel the common factors.

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Factor $2$ out of $2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{2 (x - 2)}{2 ({(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}})}$

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{2 (x - 2)}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{x - 2}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 2

Find the second derivative of the function.

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Differentiate using the Quotient Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [\frac{f (x)}{g (x)}]$ is $\frac{g (x) \frac{d}{d x} [f (x)] - f (x) \frac{d}{d x} [g (x)]}{{g (x)}^{2}}$ where $f (x) = x - 2$ and $g (x) = {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$g'' (x) = \frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} (x - 2) - (x - 2) \frac{d}{d x} {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{({(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}}$

Multiply the exponents in ${({(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}$ .

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Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, ${(a^{m})}^{n} = a^{m n}$ .

$g'' (x) = \frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} (x - 2) - (x - 2) \frac{d}{d x} {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2} \cdot 2}}$

Cancel the common factor of $2$ .

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Cancel the common factor.

$g'' (x) = \frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} (x - 2) - (x - 2) \frac{d}{d x} {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2} \cdot 2}}$

Rewrite the expression.

$g'' (x) = \frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} (x - 2) - (x - 2) \frac{d}{d x} {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{x^{2} - 4 x + 20}$

Simplify.

$g'' (x) = \frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} (x - 2) - (x - 2) \frac{d}{d x} {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{x^{2} - 4 x + 20}$

Differentiate.

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By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $x - 2$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2]$ .

$g'' (x) = \frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (\frac{d}{d x} (x) + \frac{d}{d x} (- 2)) - (x - 2) \frac{d}{d x} {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{x^{2} - 4 x + 20}$

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$g'' (x) = \frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (1 + \frac{d}{d x} (- 2)) - (x - 2) \frac{d}{d x} {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{x^{2} - 4 x + 20}$

Since $- 2$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- 2$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$g'' (x) = \frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (1 + 0) - (x - 2) \frac{d}{d x} {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{x^{2} - 4 x + 20}$

Simplify the expression.

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Add $1$ and $0$ .

$g'' (x) = \frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot 1 - (x - 2) \frac{d}{d x} {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{x^{2} - 4 x + 20}$

Multiply ${(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ by $1$ .

$g'' (x) = \frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}} - (x - 2) \frac{d}{d x} {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{x^{2} - 4 x + 20}$

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ and $g (x) = x^{2} - 4 x + 20$ .

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To apply the Chain Rule, set $u_{1}$ as $x^{2} - 4 x + 20$ .

$g'' (x) = \frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}} - (x - 2) (\frac{d}{d u (1)} ({u_{1}}^{\frac{1}{2}}) \frac{d}{d x} (x^{2} - 4 x + 20))}{x^{2} - 4 x + 20}$

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u_{1}} [{u_{1}}^{n}]$ is $n {u_{1}}^{n - 1}$ where $n = \frac{1}{2}$ .

$g'' (x) = \frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}} - (x - 2) (\frac{1}{2} {u_{1}}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1} \frac{d}{d x} (x^{2} - 4 x + 20))}{x^{2} - 4 x + 20}$

Replace all occurrences of $u_{1}$ with $x^{2} - 4 x + 20$ .

$g'' (x) = \frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}} - (x - 2) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1} \frac{d}{d x} (x^{2} - 4 x + 20))}{x^{2} - 4 x + 20}$

To write $- 1$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$g'' (x) = \frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}} - (x - 2) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot \frac{2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} (x^{2} - 4 x + 20))}{x^{2} - 4 x + 20}$

Combine $- 1$ and $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$g'' (x) = \frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}} - (x - 2) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{- 1 \cdot 2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} (x^{2} - 4 x + 20))}{x^{2} - 4 x + 20}$

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$g'' (x) = \frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}} - (x - 2) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1 - 1 \cdot 2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} (x^{2} - 4 x + 20))}{x^{2} - 4 x + 20}$

Simplify the numerator.

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Multiply $- 1$ by $2$ .

$g'' (x) = \frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}} - (x - 2) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1 - 2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} (x^{2} - 4 x + 20))}{x^{2} - 4 x + 20}$

Subtract $2$ from $1$ .

$g'' (x) = \frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}} - (x - 2) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{- 1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} (x^{2} - 4 x + 20))}{x^{2} - 4 x + 20}$

Combine fractions.

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Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$g'' (x) = \frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}} - (x - 2) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{- \frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} (x^{2} - 4 x + 20))}{x^{2} - 4 x + 20}$

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and ${(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ .

$g'' (x) = \frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}} - (x - 2) (\frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{- \frac{1}{2}}}{2} \cdot \frac{d}{d x} (x^{2} - 4 x + 20))}{x^{2} - 4 x + 20}$

Move ${(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ to the denominator using the negative exponent rule $b^{- n} = \frac{1}{b^{n}}$ .

$g'' (x) = \frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}} - (x - 2) (\frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{d}{d x} (x^{2} - 4 x + 20))}{x^{2} - 4 x + 20}$

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $x^{2} - 4 x + 20$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 4 x] + \frac{d}{d x} [20]$ .

$g'' (x) = \frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}} - (x - 2) (\frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot (\frac{d}{d x} (x^{2}) + \frac{d}{d x} (- 4 x) + \frac{d}{d x} (20)))}{x^{2} - 4 x + 20}$

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$g'' (x) = \frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}} - (x - 2) (\frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot (2 x + \frac{d}{d x} (- 4 x) + \frac{d}{d x} (20)))}{x^{2} - 4 x + 20}$

Since $- 4$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- 4 x$ with respect to $x$ is $- 4 \frac{d}{d x} [x]$ .

$g'' (x) = \frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}} - (x - 2) (\frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot (2 x - 4 \frac{d}{d x} x + \frac{d}{d x} (20)))}{x^{2} - 4 x + 20}$

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$g'' (x) = \frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}} - (x - 2) (\frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot (2 x - 4 \cdot 1 + \frac{d}{d x} (20)))}{x^{2} - 4 x + 20}$

Multiply $- 4$ by $1$ .

$g'' (x) = \frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}} - (x - 2) (\frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot (2 x - 4 + \frac{d}{d x} (20)))}{x^{2} - 4 x + 20}$

Since $20$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $20$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$g'' (x) = \frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}} - (x - 2) (\frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot (2 x - 4 + 0))}{x^{2} - 4 x + 20}$

Add $2 x - 4$ and $0$ .

$g'' (x) = \frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}} - (x - 2) (\frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot (2 x - 4))}{x^{2} - 4 x + 20}$

Simplify.

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Apply the distributive property.

$g'' (x) = \frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}} + (- x + 2) (\frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot (2 x - 4))}{x^{2} - 4 x + 20}$

Simplify the numerator.

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Let $u_{2} = {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ . Substitute $u_{2}$ for all occurrences of ${(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

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Raise $u_{2}$ to the power of $1$ .

$g'' (x) = \frac{\frac{u_{2} u_{2} - {(x - 2)}^{2}}{u_{2}}}{x^{2} - 4 x + 20}$

Raise $u_{2}$ to the power of $1$ .

$g'' (x) = \frac{\frac{u_{2} u_{2} - {(x - 2)}^{2}}{u_{2}}}{x^{2} - 4 x + 20}$

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$g'' (x) = \frac{\frac{{u_{2}}^{1 + 1} - {(x - 2)}^{2}}{u_{2}}}{x^{2} - 4 x + 20}$

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$g'' (x) = \frac{\frac{{u_{2}}^{2} - {(x - 2)}^{2}}{u_{2}}}{x^{2} - 4 x + 20}$

Since both terms are perfect squares, factor using the difference of squares formula, $a^{2} - b^{2} = (a + b) (a - b)$ where $a = u_{2}$ and $b = x - 2$ .

$g'' (x) = \frac{\frac{(u_{2} + x - 2) (u_{2} - (x - 2))}{u_{2}}}{x^{2} - 4 x + 20}$

Simplify.

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Apply the distributive property.

$g'' (x) = \frac{\frac{(u_{2} + x - 2) (u_{2} - x + 2)}{u_{2}}}{x^{2} - 4 x + 20}$

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 2$ .

$g'' (x) = \frac{\frac{(u_{2} + x - 2) (u_{2} - x + 2)}{u_{2}}}{x^{2} - 4 x + 20}$

Replace all occurrences of $u_{2}$ with ${(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$g'' (x) = \frac{\frac{({(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}} + x - 2) ({(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}} - x + 2)}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{x^{2} - 4 x + 20}$

Simplify.

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Expand $({(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}} + x - 2) ({(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}} - x + 2)$ by multiplying each term in the first expression by each term in the second expression.

$g'' (x) = \frac{\frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}} + {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (- x) + {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot 2 + x {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}} + x (- x) + x \cdot 2 - 2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}} - 2 (- x) - 2 \cdot 2}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{x^{2} - 4 x + 20}$

Combine the opposite terms in ${(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}} + {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (- x) + {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot 2 + x {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}} + x (- x) + x \cdot 2 - 2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}} - 2 (- x) - 2 \cdot 2$ .

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Reorder the factors in the terms ${(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (- x)$ and $x {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$g'' (x) = \frac{\frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}} - x {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}} + {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot 2 + x {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}} + x (- x) + x \cdot 2 - 2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}} - 2 (- x) - 2 \cdot 2}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{x^{2} - 4 x + 20}$

Add $- x {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ and $x {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$g'' (x) = \frac{\frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}} + {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot 2 + 0 + x (- x) + x \cdot 2 - 2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}} - 2 (- x) - 2 \cdot 2}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{x^{2} - 4 x + 20}$

Add ${(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}} + {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot 2$ and $0$ .

$g'' (x) = \frac{\frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}} + {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot 2 + x (- x) + x \cdot 2 - 2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}} - 2 (- x) - 2 \cdot 2}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{x^{2} - 4 x + 20}$

Reorder the factors in the terms ${(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot 2$ and $- 2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$g'' (x) = \frac{\frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}} + 2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}} + x (- x) + x \cdot 2 - 2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}} - 2 (- x) - 2 \cdot 2}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{x^{2} - 4 x + 20}$

Subtract $2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ from $2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$g'' (x) = \frac{\frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}} + x (- x) + x \cdot 2 + 0 - 2 (- x) - 2 \cdot 2}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{x^{2} - 4 x + 20}$

Add ${(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}} + x (- x) + x \cdot 2$ and $0$ .

$g'' (x) = \frac{\frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}} + x (- x) + x \cdot 2 - 2 (- x) - 2 \cdot 2}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{x^{2} - 4 x + 20}$

Simplify each term.

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Multiply ${(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ by ${(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ by adding the exponents.

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Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$g'' (x) = \frac{\frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2}} + x (- x) + x \cdot 2 - 2 (- x) - 2 \cdot 2}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{x^{2} - 4 x + 20}$

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$g'' (x) = \frac{\frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1 + 1}{2}} + x (- x) + x \cdot 2 - 2 (- x) - 2 \cdot 2}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{x^{2} - 4 x + 20}$

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$g'' (x) = \frac{\frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{2}{2}} + x (- x) + x \cdot 2 - 2 (- x) - 2 \cdot 2}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{x^{2} - 4 x + 20}$

Divide $2$ by $2$ .

$g'' (x) = \frac{\frac{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20) + x (- x) + x \cdot 2 - 2 (- x) - 2 \cdot 2}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{x^{2} - 4 x + 20}$

Simplify ${(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{1}$ .

$g'' (x) = \frac{\frac{x^{2} - 4 x + 20 + x (- x) + x \cdot 2 - 2 (- x) - 2 \cdot 2}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{x^{2} - 4 x + 20}$

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$g'' (x) = \frac{\frac{x^{2} - 4 x + 20 - x \cdot x + x \cdot 2 - 2 (- x) - 2 \cdot 2}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{x^{2} - 4 x + 20}$

Multiply $x$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Move $x$ .

$g'' (x) = \frac{\frac{x^{2} - 4 x + 20 - (x \cdot x) + x \cdot 2 - 2 (- x) - 2 \cdot 2}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{x^{2} - 4 x + 20}$

Multiply $x$ by $x$ .

$g'' (x) = \frac{\frac{x^{2} - 4 x + 20 - x^{2} + x \cdot 2 - 2 (- x) - 2 \cdot 2}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{x^{2} - 4 x + 20}$

Move $2$ to the left of $x$ .

$g'' (x) = \frac{\frac{x^{2} - 4 x + 20 - x^{2} + 2 \cdot x - 2 (- x) - 2 \cdot 2}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{x^{2} - 4 x + 20}$

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 2$ .

$g'' (x) = \frac{\frac{x^{2} - 4 x + 20 - x^{2} + 2 x + 2 x - 2 \cdot 2}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{x^{2} - 4 x + 20}$

Multiply $- 2$ by $2$ .

$g'' (x) = \frac{\frac{x^{2} - 4 x + 20 - x^{2} + 2 x + 2 x - 4}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{x^{2} - 4 x + 20}$

Combine the opposite terms in $x^{2} - 4 x + 20 - x^{2} + 2 x + 2 x - 4$ .

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Subtract $x^{2}$ from $x^{2}$ .

$g'' (x) = \frac{\frac{- 4 x + 20 + 0 + 2 x + 2 x - 4}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{x^{2} - 4 x + 20}$

Add $- 4 x + 20$ and $0$ .

$g'' (x) = \frac{\frac{- 4 x + 20 + 2 x + 2 x - 4}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{x^{2} - 4 x + 20}$

Add $- 4 x$ and $2 x$ .

$g'' (x) = \frac{\frac{- 2 x + 20 + 2 x - 4}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{x^{2} - 4 x + 20}$

Combine the opposite terms in $- 2 x + 20 + 2 x - 4$ .

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Add $- 2 x$ and $2 x$ .

$g'' (x) = \frac{\frac{0 + 20 - 4}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{x^{2} - 4 x + 20}$

Add $0$ and $20$ .

$g'' (x) = \frac{\frac{20 - 4}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{x^{2} - 4 x + 20}$

Subtract $4$ from $20$ .

$g'' (x) = \frac{\frac{16}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{x^{2} - 4 x + 20}$

Combine terms.

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Rewrite $\frac{\frac{16}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{x^{2} - 4 x + 20}$ as a product.

$g'' (x) = \frac{16}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{1}{x^{2} - 4 x + 20}$

Multiply $\frac{16}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ by $\frac{1}{x^{2} - 4 x + 20}$ .

$g'' (x) = \frac{16}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}$

Multiply ${(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ by $x^{2} - 4 x + 20$ by adding the exponents.

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Multiply ${(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ by $x^{2} - 4 x + 20$ .

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Raise $x^{2} - 4 x + 20$ to the power of $1$ .

$g'' (x) = \frac{16}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}$

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$g'' (x) = \frac{16}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2} + 1}}$

Write $1$ as a fraction with a common denominator.

$g'' (x) = \frac{16}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{2}{2}}}$

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$g'' (x) = \frac{16}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1 + 2}{2}}}$

Add $1$ and $2$ .

$g'' (x) = \frac{16}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{3}{2}}}$

Step 3

To find the local maximum and minimum values of the function, set the derivative equal to $0$ and solve.

$\frac{x - 2}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} = 0$

Step 4

Find the first derivative.

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Find the first derivative.

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Use $\sqrt[n]{a^{x}} = a^{\frac{x}{n}}$ to rewrite $\sqrt{x^{2} - 4 x + 20}$ as ${(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$f' (x) = \frac{d}{d x} ({(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}})$

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ and $g (x) = x^{2} - 4 x + 20$ .

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To apply the Chain Rule, set $u$ as $x^{2} - 4 x + 20$ .

$f' (x) = \frac{d}{d u} (u^{\frac{1}{2}}) \frac{d}{d x} (x^{2} - 4 x + 20)$

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u} [u^{n}]$ is $n u^{n - 1}$ where $n = \frac{1}{2}$ .

$f' (x) = \frac{1}{2} u^{\frac{1}{2} - 1} \frac{d}{d x} (x^{2} - 4 x + 20)$

Replace all occurrences of $u$ with $x^{2} - 4 x + 20$ .

$f' (x) = \frac{1}{2} \cdot {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1} \frac{d}{d x} (x^{2} - 4 x + 20)$

To write $- 1$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$f' (x) = \frac{1}{2} \cdot {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot \frac{2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} (x^{2} - 4 x + 20)$

Combine $- 1$ and $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$f' (x) = \frac{1}{2} \cdot {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{- 1 \cdot 2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} (x^{2} - 4 x + 20)$

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$f' (x) = \frac{1}{2} \cdot {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1 - 1 \cdot 2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} (x^{2} - 4 x + 20)$

Simplify the numerator.

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Multiply $- 1$ by $2$ .

$f' (x) = \frac{1}{2} \cdot {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1 - 2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} (x^{2} - 4 x + 20)$

Subtract $2$ from $1$ .

$f' (x) = \frac{1}{2} \cdot {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{- 1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} (x^{2} - 4 x + 20)$

Combine fractions.

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Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$f' (x) = \frac{1}{2} \cdot {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{- \frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} (x^{2} - 4 x + 20)$

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and ${(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ .

$f' (x) = \frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{- \frac{1}{2}}}{2} \cdot \frac{d}{d x} (x^{2} - 4 x + 20)$

Move ${(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ to the denominator using the negative exponent rule $b^{- n} = \frac{1}{b^{n}}$ .

$f' (x) = \frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{d}{d x} (x^{2} - 4 x + 20)$

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $x^{2} - 4 x + 20$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 4 x] + \frac{d}{d x} [20]$ .

$f' (x) = \frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot (\frac{d}{d x} (x^{2}) + \frac{d}{d x} (- 4 x) + \frac{d}{d x} (20))$

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$f' (x) = \frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot (2 x + \frac{d}{d x} (- 4 x) + \frac{d}{d x} (20))$

Since $- 4$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- 4 x$ with respect to $x$ is $- 4 \frac{d}{d x} [x]$ .

$f' (x) = \frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot (2 x - 4 \frac{d}{d x} x + \frac{d}{d x} (20))$

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$f' (x) = \frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot (2 x - 4 \cdot 1 + \frac{d}{d x} (20))$

Multiply $- 4$ by $1$ .

$f' (x) = \frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot (2 x - 4 + \frac{d}{d x} (20))$

Since $20$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $20$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$f' (x) = \frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot (2 x - 4 + 0)$

Add $2 x - 4$ and $0$ .

$f' (x) = \frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot (2 x - 4)$

Simplify.

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Reorder the factors of $\frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 x - 4)$ .

$f' (x) = (2 x - 4) (\frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}})$

Multiply $2 x - 4$ by $\frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ .

$f' (x) = \frac{2 x - 4}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Factor $2$ out of $2 x$ .

$f' (x) = \frac{2 (x) - 4}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Factor $2$ out of $- 4$ .

$f' (x) = \frac{2 (x) + 2 \cdot - 2}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Factor $2$ out of $2 (x) + 2 (- 2)$ .

$f' (x) = \frac{2 (x - 2)}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Cancel the common factors.

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Factor $2$ out of $2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$f' (x) = \frac{2 (x - 2)}{2 ({(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}})}$

Cancel the common factor.

$f' (x) = \frac{2 (x - 2)}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Rewrite the expression.

$f' (x) = \frac{x - 2}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

The first derivative of $g (x)$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{x - 2}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ .

$\frac{x - 2}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 5

Set the first derivative equal to $0$ then solve the equation $\frac{x - 2}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} = 0$ .

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Set the first derivative equal to $0$ .

$\frac{x - 2}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 20)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} = 0$

Set the numerator equal to zero.

$x - 2 = 0$

Add $2$ to both sides of the equation.

$x = 2$

Step 6

Find the values where the derivative is undefined.

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The domain of the expression is all real numbers except where the expression is undefined. In this case, there is no real number that makes the expression undefined.

Step 7

Critical points to evaluate.

$x = 2$

Step 8

Evaluate the second derivative at $x = 2$ . If the second derivative is positive, then this is a local minimum. If it is negative, then this is a local maximum.

$\frac{16}{{({(2)}^{2} - 4 \cdot 2 + 20)}^{\frac{3}{2}}}$

Step 9

Evaluate the second derivative.

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Simplify the denominator.

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Simplify each term.

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Raise $2$ to the power of $2$ .

$\frac{16}{{(4 - 4 \cdot 2 + 20)}^{\frac{3}{2}}}$

Multiply $- 4$ by $2$ .

$\frac{16}{{(4 - 8 + 20)}^{\frac{3}{2}}}$

Subtract $8$ from $4$ .

$\frac{16}{{(- 4 + 20)}^{\frac{3}{2}}}$

Add $- 4$ and $20$ .

$\frac{16}{16^{\frac{3}{2}}}$

Rewrite $16$ as $4^{2}$ .

$\frac{16}{{(4^{2})}^{\frac{3}{2}}}$

Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, ${(a^{m})}^{n} = a^{m n}$ .

$\frac{16}{4^{2 (\frac{3}{2})}}$

Cancel the common factor of $2$ .

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Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{16}{4^{2 (\frac{3}{2})}}$

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{16}{4^{3}}$

Raise $4$ to the power of $3$ .

$\frac{16}{64}$

Cancel the common factor of $16$ and $64$ .

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Factor $16$ out of $16$ .

$\frac{16 (1)}{64}$

Cancel the common factors.

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Factor $16$ out of $64$ .

$\frac{16 \cdot 1}{16 \cdot 4}$

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{16 \cdot 1}{16 \cdot 4}$

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{1}{4}$

Step 10

$x = 2$ is a local minimum because the value of the second derivative is positive. This is referred to as the second derivative test.

$x = 2$ is a local minimum

Step 11

Find the y-value when $x = 2$ .

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Replace the variable $x$ with $2$ in the expression.

$g (2) = \sqrt{{(2)}^{2} - 4 \cdot 2 + 20}$

Simplify the result.

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Raise $2$ to the power of $2$ .

$g (2) = \sqrt{4 - 4 \cdot 2 + 20}$

Multiply $- 4$ by $2$ .

$g (2) = \sqrt{4 - 8 + 20}$

Subtract $8$ from $4$ .

$g (2) = \sqrt{- 4 + 20}$

Add $- 4$ and $20$ .

$g (2) = \sqrt{16}$

Rewrite $16$ as $4^{2}$ .

$g (2) = \sqrt{4^{2}}$

Pull terms out from under the radical, assuming positive real numbers.

$g (2) = 4$

The final answer is $4$ .

$y = 4$

Step 12

These are the local extrema for $g (x) = \sqrt{x^{2} - 4 x + 20}$ .

$(2, 4)$ is a local minima

Step 13