Calculus Examples

$\int \cos^{2} (x) \sin^{3} (x) d x$

Factor out $\sin^{2} (x)$ .

$\int \cos^{2} (x) (\sin^{2} (x) \sin (x)) d x$

Using the Pythagorean Identity, rewrite $\sin^{2} (x)$ as $1 - \cos^{2} (x)$ .

$\int \cos^{2} (x) ((1 - \cos^{2} (x)) \sin (x)) d x$

Let $u = \cos (x)$ . Then $d u = - \sin (x) d x$ , so $- \frac{1}{\sin (x)} d u = d x$ . Rewrite using $u$ and $d$ $u$ .

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Let $u = \cos (x)$ . Find $\frac{d u}{d x}$ .

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Differentiate $\cos (x)$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [\cos (x)]$

The derivative of $\cos (x)$ with respect to $x$ is $- \sin (x)$ .

$- \sin (x)$

Rewrite the problem using $u$ and $d u$ .

$\int - u^{2} (1 - u^{2}) d u$

Multiply $- u^{2} (1 - u^{2})$ .

$\int - u^{2} \cdot 1 - u^{2} (- u^{2}) d u$

Simplify.

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Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$\int - u^{2} - u^{2} (- u^{2}) d u$

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$\int - u^{2} + 1 u^{2} u^{2} d u$

Multiply $u^{2}$ by $1$ .

$\int - u^{2} + u^{2} u^{2} d u$

Multiply $u^{2}$ by $u^{2}$ by adding the exponents.

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Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\int - u^{2} + u^{2 + 2} d u$

Add $2$ and $2$ .

$\int - u^{2} + u^{4} d u$

Split the single integral into multiple integrals.

$\int - u^{2} d u + \int u^{4} d u$

Since $- 1$ is constant with respect to $u$ , move $- 1$ out of the integral.

$- \int u^{2} d u + \int u^{4} d u$

By the Power Rule, the integral of $u^{2}$ with respect to $u$ is $\frac{1}{3} u^{3}$ .

$- (\frac{1}{3} u^{3} + C) + \int u^{4} d u$

By the Power Rule, the integral of $u^{4}$ with respect to $u$ is $\frac{1}{5} u^{5}$ .

$- (\frac{1}{3} u^{3} + C) + \frac{1}{5} u^{5} + C$

Simplify.

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Combine $\frac{1}{3}$ and $u^{3}$ .

$- (\frac{u^{3}}{3} + C) + \frac{1}{5} u^{5} + C$

Simplify.

$- \frac{1}{3} u^{3} + \frac{1}{5} u^{5} + C$

Replace all occurrences of $u$ with $\cos (x)$ .

$- \frac{1}{3} \cos^{3} (x) + \frac{1}{5} \cos^{5} (x) + C$