Calculus Examples

$x \sqrt{8 - x^{2}}$

Step 1

Find the first derivative.

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Step 1.1

Use $\sqrt[n]{a^{x}} = a^{\frac{x}{n}}$ to rewrite $\sqrt{8 - x^{2}}$ as ${(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$f' (x) = \frac{d}{d x} (x {(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}})$

Step 1.2

Differentiate using the Product Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (x) g (x)]$ is $f (x) \frac{d}{d x} [g (x)] + g (x) \frac{d}{d x} [f (x)]$ where $f (x) = x$ and $g (x) = {(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$f' (x) = x \frac{d}{d x} ({(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}) + {(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} (x)$

Step 1.3

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ and $g (x) = 8 - x^{2}$ .

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Step 1.3.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u$ as $8 - x^{2}$ .

$f' (x) = x (\frac{d}{d u} (u^{\frac{1}{2}}) \frac{d}{d x} (8 - x^{2})) + {(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} (x)$

Step 1.3.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u} [u^{n}]$ is $n u^{n - 1}$ where $n = \frac{1}{2}$ .

$f' (x) = x (\frac{1}{2} u^{\frac{1}{2} - 1} \frac{d}{d x} (8 - x^{2})) + {(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} (x)$

Step 1.3.3

Replace all occurrences of $u$ with $8 - x^{2}$ .

$f' (x) = x (\frac{1}{2} \cdot {(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1} \frac{d}{d x} (8 - x^{2})) + {(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} (x)$

Step 1.4

To write $- 1$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$f' (x) = x (\frac{1}{2} \cdot {(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot \frac{2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} (8 - x^{2})) + {(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} (x)$

Step 1.5

Combine $- 1$ and $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$f' (x) = x (\frac{1}{2} \cdot {(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{- 1 \cdot 2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} (8 - x^{2})) + {(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} (x)$

Step 1.6

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$f' (x) = x (\frac{1}{2} \cdot {(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1 - 1 \cdot 2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} (8 - x^{2})) + {(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} (x)$

Step 1.7

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 1.7.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $2$ .

$f' (x) = x (\frac{1}{2} \cdot {(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1 - 2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} (8 - x^{2})) + {(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} (x)$

Step 1.7.2

Subtract $2$ from $1$ .

$f' (x) = x (\frac{1}{2} \cdot {(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{- 1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} (8 - x^{2})) + {(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} (x)$

Step 1.8

Combine fractions.

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Step 1.8.1

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$f' (x) = x (\frac{1}{2} \cdot {(8 - x^{2})}^{- \frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} (8 - x^{2})) + {(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} (x)$

Step 1.8.2

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and ${(8 - x^{2})}^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ .

$f' (x) = x (\frac{{(8 - x^{2})}^{- \frac{1}{2}}}{2} \cdot \frac{d}{d x} (8 - x^{2})) + {(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} (x)$

Step 1.8.3

Move ${(8 - x^{2})}^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ to the denominator using the negative exponent rule $b^{- n} = \frac{1}{b^{n}}$ .

$f' (x) = x (\frac{1}{2 {(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{d}{d x} (8 - x^{2})) + {(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} (x)$

Step 1.8.4

Combine $\frac{1}{2 {(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ and $x$ .

$f' (x) = \frac{x}{2 {(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{d}{d x} (8 - x^{2}) + {(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} (x)$

Step 1.9

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $8 - x^{2}$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [8] + \frac{d}{d x} [- x^{2}]$ .

$f' (x) = \frac{x}{2 {(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot (\frac{d}{d x} (8) + \frac{d}{d x} (- x^{2})) + {(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} (x)$

Step 1.10

Since $8$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $8$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$f' (x) = \frac{x}{2 {(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot (0 + \frac{d}{d x} (- x^{2})) + {(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} (x)$

Step 1.11

Add $0$ and $\frac{d}{d x} [- x^{2}]$ .

$f' (x) = \frac{x}{2 {(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{d}{d x} (- x^{2}) + {(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} (x)$

Step 1.12

Since $- 1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- x^{2}$ with respect to $x$ is $- \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}]$ .

$f' (x) = \frac{x}{2 {(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot (- \frac{d}{d x} x^{2}) + {(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} (x)$

Step 1.13

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$f' (x) = \frac{x}{2 {(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot (- (2 x)) + {(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} (x)$

Step 1.14

Combine fractions.

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Step 1.14.1

Multiply $2$ by $- 1$ .

$f' (x) = \frac{x}{2 {(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot (- 2 x) + {(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} (x)$

Step 1.14.2

Combine $- 2$ and $\frac{x}{2 {(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ .

$f' (x) = \frac{- 2 x}{2 {(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot x + {(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} (x)$

Step 1.14.3

Combine $\frac{- 2 x}{2 {(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ and $x$ .

$f' (x) = \frac{- 2 x \cdot x}{2 {(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} (x)$

Step 1.15

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$f' (x) = \frac{- 2 (x \cdot x)}{2 {(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} (x)$

Step 1.16

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$f' (x) = \frac{- 2 (x \cdot x)}{2 {(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} (x)$

Step 1.17

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$f' (x) = \frac{- 2 x^{1 + 1}}{2 {(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} (x)$

Step 1.18

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$f' (x) = \frac{- 2 x^{2}}{2 {(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} (x)$

Step 1.19

Factor $2$ out of $- 2 x^{2}$ .

$f' (x) = \frac{2 (- x^{2})}{2 {(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} (x)$

Step 1.20

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 1.20.1

Factor $2$ out of $2 {(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$f' (x) = \frac{2 (- x^{2})}{2 ({(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}})} + {(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} (x)$

Step 1.20.2

Cancel the common factor.

$f' (x) = \frac{2 (- x^{2})}{2 {(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} (x)$

Step 1.20.3

Rewrite the expression.

$f' (x) = \frac{- x^{2}}{{(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} (x)$

Step 1.21

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$f' (x) = - \frac{x^{2}}{{(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} (x)$

Step 1.22

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$f' (x) = - \frac{x^{2}}{{(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot 1$

Step 1.23

Multiply ${(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ by $1$ .

$f' (x) = - \frac{x^{2}}{{(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$

Step 1.24

To write ${(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{{(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ .

$f' (x) = - \frac{x^{2}}{{(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + \frac{{(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 1.25

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$f' (x) = \frac{- x^{2} + {(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 1.26

Multiply ${(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ by ${(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 1.26.1

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$f' (x) = \frac{- x^{2} + {(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2}}}{{(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 1.26.2

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$f' (x) = \frac{- x^{2} + {(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1 + 1}{2}}}{{(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 1.26.3

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$f' (x) = \frac{- x^{2} + {(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{2}{2}}}{{(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 1.26.4

Divide $2$ by $2$ .

$f' (x) = \frac{- x^{2} + 8 - x^{2}}{{(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 1.27

Simplify ${(8 - x^{2})}^{1}$ .

$f' (x) = \frac{- x^{2} + 8 - x^{2}}{{(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 1.28

Subtract $x^{2}$ from $- x^{2}$ .

$f' (x) = \frac{- 2 x^{2} + 8}{{(8 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 1.29

Reorder terms.

$f' (x) = \frac{- 2 x^{2} + 8}{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 2

Find the second derivative.

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Step 2.1

Differentiate using the Quotient Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [\frac{f (x)}{g (x)}]$ is $\frac{g (x) \frac{d}{d x} [f (x)] - f (x) \frac{d}{d x} [g (x)]}{{g (x)}^{2}}$ where $f (x) = - 2 x^{2} + 8$ and $g (x) = {(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} (- 2 x^{2} + 8) - (- 2 x^{2} + 8) \frac{d}{d x} {(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{({(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}}$

Step 2.2

Multiply the exponents in ${({(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}$ .

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Step 2.2.1

Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, ${(a^{m})}^{n} = a^{m n}$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} (- 2 x^{2} + 8) - (- 2 x^{2} + 8) \frac{d}{d x} {(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2} \cdot 2}}$

Step 2.2.2

Cancel the common factor of $2$ .

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Step 2.2.2.1

Cancel the common factor.

$f'' (x) = \frac{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} (- 2 x^{2} + 8) - (- 2 x^{2} + 8) \frac{d}{d x} {(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2} \cdot 2}}$

Step 2.2.2.2

Rewrite the expression.

$f'' (x) = \frac{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} (- 2 x^{2} + 8) - (- 2 x^{2} + 8) \frac{d}{d x} {(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{- x^{2} + 8}$

Step 2.3

Simplify.

$f'' (x) = \frac{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} (- 2 x^{2} + 8) - (- 2 x^{2} + 8) \frac{d}{d x} {(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{- x^{2} + 8}$

Step 2.4

Differentiate.

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Step 2.4.1

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $- 2 x^{2} + 8$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [- 2 x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [8]$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (\frac{d}{d x} (- 2 x^{2}) + \frac{d}{d x} (8)) - (- 2 x^{2} + 8) \frac{d}{d x} {(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{- x^{2} + 8}$

Step 2.4.2

Since $- 2$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- 2 x^{2}$ with respect to $x$ is $- 2 \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}]$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (- 2 \frac{d}{d x} x^{2} + \frac{d}{d x} (8)) - (- 2 x^{2} + 8) \frac{d}{d x} {(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{- x^{2} + 8}$

Step 2.4.3

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (- 2 (2 x) + \frac{d}{d x} (8)) - (- 2 x^{2} + 8) \frac{d}{d x} {(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{- x^{2} + 8}$

Step 2.4.4

Multiply $2$ by $- 2$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (- 4 x + \frac{d}{d x} (8)) - (- 2 x^{2} + 8) \frac{d}{d x} {(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{- x^{2} + 8}$

Step 2.4.5

Since $8$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $8$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (- 4 x + 0) - (- 2 x^{2} + 8) \frac{d}{d x} {(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{- x^{2} + 8}$

Step 2.4.6

Add $- 4 x$ and $0$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (- 4 x) - (- 2 x^{2} + 8) \frac{d}{d x} {(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{- x^{2} + 8}$

Step 2.5

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ and $g (x) = - x^{2} + 8$ .

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Step 2.5.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u$ as $- x^{2} + 8$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (- 4 x) - (- 2 x^{2} + 8) (\frac{d}{d u} (u^{\frac{1}{2}}) \frac{d}{d x} (- x^{2} + 8))}{- x^{2} + 8}$

Step 2.5.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u} [u^{n}]$ is $n u^{n - 1}$ where $n = \frac{1}{2}$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (- 4 x) - (- 2 x^{2} + 8) (\frac{1}{2} u^{\frac{1}{2} - 1} \frac{d}{d x} (- x^{2} + 8))}{- x^{2} + 8}$

Step 2.5.3

Replace all occurrences of $u$ with $- x^{2} + 8$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (- 4 x) - (- 2 x^{2} + 8) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot {(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1} \frac{d}{d x} (- x^{2} + 8))}{- x^{2} + 8}$

Step 2.6

To write $- 1$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (- 4 x) - (- 2 x^{2} + 8) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot {(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot \frac{2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} (- x^{2} + 8))}{- x^{2} + 8}$

Step 2.7

Combine $- 1$ and $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (- 4 x) - (- 2 x^{2} + 8) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot {(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{- 1 \cdot 2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} (- x^{2} + 8))}{- x^{2} + 8}$

Step 2.8

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$f'' (x) = \frac{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (- 4 x) - (- 2 x^{2} + 8) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot {(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1 - 1 \cdot 2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} (- x^{2} + 8))}{- x^{2} + 8}$

Step 2.9

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 2.9.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $2$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (- 4 x) - (- 2 x^{2} + 8) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot {(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1 - 2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} (- x^{2} + 8))}{- x^{2} + 8}$

Step 2.9.2

Subtract $2$ from $1$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (- 4 x) - (- 2 x^{2} + 8) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot {(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{- 1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} (- x^{2} + 8))}{- x^{2} + 8}$

Step 2.10

Combine fractions.

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Step 2.10.1

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$f'' (x) = \frac{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (- 4 x) - (- 2 x^{2} + 8) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot {(- x^{2} + 8)}^{- \frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} (- x^{2} + 8))}{- x^{2} + 8}$

Step 2.10.2

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and ${(- x^{2} + 8)}^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (- 4 x) - (- 2 x^{2} + 8) (\frac{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{- \frac{1}{2}}}{2} \cdot \frac{d}{d x} (- x^{2} + 8))}{- x^{2} + 8}$

Step 2.10.3

Move ${(- x^{2} + 8)}^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ to the denominator using the negative exponent rule $b^{- n} = \frac{1}{b^{n}}$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (- 4 x) - (- 2 x^{2} + 8) (\frac{1}{2 {(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{d}{d x} (- x^{2} + 8))}{- x^{2} + 8}$

Step 2.11

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $- x^{2} + 8$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [- x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [8]$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (- 4 x) - (- 2 x^{2} + 8) (\frac{1}{2 {(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot (\frac{d}{d x} (- x^{2}) + \frac{d}{d x} (8)))}{- x^{2} + 8}$

Step 2.12

Since $- 1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- x^{2}$ with respect to $x$ is $- \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}]$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (- 4 x) - (- 2 x^{2} + 8) (\frac{1}{2 {(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot (- \frac{d}{d x} x^{2} + \frac{d}{d x} (8)))}{- x^{2} + 8}$

Step 2.13

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (- 4 x) - (- 2 x^{2} + 8) (\frac{1}{2 {(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot (- (2 x) + \frac{d}{d x} (8)))}{- x^{2} + 8}$

Step 2.14

Multiply $2$ by $- 1$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (- 4 x) - (- 2 x^{2} + 8) (\frac{1}{2 {(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot (- 2 x + \frac{d}{d x} (8)))}{- x^{2} + 8}$

Step 2.15

Since $8$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $8$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (- 4 x) - (- 2 x^{2} + 8) (\frac{1}{2 {(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot (- 2 x + 0))}{- x^{2} + 8}$

Step 2.16

Simplify terms.

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Step 2.16.1

Add $- 2 x$ and $0$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (- 4 x) - (- 2 x^{2} + 8) (\frac{1}{2 {(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot (- 2 x))}{- x^{2} + 8}$

Step 2.16.2

Combine $- 2$ and $\frac{1}{2 {(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (- 4 x) - (- 2 x^{2} + 8) (\frac{- 2}{2 {(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot x)}{- x^{2} + 8}$

Step 2.16.3

Combine $\frac{- 2}{2 {(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ and $x$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (- 4 x) - (- 2 x^{2} + 8) \frac{- 2 x}{2 {(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{- x^{2} + 8}$

Step 2.16.4

Factor $2$ out of $- 2 x$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (- 4 x) - (- 2 x^{2} + 8) \frac{2 (- x)}{2 {(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{- x^{2} + 8}$

Step 2.17

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 2.17.1

Factor $2$ out of $2 {(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (- 4 x) - (- 2 x^{2} + 8) \frac{2 (- x)}{2 ({(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}})}}{- x^{2} + 8}$

Step 2.17.2

Cancel the common factor.

$f'' (x) = \frac{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (- 4 x) - (- 2 x^{2} + 8) \frac{2 (- x)}{2 {(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{- x^{2} + 8}$

Step 2.17.3

Rewrite the expression.

$f'' (x) = \frac{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (- 4 x) - (- 2 x^{2} + 8) \frac{- x}{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{- x^{2} + 8}$

Step 2.18

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$f'' (x) = \frac{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (- 4 x) - (- 2 x^{2} + 8) (- \frac{x}{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}})}{- x^{2} + 8}$

Step 2.19

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (- 4 x) + 1 (- 2 x^{2} + 8) (\frac{x}{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}})}{- x^{2} + 8}$

Step 2.20

Multiply $- 2 x^{2} + 8$ by $1$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (- 4 x) + (- 2 x^{2} + 8) (\frac{x}{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}})}{- x^{2} + 8}$

Step 2.21

Simplify.

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Step 2.21.1

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 2.21.1.1

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$f'' (x) = \frac{- 4 {(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} x + (- 2 x^{2} + 8) (\frac{x}{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}})}{- x^{2} + 8}$

Step 2.21.1.2

Multiply $- 2 x^{2} + 8$ by $\frac{x}{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{- 4 {(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} x + \frac{(- 2 x^{2} + 8) x}{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{- x^{2} + 8}$

Step 2.21.1.3

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 2.21.1.3.1

Factor $2$ out of $- 2 x^{2} + 8$ .

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Step 2.21.1.3.1.1

Factor $2$ out of $- 2 x^{2}$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{- 4 {(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} x + \frac{(2 (- x^{2}) + 8) x}{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{- x^{2} + 8}$

Step 2.21.1.3.1.2

Factor $2$ out of $8$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{- 4 {(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} x + \frac{(2 (- x^{2}) + 2 (4)) x}{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{- x^{2} + 8}$

Step 2.21.1.3.1.3

Factor $2$ out of $2 (- x^{2}) + 2 (4)$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{- 4 {(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} x + \frac{2 (- x^{2} + 4) x}{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{- x^{2} + 8}$

Step 2.21.1.3.2

Rewrite $4$ as $2^{2}$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{- 4 {(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} x + \frac{2 (- x^{2} + 2^{2}) x}{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{- x^{2} + 8}$

Step 2.21.1.3.3

Reorder $- x^{2}$ and $2^{2}$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{- 4 {(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} x + \frac{2 (2^{2} - x^{2}) x}{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{- x^{2} + 8}$

Step 2.21.1.3.4

Since both terms are perfect squares, factor using the difference of squares formula, $a^{2} - b^{2} = (a + b) (a - b)$ where $a = 2$ and $b = x$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{- 4 {(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} x + \frac{2 (2 + x) (2 - x) x}{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{- x^{2} + 8}$

Step 2.21.1.4

To write $- 4 {(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} x$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{- 4 {(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} x \cdot \frac{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + \frac{2 (2 + x) (2 - x) x}{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{- x^{2} + 8}$

Step 2.21.1.5

Combine $- 4 {(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} x$ and $\frac{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{\frac{- 4 {(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} x {(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + \frac{2 (2 + x) (2 - x) x}{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{- x^{2} + 8}$

Step 2.21.1.6

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$f'' (x) = \frac{\frac{- 4 {(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} x {(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} + 2 (2 + x) (2 - x) x}{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{- x^{2} + 8}$

Step 2.21.1.7

Rewrite $\frac{- 4 {(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} x {(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} + 2 (2 + x) (2 - x) x}{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ in a factored form.

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Step 2.21.1.7.1

Factor $2 x$ out of $- 4 {(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} x {(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} + 2 (2 + x) (2 - x) x$ .

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Step 2.21.1.7.1.1

Factor $2 x$ out of $- 4 {(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} x {(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{\frac{2 x (- 2 {(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}) + 2 (2 + x) (2 - x) x}{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{- x^{2} + 8}$

Step 2.21.1.7.1.2

Factor $2 x$ out of $2 (2 + x) (2 - x) x$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{\frac{2 x (- 2 {(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}) + 2 x ((2 + x) (2 - x))}{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{- x^{2} + 8}$

Step 2.21.1.7.1.3

Factor $2 x$ out of $2 x (- 2 {(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}) + 2 x ((2 + x) (2 - x))$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{\frac{2 x (- 2 {(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} + (2 + x) (2 - x))}{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{- x^{2} + 8}$

Step 2.21.1.7.2

Combine exponents.

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Step 2.21.1.7.2.1

Multiply ${(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ by ${(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 2.21.1.7.2.1.1

Move ${(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{\frac{2 x (- 2 ({(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}) + (2 + x) (2 - x))}{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{- x^{2} + 8}$

Step 2.21.1.7.2.1.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$f'' (x) = \frac{\frac{2 x (- 2 {(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2}} + (2 + x) (2 - x))}{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{- x^{2} + 8}$

Step 2.21.1.7.2.1.3

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$f'' (x) = \frac{\frac{2 x (- 2 {(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1 + 1}{2}} + (2 + x) (2 - x))}{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{- x^{2} + 8}$

Step 2.21.1.7.2.1.4

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{\frac{2 x (- 2 {(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{2}{2}} + (2 + x) (2 - x))}{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{- x^{2} + 8}$

Step 2.21.1.7.2.1.5

Divide $2$ by $2$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{\frac{2 x (- 2 (- x^{2} + 8) + (2 + x) (2 - x))}{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{- x^{2} + 8}$

Step 2.21.1.7.2.2

Simplify $- 2 {(- x^{2} + 8)}^{1}$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{\frac{2 x (- 2 (- x^{2} + 8) + (2 + x) (2 - x))}{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{- x^{2} + 8}$

Step 2.21.1.8

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 2.21.1.8.1

Apply the distributive property.

$f'' (x) = \frac{\frac{2 x (- 2 (- x^{2}) - 2 \cdot 8 + (2 + x) (2 - x))}{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{- x^{2} + 8}$

Step 2.21.1.8.2

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 2$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{\frac{2 x (2 x^{2} - 2 \cdot 8 + (2 + x) (2 - x))}{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{- x^{2} + 8}$

Step 2.21.1.8.3

Multiply $- 2$ by $8$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{\frac{2 x (2 x^{2} - 16 + (2 + x) (2 - x))}{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{- x^{2} + 8}$

Step 2.21.1.8.4

Expand $(2 + x) (2 - x)$ using the FOIL Method.

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Step 2.21.1.8.4.1

Apply the distributive property.

$f'' (x) = \frac{\frac{2 x (2 x^{2} - 16 + 2 (2 - x) + x (2 - x))}{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{- x^{2} + 8}$

Step 2.21.1.8.4.2

Apply the distributive property.

$f'' (x) = \frac{\frac{2 x (2 x^{2} - 16 + 2 \cdot 2 + 2 (- x) + x (2 - x))}{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{- x^{2} + 8}$

Step 2.21.1.8.4.3

Apply the distributive property.

$f'' (x) = \frac{\frac{2 x (2 x^{2} - 16 + 2 \cdot 2 + 2 (- x) + x \cdot 2 + x (- x))}{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{- x^{2} + 8}$

Step 2.21.1.8.5

Simplify and combine like terms.

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Step 2.21.1.8.5.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 2.21.1.8.5.1.1

Multiply $2$ by $2$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{\frac{2 x (2 x^{2} - 16 + 4 + 2 (- x) + x \cdot 2 + x (- x))}{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{- x^{2} + 8}$

Step 2.21.1.8.5.1.2

Multiply $- 1$ by $2$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{\frac{2 x (2 x^{2} - 16 + 4 - 2 x + x \cdot 2 + x (- x))}{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{- x^{2} + 8}$

Step 2.21.1.8.5.1.3

Move $2$ to the left of $x$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{\frac{2 x (2 x^{2} - 16 + 4 - 2 x + 2 \cdot x + x (- x))}{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{- x^{2} + 8}$

Step 2.21.1.8.5.1.4

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$f'' (x) = \frac{\frac{2 x (2 x^{2} - 16 + 4 - 2 x + 2 x - x \cdot x)}{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{- x^{2} + 8}$

Step 2.21.1.8.5.1.5

Multiply $x$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 2.21.1.8.5.1.5.1

Move $x$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{\frac{2 x (2 x^{2} - 16 + 4 - 2 x + 2 x - (x \cdot x))}{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{- x^{2} + 8}$

Step 2.21.1.8.5.1.5.2

Multiply $x$ by $x$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{\frac{2 x (2 x^{2} - 16 + 4 - 2 x + 2 x - x^{2})}{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{- x^{2} + 8}$

Step 2.21.1.8.5.2

Add $- 2 x$ and $2 x$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{\frac{2 x (2 x^{2} - 16 + 4 + 0 - x^{2})}{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{- x^{2} + 8}$

Step 2.21.1.8.5.3

Add $4$ and $0$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{\frac{2 x (2 x^{2} - 16 + 4 - x^{2})}{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{- x^{2} + 8}$

Step 2.21.1.8.6

Subtract $x^{2}$ from $2 x^{2}$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{\frac{2 x (x^{2} - 16 + 4)}{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{- x^{2} + 8}$

Step 2.21.1.8.7

Add $- 16$ and $4$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{\frac{2 x (x^{2} - 12)}{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{- x^{2} + 8}$

Step 2.21.2

Combine terms.

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Step 2.21.2.1

Rewrite $\frac{\frac{2 x (x^{2} - 12)}{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{- x^{2} + 8}$ as a product.

$f'' (x) = \frac{2 x (x^{2} - 12)}{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{1}{- x^{2} + 8}$

Step 2.21.2.2

Multiply $\frac{2 x (x^{2} - 12)}{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ by $\frac{1}{- x^{2} + 8}$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{2 x (x^{2} - 12)}{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (- x^{2} + 8)}$

Step 2.21.2.3

Multiply ${(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ by $- x^{2} + 8$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 2.21.2.3.1

Multiply ${(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ by $- x^{2} + 8$ .

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Step 2.21.2.3.1.1

Raise $- x^{2} + 8$ to the power of $1$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{2 x (x^{2} - 12)}{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (- x^{2} + 8)}$

Step 2.21.2.3.1.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$f'' (x) = \frac{2 x (x^{2} - 12)}{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2} + 1}}$

Step 2.21.2.3.2

Write $1$ as a fraction with a common denominator.

$f'' (x) = \frac{2 x (x^{2} - 12)}{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{2}{2}}}$

Step 2.21.2.3.3

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$f'' (x) = \frac{2 x (x^{2} - 12)}{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{1 + 2}{2}}}$

Step 2.21.2.3.4

Add $1$ and $2$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{2 x (x^{2} - 12)}{{(- x^{2} + 8)}^{\frac{3}{2}}}$