Calculus Examples

$\int_{x^{4}}^{x^{5}} {(2 t - 1)}^{3} d t$

Step 1

Use the Binomial Theorem.

$\frac{d}{d x} [\int_{x^{4}}^{x^{5}} {(2 t)}^{3} + 3 {(2 t)}^{2} \cdot - 1 + 3 (2 t) {(- 1)}^{2} + {(- 1)}^{3} d t]$

Step 2

Simplify each term.

Tap for more steps...

Step 2.1

Apply the product rule to $2 t$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [\int_{x^{4}}^{x^{5}} 2^{3} t^{3} + 3 {(2 t)}^{2} \cdot - 1 + 3 (2 t) {(- 1)}^{2} + {(- 1)}^{3} d t]$

Step 2.2

Raise $2$ to the power of $3$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [\int_{x^{4}}^{x^{5}} 8 t^{3} + 3 {(2 t)}^{2} \cdot - 1 + 3 (2 t) {(- 1)}^{2} + {(- 1)}^{3} d t]$

Step 2.3

Apply the product rule to $2 t$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [\int_{x^{4}}^{x^{5}} 8 t^{3} + 3 (2^{2} t^{2}) \cdot - 1 + 3 (2 t) {(- 1)}^{2} + {(- 1)}^{3} d t]$

Step 2.4

Raise $2$ to the power of $2$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [\int_{x^{4}}^{x^{5}} 8 t^{3} + 3 (4 t^{2}) \cdot - 1 + 3 (2 t) {(- 1)}^{2} + {(- 1)}^{3} d t]$

Step 2.5

Multiply $4$ by $3$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [\int_{x^{4}}^{x^{5}} 8 t^{3} + 12 t^{2} \cdot - 1 + 3 (2 t) {(- 1)}^{2} + {(- 1)}^{3} d t]$

Step 2.6

Multiply $- 1$ by $12$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [\int_{x^{4}}^{x^{5}} 8 t^{3} - 12 t^{2} + 3 (2 t) {(- 1)}^{2} + {(- 1)}^{3} d t]$

Step 2.7

Multiply $2$ by $3$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [\int_{x^{4}}^{x^{5}} 8 t^{3} - 12 t^{2} + 6 t {(- 1)}^{2} + {(- 1)}^{3} d t]$

Step 2.8

Raise $- 1$ to the power of $2$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [\int_{x^{4}}^{x^{5}} 8 t^{3} - 12 t^{2} + 6 t \cdot 1 + {(- 1)}^{3} d t]$

Step 2.9

Multiply $6$ by $1$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [\int_{x^{4}}^{x^{5}} 8 t^{3} - 12 t^{2} + 6 t + {(- 1)}^{3} d t]$

Step 2.10

Raise $- 1$ to the power of $3$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [\int_{x^{4}}^{x^{5}} 8 t^{3} - 12 t^{2} + 6 t - 1 d t]$

Step 3

Split the integral into two integrals where $c$ is some value between $x^{4}$ and $x^{5}$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [\int_{x^{4}}^{c} 8 t^{3} - 12 t^{2} + 6 t - 1 d t + \int_{c}^{x^{5}} 8 t^{3} - 12 t^{2} + 6 t - 1 d t]$

Step 4

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $\int_{x^{4}}^{c} 8 t^{3} - 12 t^{2} + 6 t - 1 d t + \int_{c}^{x^{5}} 8 t^{3} - 12 t^{2} + 6 t - 1 d t$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [\int_{x^{4}}^{c} 8 t^{3} - 12 t^{2} + 6 t - 1 d t] + \frac{d}{d x} [\int_{c}^{x^{5}} 8 t^{3} - 12 t^{2} + 6 t - 1 d t]$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [\int_{x^{4}}^{c} 8 t^{3} - 12 t^{2} + 6 t - 1 d t] + \frac{d}{d x} [\int_{c}^{x^{5}} 8 t^{3} - 12 t^{2} + 6 t - 1 d t]$

Step 5

Swap the bounds of integration.

$\frac{d}{d x} [- \int_{c}^{x^{4}} 8 t^{3} - 12 t^{2} + 6 t - 1 d t] + \frac{d}{d x} [\int_{c}^{x^{5}} 8 t^{3} - 12 t^{2} + 6 t - 1 d t]$

Step 6

Take the derivative of $- \int_{c}^{x^{4}} 8 t^{3} - 12 t^{2} + 6 t - 1 d t$ with respect to $x$ using Fundamental Theorem of Calculus and the chain rule.

$\frac{d}{d x} [x^{4}] (- (8 {(x^{4})}^{3} - 12 {(x^{4})}^{2} + 6 x^{4} - 1)) + \frac{d}{d x} [\int_{c}^{x^{5}} 8 t^{3} - 12 t^{2} + 6 t - 1 d t]$

Step 7

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 4$ .

$4 x^{3} (- (8 {(x^{4})}^{3} - 12 {(x^{4})}^{2} + 6 x^{4} - 1)) + \frac{d}{d x} [\int_{c}^{x^{5}} 8 t^{3} - 12 t^{2} + 6 t - 1 d t]$

Step 8

Take the derivative of $\int_{c}^{x^{5}} 8 t^{3} - 12 t^{2} + 6 t - 1 d t$ with respect to $x$ using Fundamental Theorem of Calculus and the chain rule.

$4 x^{3} (- (8 {(x^{4})}^{3} - 12 {(x^{4})}^{2} + 6 x^{4} - 1)) + \frac{d}{d x} [x^{5}] (8 {(x^{5})}^{3} - 12 {(x^{5})}^{2} + 6 x^{5} - 1)$

Step 9

Differentiate using the Power Rule.

Tap for more steps...

Step 9.1

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 5$ .

$4 x^{3} (- (8 {(x^{4})}^{3} - 12 {(x^{4})}^{2} + 6 x^{4} - 1)) + 5 x^{4} (8 {(x^{5})}^{3} - 12 {(x^{5})}^{2} + 6 x^{5} - 1)$

Step 9.2

Simplify the expression.

Tap for more steps...

Step 9.2.1

Multiply the exponents in ${(x^{4})}^{3}$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 9.2.1.1

Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, ${(a^{m})}^{n} = a^{m n}$ .

$4 x^{3} (- (8 x^{4 \cdot 3} - 12 {(x^{4})}^{2} + 6 x^{4} - 1)) + 5 x^{4} (8 {(x^{5})}^{3} - 12 {(x^{5})}^{2} + 6 x^{5} - 1)$

Step 9.2.1.2

Multiply $4$ by $3$ .

$4 x^{3} (- (8 x^{12} - 12 {(x^{4})}^{2} + 6 x^{4} - 1)) + 5 x^{4} (8 {(x^{5})}^{3} - 12 {(x^{5})}^{2} + 6 x^{5} - 1)$

Step 9.2.2

Multiply the exponents in ${(x^{4})}^{2}$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 9.2.2.1

Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, ${(a^{m})}^{n} = a^{m n}$ .

$4 x^{3} (- (8 x^{12} - 12 x^{4 \cdot 2} + 6 x^{4} - 1)) + 5 x^{4} (8 {(x^{5})}^{3} - 12 {(x^{5})}^{2} + 6 x^{5} - 1)$

Step 9.2.2.2

Multiply $4$ by $2$ .

$4 x^{3} (- (8 x^{12} - 12 x^{8} + 6 x^{4} - 1)) + 5 x^{4} (8 {(x^{5})}^{3} - 12 {(x^{5})}^{2} + 6 x^{5} - 1)$

Step 9.2.3

Multiply $- 1$ by $4$ .

$- 4 x^{3} (8 x^{12} - 12 x^{8} + 6 x^{4} - 1) + 5 x^{4} (8 {(x^{5})}^{3} - 12 {(x^{5})}^{2} + 6 x^{5} - 1)$

Step 9.2.4

Multiply the exponents in ${(x^{5})}^{3}$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 9.2.4.1

Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, ${(a^{m})}^{n} = a^{m n}$ .

$- 4 x^{3} (8 x^{12} - 12 x^{8} + 6 x^{4} - 1) + 5 x^{4} (8 x^{5 \cdot 3} - 12 {(x^{5})}^{2} + 6 x^{5} - 1)$

Step 9.2.4.2

Multiply $5$ by $3$ .

$- 4 x^{3} (8 x^{12} - 12 x^{8} + 6 x^{4} - 1) + 5 x^{4} (8 x^{15} - 12 {(x^{5})}^{2} + 6 x^{5} - 1)$

Step 9.2.5

Multiply the exponents in ${(x^{5})}^{2}$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 9.2.5.1

Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, ${(a^{m})}^{n} = a^{m n}$ .

$- 4 x^{3} (8 x^{12} - 12 x^{8} + 6 x^{4} - 1) + 5 x^{4} (8 x^{15} - 12 x^{5 \cdot 2} + 6 x^{5} - 1)$

Step 9.2.5.2

Multiply $5$ by $2$ .

$- 4 x^{3} (8 x^{12} - 12 x^{8} + 6 x^{4} - 1) + 5 x^{4} (8 x^{15} - 12 x^{10} + 6 x^{5} - 1)$

Step 10

Simplify.

Tap for more steps...

Step 10.1

Apply the distributive property.

$- 4 x^{3} (8 x^{12}) - 4 x^{3} (- 12 x^{8}) - 4 x^{3} (6 x^{4}) - 4 x^{3} \cdot - 1 + 5 x^{4} (8 x^{15} - 12 x^{10} + 6 x^{5} - 1)$

Step 10.2

Apply the distributive property.

$- 4 x^{3} (8 x^{12}) - 4 x^{3} (- 12 x^{8}) - 4 x^{3} (6 x^{4}) - 4 x^{3} \cdot - 1 + 5 x^{4} (8 x^{15}) + 5 x^{4} (- 12 x^{10}) + 5 x^{4} (6 x^{5}) + 5 x^{4} \cdot - 1$

Step 10.3

Combine terms.

Tap for more steps...

Step 10.3.1

Multiply $8$ by $- 4$ .

$- 32 x^{3} x^{12} - 4 x^{3} (- 12 x^{8}) - 4 x^{3} (6 x^{4}) - 4 x^{3} \cdot - 1 + 5 x^{4} (8 x^{15}) + 5 x^{4} (- 12 x^{10}) + 5 x^{4} (6 x^{5}) + 5 x^{4} \cdot - 1$

Step 10.3.2

Multiply $x^{3}$ by $x^{12}$ by adding the exponents.

Tap for more steps...

Step 10.3.2.1

Move $x^{12}$ .

$- 32 (x^{12} x^{3}) - 4 x^{3} (- 12 x^{8}) - 4 x^{3} (6 x^{4}) - 4 x^{3} \cdot - 1 + 5 x^{4} (8 x^{15}) + 5 x^{4} (- 12 x^{10}) + 5 x^{4} (6 x^{5}) + 5 x^{4} \cdot - 1$

Step 10.3.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$- 32 x^{12 + 3} - 4 x^{3} (- 12 x^{8}) - 4 x^{3} (6 x^{4}) - 4 x^{3} \cdot - 1 + 5 x^{4} (8 x^{15}) + 5 x^{4} (- 12 x^{10}) + 5 x^{4} (6 x^{5}) + 5 x^{4} \cdot - 1$

Step 10.3.2.3

Add $12$ and $3$ .

$- 32 x^{15} - 4 x^{3} (- 12 x^{8}) - 4 x^{3} (6 x^{4}) - 4 x^{3} \cdot - 1 + 5 x^{4} (8 x^{15}) + 5 x^{4} (- 12 x^{10}) + 5 x^{4} (6 x^{5}) + 5 x^{4} \cdot - 1$

Step 10.3.3

Multiply $- 12$ by $- 4$ .

$- 32 x^{15} + 48 x^{3} x^{8} - 4 x^{3} (6 x^{4}) - 4 x^{3} \cdot - 1 + 5 x^{4} (8 x^{15}) + 5 x^{4} (- 12 x^{10}) + 5 x^{4} (6 x^{5}) + 5 x^{4} \cdot - 1$

Step 10.3.4

Multiply $x^{3}$ by $x^{8}$ by adding the exponents.

Tap for more steps...

Step 10.3.4.1

Move $x^{8}$ .

$- 32 x^{15} + 48 (x^{8} x^{3}) - 4 x^{3} (6 x^{4}) - 4 x^{3} \cdot - 1 + 5 x^{4} (8 x^{15}) + 5 x^{4} (- 12 x^{10}) + 5 x^{4} (6 x^{5}) + 5 x^{4} \cdot - 1$

Step 10.3.4.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$- 32 x^{15} + 48 x^{8 + 3} - 4 x^{3} (6 x^{4}) - 4 x^{3} \cdot - 1 + 5 x^{4} (8 x^{15}) + 5 x^{4} (- 12 x^{10}) + 5 x^{4} (6 x^{5}) + 5 x^{4} \cdot - 1$

Step 10.3.4.3

Add $8$ and $3$ .

$- 32 x^{15} + 48 x^{11} - 4 x^{3} (6 x^{4}) - 4 x^{3} \cdot - 1 + 5 x^{4} (8 x^{15}) + 5 x^{4} (- 12 x^{10}) + 5 x^{4} (6 x^{5}) + 5 x^{4} \cdot - 1$

Step 10.3.5

Multiply $6$ by $- 4$ .

$- 32 x^{15} + 48 x^{11} - 24 x^{3} x^{4} - 4 x^{3} \cdot - 1 + 5 x^{4} (8 x^{15}) + 5 x^{4} (- 12 x^{10}) + 5 x^{4} (6 x^{5}) + 5 x^{4} \cdot - 1$

Step 10.3.6

Multiply $x^{3}$ by $x^{4}$ by adding the exponents.

Tap for more steps...

Step 10.3.6.1

Move $x^{4}$ .

$- 32 x^{15} + 48 x^{11} - 24 (x^{4} x^{3}) - 4 x^{3} \cdot - 1 + 5 x^{4} (8 x^{15}) + 5 x^{4} (- 12 x^{10}) + 5 x^{4} (6 x^{5}) + 5 x^{4} \cdot - 1$

Step 10.3.6.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$- 32 x^{15} + 48 x^{11} - 24 x^{4 + 3} - 4 x^{3} \cdot - 1 + 5 x^{4} (8 x^{15}) + 5 x^{4} (- 12 x^{10}) + 5 x^{4} (6 x^{5}) + 5 x^{4} \cdot - 1$

Step 10.3.6.3

Add $4$ and $3$ .

$- 32 x^{15} + 48 x^{11} - 24 x^{7} - 4 x^{3} \cdot - 1 + 5 x^{4} (8 x^{15}) + 5 x^{4} (- 12 x^{10}) + 5 x^{4} (6 x^{5}) + 5 x^{4} \cdot - 1$

Step 10.3.7

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 4$ .

$- 32 x^{15} + 48 x^{11} - 24 x^{7} + 4 x^{3} + 5 x^{4} (8 x^{15}) + 5 x^{4} (- 12 x^{10}) + 5 x^{4} (6 x^{5}) + 5 x^{4} \cdot - 1$

Step 10.3.8

Multiply $8$ by $5$ .

$- 32 x^{15} + 48 x^{11} - 24 x^{7} + 4 x^{3} + 40 x^{4} x^{15} + 5 x^{4} (- 12 x^{10}) + 5 x^{4} (6 x^{5}) + 5 x^{4} \cdot - 1$

Step 10.3.9

Multiply $x^{4}$ by $x^{15}$ by adding the exponents.

Tap for more steps...

Step 10.3.9.1

Move $x^{15}$ .

$- 32 x^{15} + 48 x^{11} - 24 x^{7} + 4 x^{3} + 40 (x^{15} x^{4}) + 5 x^{4} (- 12 x^{10}) + 5 x^{4} (6 x^{5}) + 5 x^{4} \cdot - 1$

Step 10.3.9.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$- 32 x^{15} + 48 x^{11} - 24 x^{7} + 4 x^{3} + 40 x^{15 + 4} + 5 x^{4} (- 12 x^{10}) + 5 x^{4} (6 x^{5}) + 5 x^{4} \cdot - 1$

Step 10.3.9.3

Add $15$ and $4$ .

$- 32 x^{15} + 48 x^{11} - 24 x^{7} + 4 x^{3} + 40 x^{19} + 5 x^{4} (- 12 x^{10}) + 5 x^{4} (6 x^{5}) + 5 x^{4} \cdot - 1$

Step 10.3.10

Multiply $- 12$ by $5$ .

$- 32 x^{15} + 48 x^{11} - 24 x^{7} + 4 x^{3} + 40 x^{19} - 60 x^{4} x^{10} + 5 x^{4} (6 x^{5}) + 5 x^{4} \cdot - 1$

Step 10.3.11

Multiply $x^{4}$ by $x^{10}$ by adding the exponents.

Tap for more steps...

Step 10.3.11.1

Move $x^{10}$ .

$- 32 x^{15} + 48 x^{11} - 24 x^{7} + 4 x^{3} + 40 x^{19} - 60 (x^{10} x^{4}) + 5 x^{4} (6 x^{5}) + 5 x^{4} \cdot - 1$

Step 10.3.11.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$- 32 x^{15} + 48 x^{11} - 24 x^{7} + 4 x^{3} + 40 x^{19} - 60 x^{10 + 4} + 5 x^{4} (6 x^{5}) + 5 x^{4} \cdot - 1$

Step 10.3.11.3

Add $10$ and $4$ .

$- 32 x^{15} + 48 x^{11} - 24 x^{7} + 4 x^{3} + 40 x^{19} - 60 x^{14} + 5 x^{4} (6 x^{5}) + 5 x^{4} \cdot - 1$

Step 10.3.12

Multiply $6$ by $5$ .

$- 32 x^{15} + 48 x^{11} - 24 x^{7} + 4 x^{3} + 40 x^{19} - 60 x^{14} + 30 x^{4} x^{5} + 5 x^{4} \cdot - 1$

Step 10.3.13

Multiply $x^{4}$ by $x^{5}$ by adding the exponents.

Tap for more steps...

Step 10.3.13.1

Move $x^{5}$ .

$- 32 x^{15} + 48 x^{11} - 24 x^{7} + 4 x^{3} + 40 x^{19} - 60 x^{14} + 30 (x^{5} x^{4}) + 5 x^{4} \cdot - 1$

Step 10.3.13.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$- 32 x^{15} + 48 x^{11} - 24 x^{7} + 4 x^{3} + 40 x^{19} - 60 x^{14} + 30 x^{5 + 4} + 5 x^{4} \cdot - 1$

Step 10.3.13.3

Add $5$ and $4$ .

$- 32 x^{15} + 48 x^{11} - 24 x^{7} + 4 x^{3} + 40 x^{19} - 60 x^{14} + 30 x^{9} + 5 x^{4} \cdot - 1$

Step 10.3.14

Multiply $- 1$ by $5$ .

$- 32 x^{15} + 48 x^{11} - 24 x^{7} + 4 x^{3} + 40 x^{19} - 60 x^{14} + 30 x^{9} - 5 x^{4}$

Step 10.4

Reorder terms.

$40 x^{19} - 32 x^{15} - 60 x^{14} + 48 x^{11} + 30 x^{9} - 24 x^{7} - 5 x^{4} + 4 x^{3}$