Calculus Examples

$3 x^{- 3} - 2 x^{- 2} + x^{4} + 16 x^{7}$

Step 1

Write $3 x^{- 3} - 2 x^{- 2} + x^{4} + 16 x^{7}$ as a function.

$f (x) = 3 x^{- 3} - 2 x^{- 2} + x^{4} + 16 x^{7}$

Step 2

The function $F (x)$ can be found by finding the indefinite integral of the derivative $f (x)$ .

$F (x) = \int f (x) d x$

Step 3

Set up the integral to solve.

$F (x) = \int 3 x^{- 3} - 2 x^{- 2} + x^{4} + 16 x^{7} d x$

Step 4

Split the single integral into multiple integrals.

$\int 3 x^{- 3} d x + \int - 2 x^{- 2} d x + \int x^{4} d x + \int 16 x^{7} d x$

Step 5

Since $3$ is constant with respect to $x$ , move $3$ out of the integral.

$3 \int x^{- 3} d x + \int - 2 x^{- 2} d x + \int x^{4} d x + \int 16 x^{7} d x$

Step 6

By the Power Rule, the integral of $x^{- 3}$ with respect to $x$ is $- \frac{1}{2} x^{- 2}$ .

$3 (- \frac{1}{2} x^{- 2} + C) + \int - 2 x^{- 2} d x + \int x^{4} d x + \int 16 x^{7} d x$

Step 7

Simplify.

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Step 7.1

Combine $x^{- 2}$ and $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$3 (- \frac{x^{- 2}}{2} + C) + \int - 2 x^{- 2} d x + \int x^{4} d x + \int 16 x^{7} d x$

Step 7.2

Move $x^{- 2}$ to the denominator using the negative exponent rule $b^{- n} = \frac{1}{b^{n}}$ .

$3 (- \frac{1}{2 x^{2}} + C) + \int - 2 x^{- 2} d x + \int x^{4} d x + \int 16 x^{7} d x$

Step 8

Since $- 2$ is constant with respect to $x$ , move $- 2$ out of the integral.

$3 (- \frac{1}{2 x^{2}} + C) - 2 \int x^{- 2} d x + \int x^{4} d x + \int 16 x^{7} d x$

Step 9

By the Power Rule, the integral of $x^{- 2}$ with respect to $x$ is $- x^{- 1}$ .

$3 (- \frac{1}{2 x^{2}} + C) - 2 (- x^{- 1} + C) + \int x^{4} d x + \int 16 x^{7} d x$

Step 10

By the Power Rule, the integral of $x^{4}$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{1}{5} x^{5}$ .

$3 (- \frac{1}{2 x^{2}} + C) - 2 (- x^{- 1} + C) + \frac{1}{5} x^{5} + C + \int 16 x^{7} d x$

Step 11

Since $16$ is constant with respect to $x$ , move $16$ out of the integral.

$3 (- \frac{1}{2 x^{2}} + C) - 2 (- x^{- 1} + C) + \frac{1}{5} x^{5} + C + 16 \int x^{7} d x$

Step 12

By the Power Rule, the integral of $x^{7}$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{1}{8} x^{8}$ .

$3 (- \frac{1}{2 x^{2}} + C) - 2 (- x^{- 1} + C) + \frac{1}{5} x^{5} + C + 16 (\frac{1}{8} x^{8} + C)$

Step 13

Simplify.

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Step 13.1

Combine $\frac{1}{8}$ and $x^{8}$ .

$3 (- \frac{1}{2 x^{2}} + C) - 2 (- x^{- 1} + C) + \frac{1}{5} x^{5} + C + 16 (\frac{x^{8}}{8} + C)$

Step 13.2

Simplify.

$- \frac{3}{2 x^{2}} + \frac{2}{x} + \frac{x^{5}}{5} + 16 \frac{x^{8}}{8} + C$

Step 13.3

Simplify.

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Step 13.3.1

Combine $16$ and $\frac{x^{8}}{8}$ .

$- \frac{3}{2 x^{2}} + \frac{2}{x} + \frac{x^{5}}{5} + \frac{16 x^{8}}{8} + C$

Step 13.3.2

Cancel the common factor of $16$ and $8$ .

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Step 13.3.2.1

Factor $8$ out of $16 x^{8}$ .

$- \frac{3}{2 x^{2}} + \frac{2}{x} + \frac{x^{5}}{5} + \frac{8 (2 x^{8})}{8} + C$

Step 13.3.2.2

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 13.3.2.2.1

Factor $8$ out of $8$ .

$- \frac{3}{2 x^{2}} + \frac{2}{x} + \frac{x^{5}}{5} + \frac{8 (2 x^{8})}{8 (1)} + C$

Step 13.3.2.2.2

Cancel the common factor.

$- \frac{3}{2 x^{2}} + \frac{2}{x} + \frac{x^{5}}{5} + \frac{8 (2 x^{8})}{8 \cdot 1} + C$

Step 13.3.2.2.3

Rewrite the expression.

$- \frac{3}{2 x^{2}} + \frac{2}{x} + \frac{x^{5}}{5} + \frac{2 x^{8}}{1} + C$

Step 13.3.2.2.4

Divide $2 x^{8}$ by $1$ .

$- \frac{3}{2 x^{2}} + \frac{2}{x} + \frac{x^{5}}{5} + 2 x^{8} + C$

Step 13.4

Reorder terms.

$- \frac{3}{2 x^{2}} + \frac{2}{x} + \frac{1}{5} x^{5} + 2 x^{8} + C$

Step 14

The answer is the antiderivative of the function $f (x) = 3 x^{- 3} - 2 x^{- 2} + x^{4} + 16 x^{7}$ .

$F (x) =$ $- \frac{3}{2 x^{2}} + \frac{2}{x} + \frac{1}{5} x^{5} + 2 x^{8} + C$