Calculus Examples

$y = \sqrt{1 - \sec (t)}$

Step 1

Find the first derivative.

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Step 1.1

Use $\sqrt[n]{a^{x}} = a^{\frac{x}{n}}$ to rewrite $\sqrt{1 - \sec (t)}$ as ${(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{d}{d t} [{(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}}]$

Step 1.2

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d t} [f (g (t))]$ is $f' (g (t)) g' (t)$ where $f (t) = t^{\frac{1}{2}}$ and $g (t) = 1 - \sec (t)$ .

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Step 1.2.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u$ as $1 - \sec (t)$ .

$\frac{d}{d u} [u^{\frac{1}{2}}] \frac{d}{d t} [1 - \sec (t)]$

Step 1.2.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u} [u^{n}]$ is $n u^{n - 1}$ where $n = \frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} u^{\frac{1}{2} - 1} \frac{d}{d t} [1 - \sec (t)]$

Step 1.2.3

Replace all occurrences of $u$ with $1 - \sec (t)$ .

$\frac{1}{2} {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1} \frac{d}{d t} [1 - \sec (t)]$

Step 1.3

To write $- 1$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot \frac{2}{2}} \frac{d}{d t} [1 - \sec (t)]$

Step 1.4

Combine $- 1$ and $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{- 1 \cdot 2}{2}} \frac{d}{d t} [1 - \sec (t)]$

Step 1.5

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{1}{2} {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1 - 1 \cdot 2}{2}} \frac{d}{d t} [1 - \sec (t)]$

Step 1.6

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 1.6.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $2$ .

$\frac{1}{2} {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1 - 2}{2}} \frac{d}{d t} [1 - \sec (t)]$

Step 1.6.2

Subtract $2$ from $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{- 1}{2}} \frac{d}{d t} [1 - \sec (t)]$

Step 1.7

Differentiate.

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Step 1.7.1

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$\frac{1}{2} {(1 - \sec (t))}^{- \frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d t} [1 - \sec (t)]$

Step 1.7.2

Combine fractions.

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Step 1.7.2.1

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and ${(1 - \sec (t))}^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{{(1 - \sec (t))}^{- \frac{1}{2}}}{2} \frac{d}{d t} [1 - \sec (t)]$

Step 1.7.2.2

Move ${(1 - \sec (t))}^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ to the denominator using the negative exponent rule $b^{- n} = \frac{1}{b^{n}}$ .

$\frac{1}{2 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d t} [1 - \sec (t)]$

Step 1.7.3

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $1 - \sec (t)$ with respect to $t$ is $\frac{d}{d t} [1] + \frac{d}{d t} [- \sec (t)]$ .

$\frac{1}{2 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{d}{d t} [1] + \frac{d}{d t} [- \sec (t)])$

Step 1.7.4

Since $1$ is constant with respect to $t$ , the derivative of $1$ with respect to $t$ is $0$ .

$\frac{1}{2 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (0 + \frac{d}{d t} [- \sec (t)])$

Step 1.7.5

Add $0$ and $\frac{d}{d t} [- \sec (t)]$ .

$\frac{1}{2 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d t} [- \sec (t)]$

Step 1.7.6

Since $- 1$ is constant with respect to $t$ , the derivative of $- \sec (t)$ with respect to $t$ is $- \frac{d}{d t} [\sec (t)]$ .

$\frac{1}{2 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (- \frac{d}{d t} [\sec (t)])$

Step 1.8

The derivative of $\sec (t)$ with respect to $t$ is $\sec (t) \tan (t)$ .

$\frac{1}{2 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (- (\sec (t) \tan (t)))$

Step 1.9

Combine fractions.

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Step 1.9.1

Combine $\frac{1}{2 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ and $\sec (t)$ .

$- \frac{\sec (t)}{2 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \tan (t)$

Step 1.9.2

Combine $\tan (t)$ and $\frac{\sec (t)}{2 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ .

$f' (t) = - \frac{\tan (t) \sec (t)}{2 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 2

Find the second derivative.

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Step 2.1

Since $- \frac{1}{2}$ is constant with respect to $t$ , the derivative of $- \frac{\tan (t) \sec (t)}{2 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ with respect to $t$ is $- \frac{1}{2} \frac{d}{d t} [\frac{\tan (t) \sec (t)}{{(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}]$ .

$- \frac{1}{2} \frac{d}{d t} [\frac{\tan (t) \sec (t)}{{(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}]$

Step 2.2

Differentiate using the Quotient Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d t} [\frac{f (t)}{g (t)}]$ is $\frac{g (t) \frac{d}{d t} [f (t)] - f (t) \frac{d}{d t} [g (t)]}{{g (t)}^{2}}$ where $f (t) = \tan (t) \sec (t)$ and $g (t) = {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$- \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{{(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d t} [\tan (t) \sec (t)] - \tan (t) \sec (t) \frac{d}{d t} [{(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}}]}{{({(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}}$

Step 2.3

Multiply the exponents in ${({(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}$ .

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Step 2.3.1

Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, ${(a^{m})}^{n} = a^{m n}$ .

$- \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{{(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d t} [\tan (t) \sec (t)] - \tan (t) \sec (t) \frac{d}{d t} [{(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}}]}{{(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2} \cdot 2}}$

Step 2.3.2

Cancel the common factor of $2$ .

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Step 2.3.2.1

Cancel the common factor.

Step 2.3.2.2

Rewrite the expression.

$- \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{{(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d t} [\tan (t) \sec (t)] - \tan (t) \sec (t) \frac{d}{d t} [{(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}}]}{{(1 - \sec (t))}^{1}}$

Step 2.4

Simplify.

$- \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{{(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d t} [\tan (t) \sec (t)] - \tan (t) \sec (t) \frac{d}{d t} [{(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}}]}{1 - \sec (t)}$

Step 2.5

Differentiate using the Product Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d t} [f (t) g (t)]$ is $f (t) \frac{d}{d t} [g (t)] + g (t) \frac{d}{d t} [f (t)]$ where $f (t) = \tan (t)$ and $g (t) = \sec (t)$ .

$- \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{{(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}} (\tan (t) \frac{d}{d t} [\sec (t)] + \sec (t) \frac{d}{d t} [\tan (t)]) - \tan (t) \sec (t) \frac{d}{d t} [{(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}}]}{1 - \sec (t)}$

Step 2.6

The derivative of $\sec (t)$ with respect to $t$ is $\sec (t) \tan (t)$ .

$- \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{{(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}} (\tan (t) (\sec (t) \tan (t)) + \sec (t) \frac{d}{d t} [\tan (t)]) - \tan (t) \sec (t) \frac{d}{d t} [{(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}}]}{1 - \sec (t)}$

Step 2.7

Raise $\tan (t)$ to the power of $1$ .

$- \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{{(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}} (\tan^{1} (t) \tan (t) \sec (t) + \sec (t) \frac{d}{d t} [\tan (t)]) - \tan (t) \sec (t) \frac{d}{d t} [{(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}}]}{1 - \sec (t)}$

Step 2.8

Raise $\tan (t)$ to the power of $1$ .

$- \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{{(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}} (\tan^{1} (t) \tan^{1} (t) \sec (t) + \sec (t) \frac{d}{d t} [\tan (t)]) - \tan (t) \sec (t) \frac{d}{d t} [{(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}}]}{1 - \sec (t)}$

Step 2.9

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$- \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{{(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}} ({\tan (t)}^{1 + 1} \sec (t) + \sec (t) \frac{d}{d t} [\tan (t)]) - \tan (t) \sec (t) \frac{d}{d t} [{(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}}]}{1 - \sec (t)}$

Step 2.10

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$- \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{{(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}} (\tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) + \sec (t) \frac{d}{d t} [\tan (t)]) - \tan (t) \sec (t) \frac{d}{d t} [{(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}}]}{1 - \sec (t)}$

Step 2.11

The derivative of $\tan (t)$ with respect to $t$ is $\sec^{2} (t)$ .

$- \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{{(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}} (\tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) + \sec (t) \sec^{2} (t)) - \tan (t) \sec (t) \frac{d}{d t} [{(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}}]}{1 - \sec (t)}$

Step 2.12

Multiply $\sec (t)$ by $\sec^{2} (t)$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 2.12.1

Multiply $\sec (t)$ by $\sec^{2} (t)$ .

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Step 2.12.1.1

Raise $\sec (t)$ to the power of $1$ .

$- \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{{(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}} (\tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) + \sec^{1} (t) \sec^{2} (t)) - \tan (t) \sec (t) \frac{d}{d t} [{(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}}]}{1 - \sec (t)}$

Step 2.12.1.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$- \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{{(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}} (\tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) + {\sec (t)}^{1 + 2}) - \tan (t) \sec (t) \frac{d}{d t} [{(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}}]}{1 - \sec (t)}$

Step 2.12.2

Add $1$ and $2$ .

$- \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{{(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}} (\tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) + \sec^{3} (t)) - \tan (t) \sec (t) \frac{d}{d t} [{(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}}]}{1 - \sec (t)}$

Step 2.13

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d t} [f (g (t))]$ is $f' (g (t)) g' (t)$ where $f (t) = t^{\frac{1}{2}}$ and $g (t) = 1 - \sec (t)$ .

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Step 2.13.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u$ as $1 - \sec (t)$ .

$- \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{{(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}} (\tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) + \sec^{3} (t)) - \tan (t) \sec (t) (\frac{d}{d u} [u^{\frac{1}{2}}] \frac{d}{d t} [1 - \sec (t)])}{1 - \sec (t)}$

Step 2.13.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u} [u^{n}]$ is $n u^{n - 1}$ where $n = \frac{1}{2}$ .

$- \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{{(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}} (\tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) + \sec^{3} (t)) - \tan (t) \sec (t) (\frac{1}{2} u^{\frac{1}{2} - 1} \frac{d}{d t} [1 - \sec (t)])}{1 - \sec (t)}$

Step 2.13.3

Replace all occurrences of $u$ with $1 - \sec (t)$ .

$- \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{{(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}} (\tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) + \sec^{3} (t)) - \tan (t) \sec (t) (\frac{1}{2} {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1} \frac{d}{d t} [1 - \sec (t)])}{1 - \sec (t)}$

Step 2.14

To write $- 1$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$- \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{{(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}} (\tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) + \sec^{3} (t)) - \tan (t) \sec (t) (\frac{1}{2} {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot \frac{2}{2}} \frac{d}{d t} [1 - \sec (t)])}{1 - \sec (t)}$

Step 2.15

Combine $- 1$ and $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$- \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{{(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}} (\tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) + \sec^{3} (t)) - \tan (t) \sec (t) (\frac{1}{2} {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{- 1 \cdot 2}{2}} \frac{d}{d t} [1 - \sec (t)])}{1 - \sec (t)}$

Step 2.16

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$- \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{{(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}} (\tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) + \sec^{3} (t)) - \tan (t) \sec (t) (\frac{1}{2} {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1 - 1 \cdot 2}{2}} \frac{d}{d t} [1 - \sec (t)])}{1 - \sec (t)}$

Step 2.17

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 2.17.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $2$ .

$- \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{{(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}} (\tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) + \sec^{3} (t)) - \tan (t) \sec (t) (\frac{1}{2} {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1 - 2}{2}} \frac{d}{d t} [1 - \sec (t)])}{1 - \sec (t)}$

Step 2.17.2

Subtract $2$ from $1$ .

$- \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{{(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}} (\tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) + \sec^{3} (t)) - \tan (t) \sec (t) (\frac{1}{2} {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{- 1}{2}} \frac{d}{d t} [1 - \sec (t)])}{1 - \sec (t)}$

Step 2.18

Differentiate.

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Step 2.18.1

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$- \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{{(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}} (\tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) + \sec^{3} (t)) - \tan (t) \sec (t) (\frac{1}{2} {(1 - \sec (t))}^{- \frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d t} [1 - \sec (t)])}{1 - \sec (t)}$

Step 2.18.2

Combine fractions.

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Step 2.18.2.1

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and ${(1 - \sec (t))}^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ .

$- \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{{(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}} (\tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) + \sec^{3} (t)) - \tan (t) \sec (t) (\frac{{(1 - \sec (t))}^{- \frac{1}{2}}}{2} \frac{d}{d t} [1 - \sec (t)])}{1 - \sec (t)}$

Step 2.18.2.2

Move ${(1 - \sec (t))}^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ to the denominator using the negative exponent rule $b^{- n} = \frac{1}{b^{n}}$ .

$- \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{{(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}} (\tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) + \sec^{3} (t)) - \tan (t) \sec (t) (\frac{1}{2 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d t} [1 - \sec (t)])}{1 - \sec (t)}$

Step 2.18.2.3

Combine $\frac{1}{2 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ and $\tan (t)$ .

$- \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{{(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}} (\tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) + \sec^{3} (t)) - \frac{\tan (t)}{2 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \sec (t) \frac{d}{d t} [1 - \sec (t)]}{1 - \sec (t)}$

Step 2.18.2.4

Combine $\sec (t)$ and $\frac{\tan (t)}{2 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ .

$- \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{{(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}} (\tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) + \sec^{3} (t)) - \frac{\sec (t) \tan (t)}{2 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d t} [1 - \sec (t)]}{1 - \sec (t)}$

Step 2.18.3

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $1 - \sec (t)$ with respect to $t$ is $\frac{d}{d t} [1] + \frac{d}{d t} [- \sec (t)]$ .

$- \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{{(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}} (\tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) + \sec^{3} (t)) - \frac{\sec (t) \tan (t)}{2 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{d}{d t} [1] + \frac{d}{d t} [- \sec (t)])}{1 - \sec (t)}$

Step 2.18.4

Since $1$ is constant with respect to $t$ , the derivative of $1$ with respect to $t$ is $0$ .

$- \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{{(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}} (\tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) + \sec^{3} (t)) - \frac{\sec (t) \tan (t)}{2 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (0 + \frac{d}{d t} [- \sec (t)])}{1 - \sec (t)}$

Step 2.18.5

Add $0$ and $\frac{d}{d t} [- \sec (t)]$ .

$- \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{{(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}} (\tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) + \sec^{3} (t)) - \frac{\sec (t) \tan (t)}{2 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d t} [- \sec (t)]}{1 - \sec (t)}$

Step 2.18.6

Since $- 1$ is constant with respect to $t$ , the derivative of $- \sec (t)$ with respect to $t$ is $- \frac{d}{d t} [\sec (t)]$ .

$- \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{{(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}} (\tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) + \sec^{3} (t)) - \frac{\sec (t) \tan (t)}{2 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (- \frac{d}{d t} [\sec (t)])}{1 - \sec (t)}$

Step 2.18.7

Multiply.

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Step 2.18.7.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$- \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{{(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}} (\tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) + \sec^{3} (t)) + 1 \frac{\sec (t) \tan (t)}{2 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d t} [\sec (t)]}{1 - \sec (t)}$

Step 2.18.7.2

Multiply $\frac{\sec (t) \tan (t)}{2 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ by $1$ .

$- \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{{(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}} (\tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) + \sec^{3} (t)) + \frac{\sec (t) \tan (t)}{2 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d t} [\sec (t)]}{1 - \sec (t)}$

Step 2.19

The derivative of $\sec (t)$ with respect to $t$ is $\sec (t) \tan (t)$ .

$- \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{{(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}} (\tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) + \sec^{3} (t)) + \frac{\sec (t) \tan (t)}{2 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\sec (t) \tan (t))}{1 - \sec (t)}$

Step 2.20

Combine $\sec (t)$ and $\frac{\sec (t) \tan (t)}{2 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ .

$- \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{{(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}} (\tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) + \sec^{3} (t)) + \frac{\sec (t) (\sec (t) \tan (t))}{2 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \tan (t)}{1 - \sec (t)}$

Step 2.21

Raise $\sec (t)$ to the power of $1$ .

$- \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{{(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}} (\tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) + \sec^{3} (t)) + \frac{\sec^{1} (t) \sec (t) \tan (t)}{2 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \tan (t)}{1 - \sec (t)}$

Step 2.22

Raise $\sec (t)$ to the power of $1$ .

$- \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{{(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}} (\tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) + \sec^{3} (t)) + \frac{\sec^{1} (t) \sec^{1} (t) \tan (t)}{2 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \tan (t)}{1 - \sec (t)}$

Step 2.23

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$- \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{{(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}} (\tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) + \sec^{3} (t)) + \frac{{\sec (t)}^{1 + 1} \tan (t)}{2 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \tan (t)}{1 - \sec (t)}$

Step 2.24

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$- \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{{(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}} (\tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) + \sec^{3} (t)) + \frac{\sec^{2} (t) \tan (t)}{2 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \tan (t)}{1 - \sec (t)}$

Step 2.25

Combine $\frac{\sec^{2} (t) \tan (t)}{2 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ and $\tan (t)$ .

$- \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{{(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}} (\tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) + \sec^{3} (t)) + \frac{\sec^{2} (t) \tan (t) \tan (t)}{2 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{1 - \sec (t)}$

Step 2.26

Raise $\tan (t)$ to the power of $1$ .

$- \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{{(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}} (\tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) + \sec^{3} (t)) + \frac{\sec^{2} (t) (\tan^{1} (t) \tan (t))}{2 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{1 - \sec (t)}$

Step 2.27

Raise $\tan (t)$ to the power of $1$ .

$- \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{{(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}} (\tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) + \sec^{3} (t)) + \frac{\sec^{2} (t) (\tan^{1} (t) \tan^{1} (t))}{2 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{1 - \sec (t)}$

Step 2.28

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$- \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{{(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}} (\tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) + \sec^{3} (t)) + \frac{\sec^{2} (t) {\tan (t)}^{1 + 1}}{2 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{1 - \sec (t)}$

Step 2.29

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$- \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{{(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}} (\tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) + \sec^{3} (t)) + \frac{\sec^{2} (t) \tan^{2} (t)}{2 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{1 - \sec (t)}$

Step 2.30

To write ${(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}} (\tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) + \sec^{3} (t))$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{2 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{2 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ .

$- \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{{(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}} (\tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) + \sec^{3} (t)) \cdot \frac{2 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{2 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + \frac{\sec^{2} (t) \tan^{2} (t)}{2 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{1 - \sec (t)}$

Step 2.31

Combine ${(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}} (\tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) + \sec^{3} (t))$ and $\frac{2 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{2 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ .

$- \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{\frac{{(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}} (\tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) + \sec^{3} (t)) (2 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}})}{2 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + \frac{\sec^{2} (t) \tan^{2} (t)}{2 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{1 - \sec (t)}$

Step 2.32

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$- \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{\frac{{(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}} (\tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) + \sec^{3} (t)) (2 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}}) + \sec^{2} (t) \tan^{2} (t)}{2 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{1 - \sec (t)}$

Step 2.33

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$- \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{\frac{(\tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) + \sec^{3} (t)) (2 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2}}) + \sec^{2} (t) \tan^{2} (t)}{2 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{1 - \sec (t)}$

Step 2.34

Simplify the expression.

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Step 2.34.1

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$- \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{\frac{(\tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) + \sec^{3} (t)) (2 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1 + 1}{2}}) + \sec^{2} (t) \tan^{2} (t)}{2 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{1 - \sec (t)}$

Step 2.34.2

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$- \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{\frac{(\tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) + \sec^{3} (t)) (2 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{2}{2}}) + \sec^{2} (t) \tan^{2} (t)}{2 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{1 - \sec (t)}$

Step 2.35

Cancel the common factor of $2$ .

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Step 2.35.1

Cancel the common factor.

$- \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{\frac{(\tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) + \sec^{3} (t)) (2 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{2}{2}}) + \sec^{2} (t) \tan^{2} (t)}{2 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{1 - \sec (t)}$

Step 2.35.2

Rewrite the expression.

$- \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{\frac{(\tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) + \sec^{3} (t)) (2 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{1}) + \sec^{2} (t) \tan^{2} (t)}{2 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{1 - \sec (t)}$

Step 2.36

Simplify.

$- \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{\frac{(\tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) + \sec^{3} (t)) (2 (1 - \sec (t))) + \sec^{2} (t) \tan^{2} (t)}{2 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{1 - \sec (t)}$

Step 2.37

Move $2$ to the left of $\tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) + \sec^{3} (t)$ .

$- \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{\frac{2 \cdot (\tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) + \sec^{3} (t)) (1 - \sec (t)) + \sec^{2} (t) \tan^{2} (t)}{2 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{1 - \sec (t)}$

Step 2.38

Rewrite $\frac{\frac{2 (\tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) + \sec^{3} (t)) (1 - \sec (t)) + \sec^{2} (t) \tan^{2} (t)}{2 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{1 - \sec (t)}$ as a product.

$- \frac{1}{2} (\frac{2 (\tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) + \sec^{3} (t)) (1 - \sec (t)) + \sec^{2} (t) \tan^{2} (t)}{2 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{1}{1 - \sec (t)})$

Step 2.39

Multiply $\frac{2 (\tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) + \sec^{3} (t)) (1 - \sec (t)) + \sec^{2} (t) \tan^{2} (t)}{2 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ by $\frac{1}{1 - \sec (t)}$ .

$- \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{2 (\tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) + \sec^{3} (t)) (1 - \sec (t)) + \sec^{2} (t) \tan^{2} (t)}{2 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}} (1 - \sec (t))}$

Step 2.40

Raise $1 - \sec (t)$ to the power of $1$ .

$- \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{2 (\tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) + \sec^{3} (t)) (1 - \sec (t)) + \sec^{2} (t) \tan^{2} (t)}{2 ({(1 - \sec (t))}^{1} {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{1}{2}})}$

Step 2.41

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$- \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{2 (\tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) + \sec^{3} (t)) (1 - \sec (t)) + \sec^{2} (t) \tan^{2} (t)}{2 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{1 + \frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 2.42

Simplify the expression.

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Step 2.42.1

Write $1$ as a fraction with a common denominator.

$- \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{2 (\tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) + \sec^{3} (t)) (1 - \sec (t)) + \sec^{2} (t) \tan^{2} (t)}{2 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{2}{2} + \frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 2.42.2

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$- \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{2 (\tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) + \sec^{3} (t)) (1 - \sec (t)) + \sec^{2} (t) \tan^{2} (t)}{2 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{2 + 1}{2}}}$

Step 2.42.3

Add $2$ and $1$ .

$- \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{2 (\tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) + \sec^{3} (t)) (1 - \sec (t)) + \sec^{2} (t) \tan^{2} (t)}{2 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{3}{2}}}$

Step 2.43

Multiply $\frac{2 (\tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) + \sec^{3} (t)) (1 - \sec (t)) + \sec^{2} (t) \tan^{2} (t)}{2 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{3}{2}}}$ by $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$- \frac{2 (\tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) + \sec^{3} (t)) (1 - \sec (t)) + \sec^{2} (t) \tan^{2} (t)}{2 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{3}{2}} \cdot 2}$

Step 2.44

Multiply $2$ by $2$ .

$- \frac{2 (\tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) + \sec^{3} (t)) (1 - \sec (t)) + \sec^{2} (t) \tan^{2} (t)}{4 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{3}{2}}}$

Step 2.45

Simplify.

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Step 2.45.1

Apply the distributive property.

$- \frac{(2 (\tan^{2} (t) \sec (t)) + 2 \sec^{3} (t)) (1 - \sec (t)) + \sec^{2} (t) \tan^{2} (t)}{4 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{3}{2}}}$

Step 2.45.2

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 2.45.2.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 2.45.2.1.1

Expand $(2 \tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) + 2 \sec^{3} (t)) (1 - \sec (t))$ using the FOIL Method.

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Step 2.45.2.1.1.1

Apply the distributive property.

$- \frac{2 \tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) (1 - \sec (t)) + 2 \sec^{3} (t) (1 - \sec (t)) + \sec^{2} (t) \tan^{2} (t)}{4 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{3}{2}}}$

Step 2.45.2.1.1.2

Apply the distributive property.

$- \frac{2 \tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) \cdot 1 + 2 \tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) (- \sec (t)) + 2 \sec^{3} (t) (1 - \sec (t)) + \sec^{2} (t) \tan^{2} (t)}{4 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{3}{2}}}$

Step 2.45.2.1.1.3

Apply the distributive property.

$- \frac{2 \tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) \cdot 1 + 2 \tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) (- \sec (t)) + 2 \sec^{3} (t) \cdot 1 + 2 \sec^{3} (t) (- \sec (t)) + \sec^{2} (t) \tan^{2} (t)}{4 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{3}{2}}}$

Step 2.45.2.1.2

Simplify each term.

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Step 2.45.2.1.2.1

Multiply $2$ by $1$ .

$- \frac{2 \tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) + 2 \tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) (- \sec (t)) + 2 \sec^{3} (t) \cdot 1 + 2 \sec^{3} (t) (- \sec (t)) + \sec^{2} (t) \tan^{2} (t)}{4 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{3}{2}}}$

Step 2.45.2.1.2.2

Multiply $2 \tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) (- \sec (t))$ .

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Step 2.45.2.1.2.2.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $2$ .

$- \frac{2 \tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) - 2 \tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) \sec (t) + 2 \sec^{3} (t) \cdot 1 + 2 \sec^{3} (t) (- \sec (t)) + \sec^{2} (t) \tan^{2} (t)}{4 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{3}{2}}}$

Step 2.45.2.1.2.2.2

Raise $\sec (t)$ to the power of $1$ .

$- \frac{2 \tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) - 2 \tan^{2} (t) (\sec^{1} (t) \sec (t)) + 2 \sec^{3} (t) \cdot 1 + 2 \sec^{3} (t) (- \sec (t)) + \sec^{2} (t) \tan^{2} (t)}{4 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{3}{2}}}$

Step 2.45.2.1.2.2.3

Raise $\sec (t)$ to the power of $1$ .

$- \frac{2 \tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) - 2 \tan^{2} (t) (\sec^{1} (t) \sec^{1} (t)) + 2 \sec^{3} (t) \cdot 1 + 2 \sec^{3} (t) (- \sec (t)) + \sec^{2} (t) \tan^{2} (t)}{4 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{3}{2}}}$

Step 2.45.2.1.2.2.4

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$- \frac{2 \tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) - 2 \tan^{2} (t) {\sec (t)}^{1 + 1} + 2 \sec^{3} (t) \cdot 1 + 2 \sec^{3} (t) (- \sec (t)) + \sec^{2} (t) \tan^{2} (t)}{4 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{3}{2}}}$

Step 2.45.2.1.2.2.5

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$- \frac{2 \tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) - 2 \tan^{2} (t) \sec^{2} (t) + 2 \sec^{3} (t) \cdot 1 + 2 \sec^{3} (t) (- \sec (t)) + \sec^{2} (t) \tan^{2} (t)}{4 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{3}{2}}}$

Step 2.45.2.1.2.3

Multiply $2$ by $1$ .

$- \frac{2 \tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) - 2 \tan^{2} (t) \sec^{2} (t) + 2 \sec^{3} (t) + 2 \sec^{3} (t) (- \sec (t)) + \sec^{2} (t) \tan^{2} (t)}{4 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{3}{2}}}$

Step 2.45.2.1.2.4

Multiply $\sec^{3} (t)$ by $\sec (t)$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 2.45.2.1.2.4.1

Move $\sec (t)$ .

$- \frac{2 \tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) - 2 \tan^{2} (t) \sec^{2} (t) + 2 \sec^{3} (t) + 2 (\sec (t) \sec^{3} (t)) \cdot - 1 + \sec^{2} (t) \tan^{2} (t)}{4 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{3}{2}}}$

Step 2.45.2.1.2.4.2

Multiply $\sec (t)$ by $\sec^{3} (t)$ .

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Step 2.45.2.1.2.4.2.1

Raise $\sec (t)$ to the power of $1$ .

$- \frac{2 \tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) - 2 \tan^{2} (t) \sec^{2} (t) + 2 \sec^{3} (t) + 2 (\sec^{1} (t) \sec^{3} (t)) \cdot - 1 + \sec^{2} (t) \tan^{2} (t)}{4 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{3}{2}}}$

Step 2.45.2.1.2.4.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$- \frac{2 \tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) - 2 \tan^{2} (t) \sec^{2} (t) + 2 \sec^{3} (t) + 2 {\sec (t)}^{1 + 3} \cdot - 1 + \sec^{2} (t) \tan^{2} (t)}{4 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{3}{2}}}$

Step 2.45.2.1.2.4.3

Add $1$ and $3$ .

$- \frac{2 \tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) - 2 \tan^{2} (t) \sec^{2} (t) + 2 \sec^{3} (t) + 2 \sec^{4} (t) \cdot - 1 + \sec^{2} (t) \tan^{2} (t)}{4 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{3}{2}}}$

Step 2.45.2.1.2.5

Multiply $- 1$ by $2$ .

$- \frac{2 \tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) - 2 \tan^{2} (t) \sec^{2} (t) + 2 \sec^{3} (t) - 2 \sec^{4} (t) + \sec^{2} (t) \tan^{2} (t)}{4 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{3}{2}}}$

Step 2.45.2.2

Reorder the factors of $- 2 \tan^{2} (t) \sec^{2} (t)$ .

$- \frac{2 \tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) - 2 \sec^{2} (t) \tan^{2} (t) + 2 \sec^{3} (t) - 2 \sec^{4} (t) + \sec^{2} (t) \tan^{2} (t)}{4 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{3}{2}}}$

Step 2.45.2.3

Add $- 2 \sec^{2} (t) \tan^{2} (t)$ and $\sec^{2} (t) \tan^{2} (t)$ .

$- \frac{2 \tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) - \sec^{2} (t) \tan^{2} (t) + 2 \sec^{3} (t) - 2 \sec^{4} (t)}{4 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{3}{2}}}$

Step 2.45.3

Factor $\sec (t)$ out of $2 \tan^{2} (t) \sec (t) - \sec^{2} (t) \tan^{2} (t) + 2 \sec^{3} (t) - 2 \sec^{4} (t)$ .

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Step 2.45.3.1

Factor $\sec (t)$ out of $2 \tan^{2} (t) \sec (t)$ .

$- \frac{\sec (t) (2 \tan^{2} (t)) - \sec^{2} (t) \tan^{2} (t) + 2 \sec^{3} (t) - 2 \sec^{4} (t)}{4 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{3}{2}}}$

Step 2.45.3.2

Factor $\sec (t)$ out of $- \sec^{2} (t) \tan^{2} (t)$ .

$- \frac{\sec (t) (2 \tan^{2} (t)) + \sec (t) (- \sec (t) \tan^{2} (t)) + 2 \sec^{3} (t) - 2 \sec^{4} (t)}{4 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{3}{2}}}$

Step 2.45.3.3

Factor $\sec (t)$ out of $2 \sec^{3} (t)$ .

$- \frac{\sec (t) (2 \tan^{2} (t)) + \sec (t) (- \sec (t) \tan^{2} (t)) + \sec (t) (2 \sec^{2} (t)) - 2 \sec^{4} (t)}{4 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{3}{2}}}$

Step 2.45.3.4

Factor $\sec (t)$ out of $- 2 \sec^{4} (t)$ .

$- \frac{\sec (t) (2 \tan^{2} (t)) + \sec (t) (- \sec (t) \tan^{2} (t)) + \sec (t) (2 \sec^{2} (t)) + \sec (t) (- 2 \sec^{3} (t))}{4 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{3}{2}}}$

Step 2.45.3.5

Factor $\sec (t)$ out of $\sec (t) (2 \tan^{2} (t)) + \sec (t) (- \sec (t) \tan^{2} (t))$ .

$- \frac{\sec (t) (2 \tan^{2} (t) - \sec (t) \tan^{2} (t)) + \sec (t) (2 \sec^{2} (t)) + \sec (t) (- 2 \sec^{3} (t))}{4 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{3}{2}}}$

Step 2.45.3.6

Factor $\sec (t)$ out of $\sec (t) (2 \tan^{2} (t) - \sec (t) \tan^{2} (t)) + \sec (t) (2 \sec^{2} (t))$ .

$- \frac{\sec (t) (2 \tan^{2} (t) - \sec (t) \tan^{2} (t) + 2 \sec^{2} (t)) + \sec (t) (- 2 \sec^{3} (t))}{4 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{3}{2}}}$

Step 2.45.3.7

Factor $\sec (t)$ out of $\sec (t) (2 \tan^{2} (t) - \sec (t) \tan^{2} (t) + 2 \sec^{2} (t)) + \sec (t) (- 2 \sec^{3} (t))$ .

$f'' (t) = - \frac{\sec (t) (2 \tan^{2} (t) - \sec (t) \tan^{2} (t) + 2 \sec^{2} (t) - 2 \sec^{3} (t))}{4 {(1 - \sec (t))}^{\frac{3}{2}}}$