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Calculus Examples
Step 1
Step 1.1
Use to rewrite as .
Step 1.2
Differentiate using the Quotient Rule which states that is where and .
Step 1.3
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 1.4
To write as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by .
Step 1.5
Combine and .
Step 1.6
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 1.7
Simplify the numerator.
Step 1.7.1
Multiply by .
Step 1.7.2
Subtract from .
Step 1.8
Combine fractions.
Step 1.8.1
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 1.8.2
Combine and .
Step 1.8.3
Move to the denominator using the negative exponent rule .
Step 1.9
By the Sum Rule, the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 1.10
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 1.11
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 1.12
Simplify the expression.
Step 1.12.1
Add and .
Step 1.12.2
Multiply by .
Step 1.13
Simplify.
Step 1.13.1
Apply the distributive property.
Step 1.13.2
Simplify the numerator.
Step 1.13.2.1
Simplify each term.
Step 1.13.2.1.1
Combine and .
Step 1.13.2.1.2
Move to the numerator using the negative exponent rule .
Step 1.13.2.1.3
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 1.13.2.1.3.1
Multiply by .
Step 1.13.2.1.3.1.1
Raise to the power of .
Step 1.13.2.1.3.1.2
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 1.13.2.1.3.2
Write as a fraction with a common denominator.
Step 1.13.2.1.3.3
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 1.13.2.1.3.4
Subtract from .
Step 1.13.2.1.4
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 1.13.2.1.4.1
Factor out of .
Step 1.13.2.1.4.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 1.13.2.1.4.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 1.13.2.1.5
Rewrite as .
Step 1.13.2.2
To write as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by .
Step 1.13.2.3
Combine and .
Step 1.13.2.4
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 1.13.2.5
Simplify each term.
Step 1.13.2.5.1
Simplify the numerator.
Step 1.13.2.5.1.1
Factor out of .
Step 1.13.2.5.1.1.1
Move .
Step 1.13.2.5.1.1.2
Multiply by .
Step 1.13.2.5.1.1.3
Factor out of .
Step 1.13.2.5.1.1.4
Factor out of .
Step 1.13.2.5.1.2
Multiply by .
Step 1.13.2.5.1.3
Subtract from .
Step 1.13.2.5.2
Move to the left of .
Step 1.13.2.5.3
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 1.13.3
Simplify the numerator.
Step 1.13.3.1
Factor out of .
Step 1.13.3.1.1
Factor out of .
Step 1.13.3.1.2
Factor out of .
Step 1.13.3.1.3
Factor out of .
Step 1.13.3.2
To write as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by .
Step 1.13.3.3
To write as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by .
Step 1.13.3.4
Write each expression with a common denominator of , by multiplying each by an appropriate factor of .
Step 1.13.3.4.1
Multiply by .
Step 1.13.3.4.2
Multiply by .
Step 1.13.3.4.3
Reorder the factors of .
Step 1.13.3.5
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 1.13.3.6
Simplify the numerator.
Step 1.13.3.6.1
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 1.13.3.6.1.1
Move .
Step 1.13.3.6.1.2
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 1.13.3.6.1.3
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 1.13.3.6.1.4
Add and .
Step 1.13.3.6.1.5
Divide by .
Step 1.13.3.6.2
Simplify .
Step 1.13.4
Multiply the numerator by the reciprocal of the denominator.
Step 1.13.5
Multiply by .
Step 1.13.6
Move to the left of .
Step 1.13.7
Reorder factors in .
Step 2
Step 2.1
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2.2
Differentiate using the Quotient Rule which states that is where and .
Step 2.3
Differentiate.
Step 2.3.1
By the Sum Rule, the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2.3.2
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2.3.3
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 2.3.4
Multiply by .
Step 2.3.5
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2.3.6
Simplify the expression.
Step 2.3.6.1
Add and .
Step 2.3.6.2
Move to the left of .
Step 2.4
Differentiate using the Product Rule which states that is where and .
Step 2.5
Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that is where and .
Step 2.5.1
To apply the Chain Rule, set as .
Step 2.5.2
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 2.5.3
Replace all occurrences of with .
Step 2.6
Differentiate.
Step 2.6.1
By the Sum Rule, the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2.6.2
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 2.6.3
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2.6.4
Simplify the expression.
Step 2.6.4.1
Add and .
Step 2.6.4.2
Multiply by .
Step 2.6.5
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 2.7
To write as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by .
Step 2.8
Combine and .
Step 2.9
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 2.10
Simplify the numerator.
Step 2.10.1
Multiply by .
Step 2.10.2
Subtract from .
Step 2.11
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 2.12
Combine and .
Step 2.13
Combine and .
Step 2.14
Simplify the expression.
Step 2.14.1
Move to the left of .
Step 2.14.2
Move to the denominator using the negative exponent rule .
Step 2.15
To write as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by .
Step 2.16
Combine and .
Step 2.17
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 2.18
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 2.19
Simplify the expression.
Step 2.19.1
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 2.19.2
Add and .
Step 2.20
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 2.20.1
Cancel the common factor.
Step 2.20.2
Rewrite the expression.
Step 2.21
Multiply by .
Step 2.22
Simplify.
Step 2.23
Multiply by .
Step 2.24
Move to the left of .
Step 2.25
Simplify.
Step 2.25.1
Apply the product rule to .
Step 2.25.2
Apply the distributive property.
Step 2.25.3
Apply the distributive property.
Step 2.25.4
Apply the distributive property.
Step 2.25.5
Simplify the numerator.
Step 2.25.5.1
Rewrite as .
Step 2.25.5.2
Expand using the FOIL Method.
Step 2.25.5.2.1
Apply the distributive property.
Step 2.25.5.2.2
Apply the distributive property.
Step 2.25.5.2.3
Apply the distributive property.
Step 2.25.5.3
Simplify and combine like terms.
Step 2.25.5.3.1
Simplify each term.
Step 2.25.5.3.1.1
Multiply by .
Step 2.25.5.3.1.2
Move to the left of .
Step 2.25.5.3.1.3
Multiply by .
Step 2.25.5.3.2
Subtract from .
Step 2.25.5.4
Apply the distributive property.
Step 2.25.5.5
Simplify.
Step 2.25.5.5.1
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 2.25.5.5.1.1
Move .
Step 2.25.5.5.1.2
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 2.25.5.5.1.3
To write as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by .
Step 2.25.5.5.1.4
Combine and .
Step 2.25.5.5.1.5
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 2.25.5.5.1.6
Simplify the numerator.
Step 2.25.5.5.1.6.1
Multiply by .
Step 2.25.5.5.1.6.2
Add and .
Step 2.25.5.5.2
Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.
Step 2.25.5.5.3
Multiply by .
Step 2.25.5.6
Simplify each term.
Step 2.25.5.6.1
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 2.25.5.6.1.1
Move .
Step 2.25.5.6.1.2
Multiply by .
Step 2.25.5.6.1.2.1
Raise to the power of .
Step 2.25.5.6.1.2.2
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 2.25.5.6.1.3
Write as a fraction with a common denominator.
Step 2.25.5.6.1.4
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 2.25.5.6.1.5
Add and .
Step 2.25.5.6.2
Multiply by .
Step 2.25.5.7
Simplify the numerator.
Step 2.25.5.7.1
Factor out of .
Step 2.25.5.7.1.1
Factor out of .
Step 2.25.5.7.1.2
Factor out of .
Step 2.25.5.7.1.3
Factor out of .
Step 2.25.5.7.1.4
Factor out of .
Step 2.25.5.7.1.5
Factor out of .
Step 2.25.5.7.2
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 2.25.5.7.2.1
Move .
Step 2.25.5.7.2.2
Multiply by .
Step 2.25.5.7.3
Multiply by .
Step 2.25.5.7.4
Rewrite as .
Step 2.25.5.7.5
Expand using the FOIL Method.
Step 2.25.5.7.5.1
Apply the distributive property.
Step 2.25.5.7.5.2
Apply the distributive property.
Step 2.25.5.7.5.3
Apply the distributive property.
Step 2.25.5.7.6
Simplify and combine like terms.
Step 2.25.5.7.6.1
Simplify each term.
Step 2.25.5.7.6.1.1
Multiply by .
Step 2.25.5.7.6.1.2
Move to the left of .
Step 2.25.5.7.6.1.3
Multiply by .
Step 2.25.5.7.6.2
Subtract from .
Step 2.25.5.7.7
Add and .
Step 2.25.5.7.8
Subtract from .
Step 2.25.5.7.9
Factor by grouping.
Step 2.25.5.7.9.1
For a polynomial of the form , rewrite the middle term as a sum of two terms whose product is and whose sum is .
Step 2.25.5.7.9.1.1
Factor out of .
Step 2.25.5.7.9.1.2
Rewrite as plus
Step 2.25.5.7.9.1.3
Apply the distributive property.
Step 2.25.5.7.9.2
Factor out the greatest common factor from each group.
Step 2.25.5.7.9.2.1
Group the first two terms and the last two terms.
Step 2.25.5.7.9.2.2
Factor out the greatest common factor (GCF) from each group.
Step 2.25.5.7.9.3
Factor the polynomial by factoring out the greatest common factor, .
Step 2.25.5.8
Simplify each term.
Step 2.25.5.8.1
Multiply by .
Step 2.25.5.8.2
Multiply by .
Step 2.25.5.9
Multiply by .
Step 2.25.5.10
Move to the left of .
Step 2.25.5.11
To write as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by .
Step 2.25.5.12
Combine and .
Step 2.25.5.13
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 2.25.5.14
Reorder terms.
Step 2.25.5.15
Simplify the numerator.
Step 2.25.5.15.1
Factor out of .
Step 2.25.5.15.1.1
Factor out of .
Step 2.25.5.15.1.2
Factor out of .
Step 2.25.5.15.1.3
Factor out of .
Step 2.25.5.15.2
Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.
Step 2.25.5.15.3
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 2.25.5.15.3.1
Move .
Step 2.25.5.15.3.2
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 2.25.5.15.3.3
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 2.25.5.15.3.4
Add and .
Step 2.25.5.15.3.5
Divide by .
Step 2.25.5.15.4
Expand using the FOIL Method.
Step 2.25.5.15.4.1
Apply the distributive property.
Step 2.25.5.15.4.2
Apply the distributive property.
Step 2.25.5.15.4.3
Apply the distributive property.
Step 2.25.5.15.5
Simplify and combine like terms.
Step 2.25.5.15.5.1
Simplify each term.
Step 2.25.5.15.5.1.1
Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.
Step 2.25.5.15.5.1.2
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 2.25.5.15.5.1.2.1
Move .
Step 2.25.5.15.5.1.2.2
Multiply by .
Step 2.25.5.15.5.1.3
Multiply by .
Step 2.25.5.15.5.1.4
Multiply by .
Step 2.25.5.15.5.1.5
Multiply by .
Step 2.25.5.15.5.1.6
Multiply by .
Step 2.25.5.15.5.2
Subtract from .
Step 2.25.5.15.6
Expand by multiplying each term in the first expression by each term in the second expression.
Step 2.25.5.15.7
Simplify each term.
Step 2.25.5.15.7.1
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 2.25.5.15.7.1.1
Move .
Step 2.25.5.15.7.1.2
Multiply by .
Step 2.25.5.15.7.1.2.1
Raise to the power of .
Step 2.25.5.15.7.1.2.2
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 2.25.5.15.7.1.3
Add and .
Step 2.25.5.15.7.2
Multiply by .
Step 2.25.5.15.7.3
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 2.25.5.15.7.3.1
Move .
Step 2.25.5.15.7.3.2
Multiply by .
Step 2.25.5.15.7.4
Multiply by .
Step 2.25.5.15.7.5
Multiply by .
Step 2.25.5.15.8
Subtract from .
Step 2.25.5.15.9
Add and .
Step 2.25.5.15.10
Subtract from .
Step 2.25.5.16
To write as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by .
Step 2.25.5.17
Combine and .
Step 2.25.5.18
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 2.25.5.19
Simplify the numerator.
Step 2.25.5.19.1
Factor out of .
Step 2.25.5.19.1.1
Factor out of .
Step 2.25.5.19.1.2
Factor out of .
Step 2.25.5.19.2
Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.
Step 2.25.5.19.3
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 2.25.5.19.3.1
Move .
Step 2.25.5.19.3.2
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 2.25.5.19.3.3
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 2.25.5.19.3.4
Add and .
Step 2.25.5.19.3.5
Divide by .
Step 2.25.5.19.4
Simplify .
Step 2.25.5.19.5
Multiply by .
Step 2.25.5.19.6
Add and .
Step 2.25.5.20
To write as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by .
Step 2.25.5.21
Combine and .
Step 2.25.5.22
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 2.25.5.23
Simplify the numerator.
Step 2.25.5.23.1
Factor out of .
Step 2.25.5.23.1.1
Factor out of .
Step 2.25.5.23.1.2
Factor out of .
Step 2.25.5.23.2
Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.
Step 2.25.5.23.3
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 2.25.5.23.3.1
Move .
Step 2.25.5.23.3.2
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 2.25.5.23.3.3
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 2.25.5.23.3.4
Add and .
Step 2.25.5.23.3.5
Divide by .
Step 2.25.5.23.4
Multiply by .
Step 2.25.5.23.5
Add and .
Step 2.25.5.23.6
Add and .
Step 2.25.5.23.7
Factor using the rational roots test.
Step 2.25.5.23.7.1
If a polynomial function has integer coefficients, then every rational zero will have the form where is a factor of the constant and is a factor of the leading coefficient.
Step 2.25.5.23.7.2
Find every combination of . These are the possible roots of the polynomial function.
Step 2.25.5.23.7.3
Substitute and simplify the expression. In this case, the expression is equal to so is a root of the polynomial.
Step 2.25.5.23.7.3.1
Substitute into the polynomial.
Step 2.25.5.23.7.3.2
Raise to the power of .
Step 2.25.5.23.7.3.3
Multiply by .
Step 2.25.5.23.7.3.4
Multiply by .
Step 2.25.5.23.7.3.5
Add and .
Step 2.25.5.23.7.3.6
Subtract from .
Step 2.25.5.23.7.4
Since is a known root, divide the polynomial by to find the quotient polynomial. This polynomial can then be used to find the remaining roots.
Step 2.25.5.23.7.5
Divide by .
Step 2.25.5.23.7.5.1
Set up the polynomials to be divided. If there is not a term for every exponent, insert one with a value of .
| - | - | + | + | - |
Step 2.25.5.23.7.5.2
Divide the highest order term in the dividend by the highest order term in divisor .
| - | |||||||||||
| - | - | + | + | - |
Step 2.25.5.23.7.5.3
Multiply the new quotient term by the divisor.
| - | |||||||||||
| - | - | + | + | - | |||||||
| - | + |
Step 2.25.5.23.7.5.4
The expression needs to be subtracted from the dividend, so change all the signs in
| - | |||||||||||
| - | - | + | + | - | |||||||
| + | - |
Step 2.25.5.23.7.5.5
After changing the signs, add the last dividend from the multiplied polynomial to find the new dividend.
| - | |||||||||||
| - | - | + | + | - | |||||||
| + | - | ||||||||||
| - |
Step 2.25.5.23.7.5.6
Pull the next terms from the original dividend down into the current dividend.
| - | |||||||||||
| - | - | + | + | - | |||||||
| + | - | ||||||||||
| - | + |
Step 2.25.5.23.7.5.7
Divide the highest order term in the dividend by the highest order term in divisor .
| - | - | ||||||||||
| - | - | + | + | - | |||||||
| + | - | ||||||||||
| - | + |
Step 2.25.5.23.7.5.8
Multiply the new quotient term by the divisor.
| - | - | ||||||||||
| - | - | + | + | - | |||||||
| + | - | ||||||||||
| - | + | ||||||||||
| - | + |
Step 2.25.5.23.7.5.9
The expression needs to be subtracted from the dividend, so change all the signs in
| - | - | ||||||||||
| - | - | + | + | - | |||||||
| + | - | ||||||||||
| - | + | ||||||||||
| + | - |
Step 2.25.5.23.7.5.10
After changing the signs, add the last dividend from the multiplied polynomial to find the new dividend.
| - | - | ||||||||||
| - | - | + | + | - | |||||||
| + | - | ||||||||||
| - | + | ||||||||||
| + | - | ||||||||||
| + |
Step 2.25.5.23.7.5.11
Pull the next terms from the original dividend down into the current dividend.
| - | - | ||||||||||
| - | - | + | + | - | |||||||
| + | - | ||||||||||
| - | + | ||||||||||
| + | - | ||||||||||
| + | - |
Step 2.25.5.23.7.5.12
Divide the highest order term in the dividend by the highest order term in divisor .
| - | - | + | |||||||||
| - | - | + | + | - | |||||||
| + | - | ||||||||||
| - | + | ||||||||||
| + | - | ||||||||||
| + | - |
Step 2.25.5.23.7.5.13
Multiply the new quotient term by the divisor.
| - | - | + | |||||||||
| - | - | + | + | - | |||||||
| + | - | ||||||||||
| - | + | ||||||||||
| + | - | ||||||||||
| + | - | ||||||||||
| + | - |
Step 2.25.5.23.7.5.14
The expression needs to be subtracted from the dividend, so change all the signs in
| - | - | + | |||||||||
| - | - | + | + | - | |||||||
| + | - | ||||||||||
| - | + | ||||||||||
| + | - | ||||||||||
| + | - | ||||||||||
| - | + |
Step 2.25.5.23.7.5.15
After changing the signs, add the last dividend from the multiplied polynomial to find the new dividend.
| - | - | + | |||||||||
| - | - | + | + | - | |||||||
| + | - | ||||||||||
| - | + | ||||||||||
| + | - | ||||||||||
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Step 2.25.5.23.7.5.16
Since the remander is , the final answer is the quotient.
Step 2.25.5.23.7.6
Write as a set of factors.
Step 2.25.6
Combine terms.
Step 2.25.6.1
Multiply the exponents in .
Step 2.25.6.1.1
Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, .
Step 2.25.6.1.2
Multiply .
Step 2.25.6.1.2.1
Combine and .
Step 2.25.6.1.2.2
Multiply by .
Step 2.25.6.2
Multiply the exponents in .
Step 2.25.6.2.1
Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, .
Step 2.25.6.2.2
Multiply by .
Step 2.25.6.3
Rewrite as a product.
Step 2.25.6.4
Multiply by .
Step 2.25.6.5
Multiply by .
Step 2.25.6.6
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 2.25.6.7
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 2.25.6.8
Add and .
Step 2.25.6.9
Factor out of .
Step 2.25.6.10
Cancel the common factors.
Step 2.25.6.10.1
Factor out of .
Step 2.25.6.10.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 2.25.6.10.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 2.25.7
Factor out of .
Step 2.25.8
Factor out of .
Step 2.25.9
Factor out of .
Step 2.25.10
Rewrite as .
Step 2.25.11
Factor out of .
Step 2.25.12
Rewrite as .
Step 2.25.13
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 2.25.14
Multiply by .
Step 2.25.15
Multiply by .
Step 3
The second derivative of with respect to is .