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Calculus Examples
Step 1
Write as a function.
Step 2
Step 2.1
Find the first derivative.
Step 2.1.1
By the Sum Rule, the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2.1.2
Evaluate .
Step 2.1.2.1
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2.1.2.2
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 2.1.2.3
Combine and .
Step 2.1.2.4
Combine and .
Step 2.1.2.5
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 2.1.2.5.1
Cancel the common factor.
Step 2.1.2.5.2
Divide by .
Step 2.1.3
Evaluate .
Step 2.1.3.1
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2.1.3.2
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 2.1.3.3
Combine and .
Step 2.1.3.4
Multiply by .
Step 2.1.3.5
Combine and .
Step 2.1.3.6
Cancel the common factor of and .
Step 2.1.3.6.1
Factor out of .
Step 2.1.3.6.2
Cancel the common factors.
Step 2.1.3.6.2.1
Factor out of .
Step 2.1.3.6.2.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 2.1.3.6.2.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 2.1.3.6.2.4
Divide by .
Step 2.1.4
Evaluate .
Step 2.1.4.1
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2.1.4.2
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 2.1.4.3
Combine and .
Step 2.1.4.4
Multiply by .
Step 2.1.4.5
Combine and .
Step 2.1.4.6
Cancel the common factor of and .
Step 2.1.4.6.1
Factor out of .
Step 2.1.4.6.2
Cancel the common factors.
Step 2.1.4.6.2.1
Factor out of .
Step 2.1.4.6.2.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 2.1.4.6.2.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 2.1.4.6.2.4
Divide by .
Step 2.1.5
Evaluate .
Step 2.1.5.1
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2.1.5.2
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 2.1.5.3
Multiply by .
Step 2.1.6
Evaluate .
Step 2.1.6.1
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2.1.6.2
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 2.1.6.3
Multiply by .
Step 2.2
Find the second derivative.
Step 2.2.1
Differentiate.
Step 2.2.1.1
By the Sum Rule, the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2.2.1.2
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 2.2.2
Evaluate .
Step 2.2.2.1
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2.2.2.2
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 2.2.2.3
Multiply by .
Step 2.2.3
Evaluate .
Step 2.2.3.1
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2.2.3.2
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 2.2.3.3
Multiply by .
Step 2.2.4
Evaluate .
Step 2.2.4.1
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2.2.4.2
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 2.2.4.3
Multiply by .
Step 2.2.5
Differentiate using the Constant Rule.
Step 2.2.5.1
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2.2.5.2
Add and .
Step 2.3
The second derivative of with respect to is .
Step 3
Step 3.1
Set the second derivative equal to .
Step 3.2
Factor the left side of the equation.
Step 3.2.1
Factor out of .
Step 3.2.1.1
Factor out of .
Step 3.2.1.2
Factor out of .
Step 3.2.1.3
Factor out of .
Step 3.2.1.4
Factor out of .
Step 3.2.1.5
Factor out of .
Step 3.2.1.6
Factor out of .
Step 3.2.1.7
Factor out of .
Step 3.2.2
Factor.
Step 3.2.2.1
Factor using the rational roots test.
Step 3.2.2.1.1
If a polynomial function has integer coefficients, then every rational zero will have the form where is a factor of the constant and is a factor of the leading coefficient.
Step 3.2.2.1.2
Find every combination of . These are the possible roots of the polynomial function.
Step 3.2.2.1.3
Substitute and simplify the expression. In this case, the expression is equal to so is a root of the polynomial.
Step 3.2.2.1.3.1
Substitute into the polynomial.
Step 3.2.2.1.3.2
Raise to the power of .
Step 3.2.2.1.3.3
Multiply by .
Step 3.2.2.1.3.4
Raise to the power of .
Step 3.2.2.1.3.5
Multiply by .
Step 3.2.2.1.3.6
Add and .
Step 3.2.2.1.3.7
Multiply by .
Step 3.2.2.1.3.8
Subtract from .
Step 3.2.2.1.3.9
Add and .
Step 3.2.2.1.4
Since is a known root, divide the polynomial by to find the quotient polynomial. This polynomial can then be used to find the remaining roots.
Step 3.2.2.1.5
Divide by .
Step 3.2.2.1.5.1
Set up the polynomials to be divided. If there is not a term for every exponent, insert one with a value of .
| + | + | + | + |
Step 3.2.2.1.5.2
Divide the highest order term in the dividend by the highest order term in divisor .
| + | + | + | + |
Step 3.2.2.1.5.3
Multiply the new quotient term by the divisor.
| + | + | + | + | ||||||||
| + | + |
Step 3.2.2.1.5.4
The expression needs to be subtracted from the dividend, so change all the signs in
| + | + | + | + | ||||||||
| - | - |
Step 3.2.2.1.5.5
After changing the signs, add the last dividend from the multiplied polynomial to find the new dividend.
| + | + | + | + | ||||||||
| - | - | ||||||||||
| + |
Step 3.2.2.1.5.6
Pull the next terms from the original dividend down into the current dividend.
| + | + | + | + | ||||||||
| - | - | ||||||||||
| + | + |
Step 3.2.2.1.5.7
Divide the highest order term in the dividend by the highest order term in divisor .
| + | |||||||||||
| + | + | + | + | ||||||||
| - | - | ||||||||||
| + | + |
Step 3.2.2.1.5.8
Multiply the new quotient term by the divisor.
| + | |||||||||||
| + | + | + | + | ||||||||
| - | - | ||||||||||
| + | + | ||||||||||
| + | + |
Step 3.2.2.1.5.9
The expression needs to be subtracted from the dividend, so change all the signs in
| + | |||||||||||
| + | + | + | + | ||||||||
| - | - | ||||||||||
| + | + | ||||||||||
| - | - |
Step 3.2.2.1.5.10
After changing the signs, add the last dividend from the multiplied polynomial to find the new dividend.
| + | |||||||||||
| + | + | + | + | ||||||||
| - | - | ||||||||||
| + | + | ||||||||||
| - | - | ||||||||||
| + |
Step 3.2.2.1.5.11
Pull the next terms from the original dividend down into the current dividend.
| + | |||||||||||
| + | + | + | + | ||||||||
| - | - | ||||||||||
| + | + | ||||||||||
| - | - | ||||||||||
| + | + |
Step 3.2.2.1.5.12
Divide the highest order term in the dividend by the highest order term in divisor .
| + | + | ||||||||||
| + | + | + | + | ||||||||
| - | - | ||||||||||
| + | + | ||||||||||
| - | - | ||||||||||
| + | + |
Step 3.2.2.1.5.13
Multiply the new quotient term by the divisor.
| + | + | ||||||||||
| + | + | + | + | ||||||||
| - | - | ||||||||||
| + | + | ||||||||||
| - | - | ||||||||||
| + | + | ||||||||||
| + | + |
Step 3.2.2.1.5.14
The expression needs to be subtracted from the dividend, so change all the signs in
| + | + | ||||||||||
| + | + | + | + | ||||||||
| - | - | ||||||||||
| + | + | ||||||||||
| - | - | ||||||||||
| + | + | ||||||||||
| - | - |
Step 3.2.2.1.5.15
After changing the signs, add the last dividend from the multiplied polynomial to find the new dividend.
| + | + | ||||||||||
| + | + | + | + | ||||||||
| - | - | ||||||||||
| + | + | ||||||||||
| - | - | ||||||||||
| + | + | ||||||||||
| - | - | ||||||||||
Step 3.2.2.1.5.16
Since the remander is , the final answer is the quotient.
Step 3.2.2.1.6
Write as a set of factors.
Step 3.2.2.2
Remove unnecessary parentheses.
Step 3.3
If any individual factor on the left side of the equation is equal to , the entire expression will be equal to .
Step 3.4
Set equal to and solve for .
Step 3.4.1
Set equal to .
Step 3.4.2
Solve for .
Step 3.4.2.1
Subtract from both sides of the equation.
Step 3.4.2.2
Divide each term in by and simplify.
Step 3.4.2.2.1
Divide each term in by .
Step 3.4.2.2.2
Simplify the left side.
Step 3.4.2.2.2.1
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 3.4.2.2.2.1.1
Cancel the common factor.
Step 3.4.2.2.2.1.2
Divide by .
Step 3.4.2.2.3
Simplify the right side.
Step 3.4.2.2.3.1
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 3.5
Set equal to and solve for .
Step 3.5.1
Set equal to .
Step 3.5.2
Solve for .
Step 3.5.2.1
Use the quadratic formula to find the solutions.
Step 3.5.2.2
Substitute the values , , and into the quadratic formula and solve for .
Step 3.5.2.3
Simplify.
Step 3.5.2.3.1
Simplify the numerator.
Step 3.5.2.3.1.1
Raise to the power of .
Step 3.5.2.3.1.2
Multiply .
Step 3.5.2.3.1.2.1
Multiply by .
Step 3.5.2.3.1.2.2
Multiply by .
Step 3.5.2.3.1.3
Subtract from .
Step 3.5.2.3.2
Multiply by .
Step 3.5.2.4
Simplify the expression to solve for the portion of the .
Step 3.5.2.4.1
Simplify the numerator.
Step 3.5.2.4.1.1
Raise to the power of .
Step 3.5.2.4.1.2
Multiply .
Step 3.5.2.4.1.2.1
Multiply by .
Step 3.5.2.4.1.2.2
Multiply by .
Step 3.5.2.4.1.3
Subtract from .
Step 3.5.2.4.2
Multiply by .
Step 3.5.2.4.3
Change the to .
Step 3.5.2.4.4
Rewrite as .
Step 3.5.2.4.5
Factor out of .
Step 3.5.2.4.6
Factor out of .
Step 3.5.2.4.7
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 3.5.2.5
Simplify the expression to solve for the portion of the .
Step 3.5.2.5.1
Simplify the numerator.
Step 3.5.2.5.1.1
Raise to the power of .
Step 3.5.2.5.1.2
Multiply .
Step 3.5.2.5.1.2.1
Multiply by .
Step 3.5.2.5.1.2.2
Multiply by .
Step 3.5.2.5.1.3
Subtract from .
Step 3.5.2.5.2
Multiply by .
Step 3.5.2.5.3
Change the to .
Step 3.5.2.5.4
Rewrite as .
Step 3.5.2.5.5
Factor out of .
Step 3.5.2.5.6
Factor out of .
Step 3.5.2.5.7
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 3.5.2.6
The final answer is the combination of both solutions.
Step 3.6
The final solution is all the values that make true.
Step 4
Step 4.1
Substitute in to find the value of .
Step 4.1.1
Replace the variable with in the expression.
Step 4.1.2
Simplify the result.
Step 4.1.2.1
Simplify each term.
Step 4.1.2.1.1
Use the power rule to distribute the exponent.
Step 4.1.2.1.1.1
Apply the product rule to .
Step 4.1.2.1.1.2
Apply the product rule to .
Step 4.1.2.1.2
Raise to the power of .
Step 4.1.2.1.3
Raise to the power of .
Step 4.1.2.1.4
Raise to the power of .
Step 4.1.2.1.5
Multiply .
Step 4.1.2.1.5.1
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.2.1.5.2
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.2.1.6
Use the power rule to distribute the exponent.
Step 4.1.2.1.6.1
Apply the product rule to .
Step 4.1.2.1.6.2
Apply the product rule to .
Step 4.1.2.1.7
Raise to the power of .
Step 4.1.2.1.8
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.2.1.9
Combine.
Step 4.1.2.1.10
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 4.1.2.1.10.1
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.2.1.10.1.1
Raise to the power of .
Step 4.1.2.1.10.1.2
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 4.1.2.1.10.2
Add and .
Step 4.1.2.1.11
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 4.1.2.1.11.1
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.2.1.11.1.1
Raise to the power of .
Step 4.1.2.1.11.1.2
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 4.1.2.1.11.2
Add and .
Step 4.1.2.1.12
Raise to the power of .
Step 4.1.2.1.13
Raise to the power of .
Step 4.1.2.1.14
Use the power rule to distribute the exponent.
Step 4.1.2.1.14.1
Apply the product rule to .
Step 4.1.2.1.14.2
Apply the product rule to .
Step 4.1.2.1.15
Raise to the power of .
Step 4.1.2.1.16
Raise to the power of .
Step 4.1.2.1.17
Raise to the power of .
Step 4.1.2.1.18
Multiply .
Step 4.1.2.1.18.1
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.2.1.18.2
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.2.1.18.3
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.2.1.19
Use the power rule to distribute the exponent.
Step 4.1.2.1.19.1
Apply the product rule to .
Step 4.1.2.1.19.2
Apply the product rule to .
Step 4.1.2.1.20
Raise to the power of .
Step 4.1.2.1.21
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.2.1.22
Raise to the power of .
Step 4.1.2.1.23
Raise to the power of .
Step 4.1.2.1.24
Multiply .
Step 4.1.2.1.24.1
Combine and .
Step 4.1.2.1.24.2
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.2.1.25
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 4.1.2.1.25.1
Move the leading negative in into the numerator.
Step 4.1.2.1.25.2
Factor out of .
Step 4.1.2.1.25.3
Cancel the common factor.
Step 4.1.2.1.25.4
Rewrite the expression.
Step 4.1.2.1.26
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.2.2
Find the common denominator.
Step 4.1.2.2.1
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.2.2.2
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.2.2.3
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.2.2.4
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.2.2.5
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.2.2.6
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.2.2.7
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.2.2.8
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.2.2.9
Write as a fraction with denominator .
Step 4.1.2.2.10
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.2.2.11
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.2.2.12
Reorder the factors of .
Step 4.1.2.2.13
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.2.2.14
Reorder the factors of .
Step 4.1.2.2.15
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.2.2.16
Reorder the factors of .
Step 4.1.2.2.17
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.2.2.18
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.2.3
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 4.1.2.4
Simplify each term.
Step 4.1.2.4.1
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.2.4.2
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.2.4.3
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.2.4.4
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.2.4.5
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.2.5
Reduce the expression by cancelling the common factors.
Step 4.1.2.5.1
Add and .
Step 4.1.2.5.2
Simplify by adding and subtracting.
Step 4.1.2.5.2.1
Subtract from .
Step 4.1.2.5.2.2
Add and .
Step 4.1.2.5.2.3
Subtract from .
Step 4.1.2.5.3
Cancel the common factor of and .
Step 4.1.2.5.3.1
Factor out of .
Step 4.1.2.5.3.2
Cancel the common factors.
Step 4.1.2.5.3.2.1
Factor out of .
Step 4.1.2.5.3.2.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 4.1.2.5.3.2.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 4.1.2.5.4
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 4.1.2.6
The final answer is .
Step 4.2
The point found by substituting in is . This point can be an inflection point.
Step 4.3
Substitute in to find the value of .
Step 4.3.1
Replace the variable with in the expression.
Step 4.3.2
Simplify the result.
Step 4.3.2.1
Simplify each term.
Step 4.3.2.1.1
Raise to the power of .
Step 4.3.2.1.2
Combine and .
Step 4.3.2.1.3
Divide by .
Step 4.3.2.1.4
Raise to the power of .
Step 4.3.2.1.5
Multiply .
Step 4.3.2.1.5.1
Combine and .
Step 4.3.2.1.5.2
Multiply by .
Step 4.3.2.1.6
Divide by .
Step 4.3.2.1.7
Raise to the power of .
Step 4.3.2.1.8
Multiply .
Step 4.3.2.1.8.1
Combine and .
Step 4.3.2.1.8.2
Multiply by .
Step 4.3.2.1.9
Divide by .
Step 4.3.2.1.10
Raise to the power of .
Step 4.3.2.1.11
Multiply by .
Step 4.3.2.1.12
Multiply by .
Step 4.3.2.2
Simplify by adding and subtracting.
Step 4.3.2.2.1
Add and .
Step 4.3.2.2.2
Subtract from .
Step 4.3.2.2.3
Add and .
Step 4.3.2.2.4
Subtract from .
Step 4.3.2.3
The final answer is .
Step 4.4
The point found by substituting in is . This point can be an inflection point.
Step 4.5
Substitute in to find the value of .
Step 4.5.1
Replace the variable with in the expression.
Step 4.5.2
Simplify the result.
Step 4.5.2.1
Simplify each term.
Step 4.5.2.1.1
Raise to the power of .
Step 4.5.2.1.2
Combine and .
Step 4.5.2.1.3
Divide by .
Step 4.5.2.1.4
Raise to the power of .
Step 4.5.2.1.5
Multiply .
Step 4.5.2.1.5.1
Combine and .
Step 4.5.2.1.5.2
Multiply by .
Step 4.5.2.1.6
Divide by .
Step 4.5.2.1.7
Raise to the power of .
Step 4.5.2.1.8
Multiply .
Step 4.5.2.1.8.1
Combine and .
Step 4.5.2.1.8.2
Multiply by .
Step 4.5.2.1.9
Divide by .
Step 4.5.2.1.10
Raise to the power of .
Step 4.5.2.1.11
Multiply by .
Step 4.5.2.1.12
Multiply by .
Step 4.5.2.2
Simplify by adding and subtracting.
Step 4.5.2.2.1
Add and .
Step 4.5.2.2.2
Subtract from .
Step 4.5.2.2.3
Add and .
Step 4.5.2.2.4
Subtract from .
Step 4.5.2.3
The final answer is .
Step 4.6
The point found by substituting in is . This point can be an inflection point.
Step 4.7
Determine the points that could be inflection points.
Step 5
Split into intervals around the points that could potentially be inflection points.
Step 6
Step 6.1
Replace the variable with in the expression.
Step 6.2
Simplify the result.
Step 6.2.1
Simplify each term.
Step 6.2.1.1
Raise to the power of .
Step 6.2.1.2
Multiply by .
Step 6.2.1.3
Raise to the power of .
Step 6.2.1.4
Multiply by .
Step 6.2.1.5
Multiply by .
Step 6.2.2
Simplify by adding and subtracting.
Step 6.2.2.1
Add and .
Step 6.2.2.2
Subtract from .
Step 6.2.2.3
Add and .
Step 6.2.3
The final answer is .
Step 6.3
At , the second derivative is . Since this is negative, the second derivative is decreasing on the interval
Decreasing on since
Decreasing on since
Step 7
Step 7.1
Replace the variable with in the expression.
Step 7.2
Simplify the result.
Step 7.2.1
Simplify each term.
Step 7.2.1.1
Raise to the power of .
Step 7.2.1.2
Multiply by .
Step 7.2.1.3
Raise to the power of .
Step 7.2.1.4
Multiply by .
Step 7.2.1.5
Multiply by .
Step 7.2.2
Simplify by adding and subtracting.
Step 7.2.2.1
Add and .
Step 7.2.2.2
Subtract from .
Step 7.2.2.3
Add and .
Step 7.2.3
The final answer is .
Step 7.3
At , the second derivative is . Since this is positive, the second derivative is increasing on the interval .
Increasing on since
Increasing on since
Step 8
Step 8.1
Replace the variable with in the expression.
Step 8.2
Simplify the result.
Step 8.2.1
Simplify each term.
Step 8.2.1.1
Raise to the power of .
Step 8.2.1.2
Multiply by .
Step 8.2.1.3
Raise to the power of .
Step 8.2.1.4
Multiply by .
Step 8.2.1.5
Multiply by .
Step 8.2.2
Simplify by adding and subtracting.
Step 8.2.2.1
Add and .
Step 8.2.2.2
Subtract from .
Step 8.2.2.3
Add and .
Step 8.2.3
The final answer is .
Step 8.3
At , the second derivative is . Since this is negative, the second derivative is decreasing on the interval
Decreasing on since
Decreasing on since
Step 9
Step 9.1
Replace the variable with in the expression.
Step 9.2
Simplify the result.
Step 9.2.1
Simplify each term.
Step 9.2.1.1
Raise to the power of .
Step 9.2.1.2
Multiply by .
Step 9.2.1.3
Raise to the power of .
Step 9.2.1.4
Multiply by .
Step 9.2.1.5
Multiply by .
Step 9.2.2
Simplify by adding and subtracting.
Step 9.2.2.1
Add and .
Step 9.2.2.2
Subtract from .
Step 9.2.2.3
Add and .
Step 9.2.3
The final answer is .
Step 9.3
At , the second derivative is . Since this is positive, the second derivative is increasing on the interval .
Increasing on since
Increasing on since
Step 10
An inflection point is a point on a curve at which the concavity changes sign from plus to minus or from minus to plus. The inflection points in this case are .
Step 11