Calculus Examples

$x^{2} \sqrt{x - 1}$

Step 1

Write $x^{2} \sqrt{x - 1}$ as a function.

$f (x) = x^{2} \sqrt{x - 1}$

Step 2

The function $F (x)$ can be found by finding the indefinite integral of the derivative $f (x)$ .

$F (x) = \int f (x) d x$

Step 3

Set up the integral to solve.

$F (x) = \int x^{2} \sqrt{x - 1} d x$

Step 4

Integrate by parts using the formula $\int u d v = u v - \int v d u$ , where $u = x^{2}$ and $d v = \sqrt{x - 1}$ .

$x^{2} (\frac{2}{3} {(x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}}) - \int \frac{2}{3} {(x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}} (2 x) d x$

Step 5

Simplify.

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Step 5.1

Combine $\frac{2}{3}$ and ${(x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}}$ .

$x^{2} \frac{2 {(x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3} - \int \frac{2}{3} {(x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}} (2 x) d x$

Step 5.2

Combine $x^{2}$ and $\frac{2 {(x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3}$ .

$\frac{x^{2} (2 {(x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}})}{3} - \int \frac{2}{3} {(x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}} (2 x) d x$

Step 6

Since $\frac{2}{3} \cdot 2$ is constant with respect to $x$ , move $\frac{2}{3} \cdot 2$ out of the integral.

$\frac{x^{2} (2 {(x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}})}{3} - (\frac{2}{3} \cdot 2 \int {(x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}} (x) d x)$

Step 7

Simplify.

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Step 7.1

Combine $\frac{2}{3}$ and $2$ .

$\frac{x^{2} (2 {(x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}})}{3} - (\frac{2 \cdot 2}{3} \int {(x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}} (x) d x)$

Step 7.2

Multiply $2$ by $2$ .

$\frac{x^{2} (2 {(x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}})}{3} - \frac{4}{3} \int {(x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}} (x) d x$

Step 8

Let $u = x - 1$ . Then $d u = d x$ . Rewrite using $u$ and $d$ $u$ .

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Step 8.1

Let $u = x - 1$ . Find $\frac{d u}{d x}$ .

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Step 8.1.1

Differentiate $x - 1$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [x - 1]$

Step 8.1.2

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $x - 1$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 1]$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 1]$

Step 8.1.3

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$1 + \frac{d}{d x} [- 1]$

Step 8.1.4

Since $- 1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- 1$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$1 + 0$

Step 8.1.5

Add $1$ and $0$ .

$1$

Step 8.2

Rewrite the problem using $u$ and $d u$ .

$\frac{x^{2} (2 {(x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}})}{3} - \frac{4}{3} \int u^{\frac{3}{2}} (u + 1) d u$

Step 9

Expand $u^{\frac{3}{2}} (u + 1)$ .

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Step 9.1

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{x^{2} (2 {(x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}})}{3} - \frac{4}{3} \int u^{\frac{3}{2}} u + u^{\frac{3}{2}} \cdot 1 d u$

Step 9.2

Reorder $u^{\frac{3}{2}}$ and $1$ .

$\frac{x^{2} (2 {(x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}})}{3} - \frac{4}{3} \int u^{\frac{3}{2}} u + 1 \cdot u^{\frac{3}{2}} d u$

Step 9.3

Raise $u$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{x^{2} (2 {(x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}})}{3} - \frac{4}{3} \int u^{\frac{3}{2}} u^{1} + 1 u^{\frac{3}{2}} d u$

Step 9.4

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{x^{2} (2 {(x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}})}{3} - \frac{4}{3} \int u^{\frac{3}{2} + 1} + 1 u^{\frac{3}{2}} d u$

Step 9.5

Write $1$ as a fraction with a common denominator.

$\frac{x^{2} (2 {(x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}})}{3} - \frac{4}{3} \int u^{\frac{3}{2} + \frac{2}{2}} + 1 u^{\frac{3}{2}} d u$

Step 9.6

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{x^{2} (2 {(x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}})}{3} - \frac{4}{3} \int u^{\frac{3 + 2}{2}} + 1 u^{\frac{3}{2}} d u$

Step 9.7

Add $3$ and $2$ .

$\frac{x^{2} (2 {(x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}})}{3} - \frac{4}{3} \int u^{\frac{5}{2}} + 1 u^{\frac{3}{2}} d u$

Step 9.8

Multiply $u^{\frac{3}{2}}$ by $1$ .

$\frac{x^{2} (2 {(x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}})}{3} - \frac{4}{3} \int u^{\frac{5}{2}} + u^{\frac{3}{2}} d u$

Step 10

Split the single integral into multiple integrals.

$\frac{x^{2} (2 {(x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}})}{3} - \frac{4}{3} (\int u^{\frac{5}{2}} d u + \int u^{\frac{3}{2}} d u)$

Step 11

By the Power Rule, the integral of $u^{\frac{5}{2}}$ with respect to $u$ is $\frac{2}{7} u^{\frac{7}{2}}$ .

$\frac{x^{2} (2 {(x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}})}{3} - \frac{4}{3} (\frac{2}{7} u^{\frac{7}{2}} + C + \int u^{\frac{3}{2}} d u)$

Step 12

By the Power Rule, the integral of $u^{\frac{3}{2}}$ with respect to $u$ is $\frac{2}{5} u^{\frac{5}{2}}$ .

$\frac{x^{2} (2 {(x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}})}{3} - \frac{4}{3} (\frac{2}{7} u^{\frac{7}{2}} + C + \frac{2}{5} u^{\frac{5}{2}} + C)$

Step 13

Simplify.

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Step 13.1

Simplify.

$\frac{2}{3} x^{2} {(x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}} - \frac{4}{3} (\frac{2}{7} u^{\frac{7}{2}} + \frac{2}{5} u^{\frac{5}{2}}) + C$

Step 13.2

Simplify.

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Step 13.2.1

Combine $\frac{2}{3}$ and $x^{2}$ .

$\frac{2 x^{2}}{3} {(x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}} - \frac{4}{3} (\frac{2}{7} u^{\frac{7}{2}} + \frac{2}{5} u^{\frac{5}{2}}) + C$

Step 13.2.2

Combine $\frac{2 x^{2}}{3}$ and ${(x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}}$ .

$\frac{2 x^{2} {(x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3} - \frac{4}{3} (\frac{2}{7} u^{\frac{7}{2}} + \frac{2}{5} u^{\frac{5}{2}}) + C$

Step 13.2.3

To write $- \frac{4}{3} (\frac{2}{7} u^{\frac{7}{2}} + \frac{2}{5} u^{\frac{5}{2}})$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{3}{3}$ .

$\frac{2 x^{2} {(x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3} - \frac{4}{3} (\frac{2}{7} u^{\frac{7}{2}} + \frac{2}{5} u^{\frac{5}{2}}) \cdot \frac{3}{3} + C$

Step 13.2.4

Combine $- \frac{4}{3} (\frac{2}{7} u^{\frac{7}{2}} + \frac{2}{5} u^{\frac{5}{2}})$ and $\frac{3}{3}$ .

$\frac{2 x^{2} {(x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3} + \frac{- \frac{4}{3} (\frac{2}{7} u^{\frac{7}{2}} + \frac{2}{5} u^{\frac{5}{2}}) \cdot 3}{3} + C$

Step 13.2.5

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{2 x^{2} {(x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}} - \frac{4}{3} (\frac{2}{7} u^{\frac{7}{2}} + \frac{2}{5} u^{\frac{5}{2}}) \cdot 3}{3} + C$

Step 13.2.6

Combine $\frac{2}{7}$ and $u^{\frac{7}{2}}$ .

$\frac{2 x^{2} {(x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}} - \frac{4}{3} (\frac{2 u^{\frac{7}{2}}}{7} + \frac{2}{5} u^{\frac{5}{2}}) \cdot 3}{3} + C$

Step 13.2.7

Combine $\frac{2}{5}$ and $u^{\frac{5}{2}}$ .

$\frac{2 x^{2} {(x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}} - \frac{4}{3} (\frac{2 u^{\frac{7}{2}}}{7} + \frac{2 u^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5}) \cdot 3}{3} + C$

Step 13.2.8

Multiply $3$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{2 x^{2} {(x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}} - 3 (\frac{4}{3}) (\frac{2 u^{\frac{7}{2}}}{7} + \frac{2 u^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5})}{3} + C$

Step 13.2.9

Combine $- 3$ and $\frac{4}{3}$ .

$\frac{2 x^{2} {(x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}} + \frac{- 3 \cdot 4}{3} (\frac{2 u^{\frac{7}{2}}}{7} + \frac{2 u^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5})}{3} + C$

Step 13.2.10

Multiply $- 3$ by $4$ .

$\frac{2 x^{2} {(x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}} + \frac{- 12}{3} (\frac{2 u^{\frac{7}{2}}}{7} + \frac{2 u^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5})}{3} + C$

Step 13.2.11

Cancel the common factor of $- 12$ and $3$ .

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Step 13.2.11.1

Factor $3$ out of $- 12$ .

$\frac{2 x^{2} {(x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}} + \frac{3 \cdot - 4}{3} (\frac{2 u^{\frac{7}{2}}}{7} + \frac{2 u^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5})}{3} + C$

Step 13.2.11.2

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 13.2.11.2.1

Factor $3$ out of $3$ .

$\frac{2 x^{2} {(x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}} + \frac{3 \cdot - 4}{3 (1)} (\frac{2 u^{\frac{7}{2}}}{7} + \frac{2 u^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5})}{3} + C$

Step 13.2.11.2.2

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{2 x^{2} {(x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}} + \frac{3 \cdot - 4}{3 \cdot 1} (\frac{2 u^{\frac{7}{2}}}{7} + \frac{2 u^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5})}{3} + C$

Step 13.2.11.2.3

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{2 x^{2} {(x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}} + \frac{- 4}{1} (\frac{2 u^{\frac{7}{2}}}{7} + \frac{2 u^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5})}{3} + C$

Step 13.2.11.2.4

Divide $- 4$ by $1$ .

$\frac{2 x^{2} {(x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}} - 4 (\frac{2 u^{\frac{7}{2}}}{7} + \frac{2 u^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5})}{3} + C$

Step 14

Replace all occurrences of $u$ with $x - 1$ .

$\frac{2 x^{2} {(x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}} - 4 (\frac{2 {(x - 1)}^{\frac{7}{2}}}{7} + \frac{2 {(x - 1)}^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5})}{3} + C$

Step 15

Reorder terms.

$\frac{1}{3} (2 x^{2} {(x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}} - 4 (\frac{2}{7} {(x - 1)}^{\frac{7}{2}} + \frac{2}{5} {(x - 1)}^{\frac{5}{2}})) + C$

Step 16

The answer is the antiderivative of the function $f (x) = x^{2} \sqrt{x - 1}$ .

$F (x) =$ $\frac{1}{3} (2 x^{2} {(x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}} - 4 (\frac{2}{7} {(x - 1)}^{\frac{7}{2}} + \frac{2}{5} {(x - 1)}^{\frac{5}{2}})) + C$