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Calculus Examples
Step 1
Write as a function.
Step 2
Step 2.1
By the Sum Rule, the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2.2
Evaluate .
Step 2.2.1
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2.2.2
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 2.2.3
Multiply by .
Step 2.3
Evaluate .
Step 2.3.1
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2.3.2
Rewrite as .
Step 2.3.3
Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that is where and .
Step 2.3.3.1
To apply the Chain Rule, set as .
Step 2.3.3.2
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 2.3.3.3
Replace all occurrences of with .
Step 2.3.4
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 2.3.5
Multiply the exponents in .
Step 2.3.5.1
Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, .
Step 2.3.5.2
Multiply by .
Step 2.3.6
Multiply by .
Step 2.3.7
Raise to the power of .
Step 2.3.8
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 2.3.9
Subtract from .
Step 2.3.10
Multiply by .
Step 2.4
Rewrite the expression using the negative exponent rule .
Step 2.5
Simplify.
Step 2.5.1
Combine terms.
Step 2.5.1.1
Combine and .
Step 2.5.1.2
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 2.5.2
Reorder terms.
Step 3
Step 3.1
By the Sum Rule, the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 3.2
Evaluate .
Step 3.2.1
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 3.2.2
Rewrite as .
Step 3.2.3
Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that is where and .
Step 3.2.3.1
To apply the Chain Rule, set as .
Step 3.2.3.2
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 3.2.3.3
Replace all occurrences of with .
Step 3.2.4
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 3.2.5
Multiply the exponents in .
Step 3.2.5.1
Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, .
Step 3.2.5.2
Multiply by .
Step 3.2.6
Multiply by .
Step 3.2.7
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 3.2.7.1
Move .
Step 3.2.7.2
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 3.2.7.3
Subtract from .
Step 3.2.8
Multiply by .
Step 3.3
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 3.4
Simplify.
Step 3.4.1
Rewrite the expression using the negative exponent rule .
Step 3.4.2
Combine terms.
Step 3.4.2.1
Combine and .
Step 3.4.2.2
Add and .
Step 4
To find the local maximum and minimum values of the function, set the derivative equal to and solve.
Step 5
Step 5.1
Find the first derivative.
Step 5.1.1
By the Sum Rule, the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 5.1.2
Evaluate .
Step 5.1.2.1
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 5.1.2.2
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 5.1.2.3
Multiply by .
Step 5.1.3
Evaluate .
Step 5.1.3.1
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 5.1.3.2
Rewrite as .
Step 5.1.3.3
Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that is where and .
Step 5.1.3.3.1
To apply the Chain Rule, set as .
Step 5.1.3.3.2
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 5.1.3.3.3
Replace all occurrences of with .
Step 5.1.3.4
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 5.1.3.5
Multiply the exponents in .
Step 5.1.3.5.1
Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, .
Step 5.1.3.5.2
Multiply by .
Step 5.1.3.6
Multiply by .
Step 5.1.3.7
Raise to the power of .
Step 5.1.3.8
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 5.1.3.9
Subtract from .
Step 5.1.3.10
Multiply by .
Step 5.1.4
Rewrite the expression using the negative exponent rule .
Step 5.1.5
Simplify.
Step 5.1.5.1
Combine terms.
Step 5.1.5.1.1
Combine and .
Step 5.1.5.1.2
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 5.1.5.2
Reorder terms.
Step 5.2
The first derivative of with respect to is .
Step 6
Step 6.1
Set the first derivative equal to .
Step 6.2
Subtract from both sides of the equation.
Step 6.3
Find the LCD of the terms in the equation.
Step 6.3.1
Finding the LCD of a list of values is the same as finding the LCM of the denominators of those values.
Step 6.3.2
The LCM of one and any expression is the expression.
Step 6.4
Multiply each term in by to eliminate the fractions.
Step 6.4.1
Multiply each term in by .
Step 6.4.2
Simplify the left side.
Step 6.4.2.1
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 6.4.2.1.1
Move the leading negative in into the numerator.
Step 6.4.2.1.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 6.4.2.1.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 6.5
Solve the equation.
Step 6.5.1
Rewrite the equation as .
Step 6.5.2
Add to both sides of the equation.
Step 6.5.3
Factor out of .
Step 6.5.3.1
Factor out of .
Step 6.5.3.2
Factor out of .
Step 6.5.3.3
Factor out of .
Step 6.5.4
Divide each term in by and simplify.
Step 6.5.4.1
Divide each term in by .
Step 6.5.4.2
Simplify the left side.
Step 6.5.4.2.1
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 6.5.4.2.1.1
Cancel the common factor.
Step 6.5.4.2.1.2
Divide by .
Step 6.5.4.3
Simplify the right side.
Step 6.5.4.3.1
Divide by .
Step 6.5.5
Add to both sides of the equation.
Step 6.5.6
Divide each term in by and simplify.
Step 6.5.6.1
Divide each term in by .
Step 6.5.6.2
Simplify the left side.
Step 6.5.6.2.1
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 6.5.6.2.1.1
Cancel the common factor.
Step 6.5.6.2.1.2
Divide by .
Step 6.5.7
Take the specified root of both sides of the equation to eliminate the exponent on the left side.
Step 6.5.8
Simplify .
Step 6.5.8.1
Rewrite as .
Step 6.5.8.2
Multiply by .
Step 6.5.8.3
Combine and simplify the denominator.
Step 6.5.8.3.1
Multiply by .
Step 6.5.8.3.2
Raise to the power of .
Step 6.5.8.3.3
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 6.5.8.3.4
Add and .
Step 6.5.8.3.5
Rewrite as .
Step 6.5.8.3.5.1
Use to rewrite as .
Step 6.5.8.3.5.2
Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, .
Step 6.5.8.3.5.3
Combine and .
Step 6.5.8.3.5.4
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 6.5.8.3.5.4.1
Cancel the common factor.
Step 6.5.8.3.5.4.2
Rewrite the expression.
Step 6.5.8.3.5.5
Evaluate the exponent.
Step 6.5.8.4
Simplify the numerator.
Step 6.5.8.4.1
Rewrite as .
Step 6.5.8.4.2
Raise to the power of .
Step 6.5.8.5
Simplify the numerator.
Step 6.5.8.5.1
Combine using the product rule for radicals.
Step 6.5.8.5.2
Multiply by .
Step 7
Step 7.1
Set the denominator in equal to to find where the expression is undefined.
Step 7.2
Solve for .
Step 7.2.1
Take the specified root of both sides of the equation to eliminate the exponent on the left side.
Step 7.2.2
Simplify .
Step 7.2.2.1
Rewrite as .
Step 7.2.2.2
Pull terms out from under the radical, assuming real numbers.
Step 8
Critical points to evaluate.
Step 9
Evaluate the second derivative at . If the second derivative is positive, then this is a local minimum. If it is negative, then this is a local maximum.
Step 10
Step 10.1
Simplify the denominator.
Step 10.1.1
Apply the product rule to .
Step 10.1.2
Simplify the numerator.
Step 10.1.2.1
Rewrite as .
Step 10.1.2.2
Raise to the power of .
Step 10.1.2.3
Rewrite as .
Step 10.1.2.3.1
Factor out of .
Step 10.1.2.3.2
Rewrite as .
Step 10.1.2.4
Pull terms out from under the radical.
Step 10.1.3
Raise to the power of .
Step 10.1.4
Cancel the common factor of and .
Step 10.1.4.1
Factor out of .
Step 10.1.4.2
Cancel the common factors.
Step 10.1.4.2.1
Factor out of .
Step 10.1.4.2.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 10.1.4.2.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 10.2
Multiply the numerator by the reciprocal of the denominator.
Step 10.3
Multiply by .
Step 10.4
Simplify terms.
Step 10.4.1
Combine and simplify the denominator.
Step 10.4.1.1
Multiply by .
Step 10.4.1.2
Move .
Step 10.4.1.3
Raise to the power of .
Step 10.4.1.4
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 10.4.1.5
Add and .
Step 10.4.1.6
Rewrite as .
Step 10.4.1.6.1
Use to rewrite as .
Step 10.4.1.6.2
Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, .
Step 10.4.1.6.3
Combine and .
Step 10.4.1.6.4
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 10.4.1.6.4.1
Cancel the common factor.
Step 10.4.1.6.4.2
Rewrite the expression.
Step 10.4.1.6.5
Evaluate the exponent.
Step 10.4.2
Cancel the common factor of and .
Step 10.4.2.1
Factor out of .
Step 10.4.2.2
Cancel the common factors.
Step 10.4.2.2.1
Factor out of .
Step 10.4.2.2.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 10.4.2.2.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 10.5
Simplify the numerator.
Step 10.5.1
Rewrite as .
Step 10.5.2
Raise to the power of .
Step 10.5.3
Rewrite as .
Step 10.5.3.1
Factor out of .
Step 10.5.3.2
Rewrite as .
Step 10.5.4
Pull terms out from under the radical.
Step 10.6
Reduce the expression by cancelling the common factors.
Step 10.6.1
Multiply by .
Step 10.6.2
Cancel the common factor of and .
Step 10.6.2.1
Factor out of .
Step 10.6.2.2
Cancel the common factors.
Step 10.6.2.2.1
Factor out of .
Step 10.6.2.2.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 10.6.2.2.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 10.7
Multiply .
Step 10.7.1
Combine and .
Step 10.7.2
Multiply by .
Step 10.7.3
Multiply by .
Step 10.8
Divide by .
Step 11
is a local minimum because the value of the second derivative is positive. This is referred to as the second derivative test.
is a local minimum
Step 12
Step 12.1
Replace the variable with in the expression.
Step 12.2
Simplify the result.
Step 12.2.1
Simplify each term.
Step 12.2.1.1
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 12.2.1.1.1
Factor out of .
Step 12.2.1.1.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 12.2.1.1.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 12.2.1.2
Simplify the denominator.
Step 12.2.1.2.1
Apply the product rule to .
Step 12.2.1.2.2
Simplify the numerator.
Step 12.2.1.2.2.1
Rewrite as .
Step 12.2.1.2.2.2
Raise to the power of .
Step 12.2.1.2.2.3
Rewrite as .
Step 12.2.1.2.2.3.1
Factor out of .
Step 12.2.1.2.2.3.2
Rewrite as .
Step 12.2.1.2.2.4
Pull terms out from under the radical.
Step 12.2.1.2.3
Raise to the power of .
Step 12.2.1.2.4
Cancel the common factor of and .
Step 12.2.1.2.4.1
Factor out of .
Step 12.2.1.2.4.2
Cancel the common factors.
Step 12.2.1.2.4.2.1
Factor out of .
Step 12.2.1.2.4.2.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 12.2.1.2.4.2.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 12.2.1.3
Multiply the numerator by the reciprocal of the denominator.
Step 12.2.1.4
Multiply by .
Step 12.2.1.5
Combine and simplify the denominator.
Step 12.2.1.5.1
Multiply by .
Step 12.2.1.5.2
Move .
Step 12.2.1.5.3
Raise to the power of .
Step 12.2.1.5.4
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 12.2.1.5.5
Add and .
Step 12.2.1.5.6
Rewrite as .
Step 12.2.1.5.6.1
Use to rewrite as .
Step 12.2.1.5.6.2
Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, .
Step 12.2.1.5.6.3
Combine and .
Step 12.2.1.5.6.4
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 12.2.1.5.6.4.1
Cancel the common factor.
Step 12.2.1.5.6.4.2
Rewrite the expression.
Step 12.2.1.5.6.5
Evaluate the exponent.
Step 12.2.1.6
Cancel the common factor of and .
Step 12.2.1.6.1
Factor out of .
Step 12.2.1.6.2
Cancel the common factors.
Step 12.2.1.6.2.1
Factor out of .
Step 12.2.1.6.2.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 12.2.1.6.2.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 12.2.1.7
Simplify the numerator.
Step 12.2.1.7.1
Rewrite as .
Step 12.2.1.7.2
Raise to the power of .
Step 12.2.1.7.3
Rewrite as .
Step 12.2.1.7.3.1
Factor out of .
Step 12.2.1.7.3.2
Rewrite as .
Step 12.2.1.7.4
Pull terms out from under the radical.
Step 12.2.1.8
Multiply by .
Step 12.2.1.9
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 12.2.1.9.1
Factor out of .
Step 12.2.1.9.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 12.2.1.9.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 12.2.1.10
Cancel the common factor of and .
Step 12.2.1.10.1
Factor out of .
Step 12.2.1.10.2
Cancel the common factors.
Step 12.2.1.10.2.1
Factor out of .
Step 12.2.1.10.2.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 12.2.1.10.2.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 12.2.2
To write as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by .
Step 12.2.3
Write each expression with a common denominator of , by multiplying each by an appropriate factor of .
Step 12.2.3.1
Multiply by .
Step 12.2.3.2
Multiply by .
Step 12.2.4
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 12.2.5
Simplify the numerator.
Step 12.2.5.1
Move to the left of .
Step 12.2.5.2
Add and .
Step 12.2.6
The final answer is .
Step 13
These are the local extrema for .
is a local minima
Step 14