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Calculus Examples
Step 1
Write as a function.
Step 2
Step 2.1
Use to rewrite as .
Step 2.2
Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that is where and .
Step 2.2.1
To apply the Chain Rule, set as .
Step 2.2.2
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 2.2.3
Replace all occurrences of with .
Step 2.3
To write as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by .
Step 2.4
Combine and .
Step 2.5
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 2.6
Simplify the numerator.
Step 2.6.1
Multiply by .
Step 2.6.2
Subtract from .
Step 2.7
Combine fractions.
Step 2.7.1
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 2.7.2
Combine and .
Step 2.7.3
Move to the denominator using the negative exponent rule .
Step 2.8
By the Sum Rule, the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2.9
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 2.10
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2.11
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 2.12
Multiply by .
Step 2.13
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2.14
Add and .
Step 2.15
Simplify.
Step 2.15.1
Reorder the factors of .
Step 2.15.2
Multiply by .
Step 2.15.3
Factor out of .
Step 2.15.3.1
Factor out of .
Step 2.15.3.2
Factor out of .
Step 2.15.3.3
Factor out of .
Step 2.15.4
Cancel the common factor.
Step 2.15.5
Rewrite the expression.
Step 3
Step 3.1
Differentiate using the Quotient Rule which states that is where and .
Step 3.2
Multiply the exponents in .
Step 3.2.1
Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, .
Step 3.2.2
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 3.2.2.1
Cancel the common factor.
Step 3.2.2.2
Rewrite the expression.
Step 3.3
Simplify.
Step 3.4
Differentiate using the Product Rule which states that is where and .
Step 3.5
Differentiate.
Step 3.5.1
By the Sum Rule, the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 3.5.2
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 3.5.3
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 3.5.4
Multiply by .
Step 3.5.5
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 3.5.6
Add and .
Step 3.6
Raise to the power of .
Step 3.7
Raise to the power of .
Step 3.8
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 3.9
Differentiate using the Power Rule.
Step 3.9.1
Add and .
Step 3.9.2
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 3.9.3
Simplify by adding terms.
Step 3.9.3.1
Multiply by .
Step 3.9.3.2
Add and .
Step 3.10
Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that is where and .
Step 3.10.1
To apply the Chain Rule, set as .
Step 3.10.2
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 3.10.3
Replace all occurrences of with .
Step 3.11
To write as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by .
Step 3.12
Combine and .
Step 3.13
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 3.14
Simplify the numerator.
Step 3.14.1
Multiply by .
Step 3.14.2
Subtract from .
Step 3.15
Combine fractions.
Step 3.15.1
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 3.15.2
Combine and .
Step 3.15.3
Move to the denominator using the negative exponent rule .
Step 3.15.4
Combine and .
Step 3.16
By the Sum Rule, the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 3.17
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 3.18
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 3.19
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 3.20
Multiply by .
Step 3.21
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 3.22
Add and .
Step 3.23
Simplify.
Step 3.23.1
Simplify the numerator.
Step 3.23.1.1
Apply the distributive property.
Step 3.23.1.2
Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.
Step 3.23.1.3
Move to the left of .
Step 3.23.1.4
Apply the distributive property.
Step 3.23.1.5
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 3.23.1.5.1
Move the leading negative in into the numerator.
Step 3.23.1.5.2
Factor out of .
Step 3.23.1.5.3
Factor out of .
Step 3.23.1.5.4
Cancel the common factor.
Step 3.23.1.5.5
Rewrite the expression.
Step 3.23.1.6
Combine and .
Step 3.23.1.7
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 3.23.1.7.1
Move .
Step 3.23.1.7.2
Multiply by .
Step 3.23.1.7.2.1
Raise to the power of .
Step 3.23.1.7.2.2
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 3.23.1.7.3
Add and .
Step 3.23.1.8
Multiply .
Step 3.23.1.8.1
Multiply by .
Step 3.23.1.8.2
Combine and .
Step 3.23.1.9
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 3.23.1.10
Expand using the FOIL Method.
Step 3.23.1.10.1
Apply the distributive property.
Step 3.23.1.10.2
Apply the distributive property.
Step 3.23.1.10.3
Apply the distributive property.
Step 3.23.1.11
Simplify and combine like terms.
Step 3.23.1.11.1
Simplify each term.
Step 3.23.1.11.1.1
Multiply .
Step 3.23.1.11.1.1.1
Multiply by .
Step 3.23.1.11.1.1.2
Combine and .
Step 3.23.1.11.1.1.3
Combine and .
Step 3.23.1.11.1.1.4
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 3.23.1.11.1.1.4.1
Move .
Step 3.23.1.11.1.1.4.2
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 3.23.1.11.1.1.4.3
Add and .
Step 3.23.1.11.1.2
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 3.23.1.11.1.3
Multiply .
Step 3.23.1.11.1.3.1
Multiply by .
Step 3.23.1.11.1.3.2
Combine and .
Step 3.23.1.11.1.3.3
Combine and .
Step 3.23.1.11.1.3.4
Raise to the power of .
Step 3.23.1.11.1.3.5
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 3.23.1.11.1.3.6
Add and .
Step 3.23.1.11.1.4
Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.
Step 3.23.1.11.1.5
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 3.23.1.11.1.5.1
Factor out of .
Step 3.23.1.11.1.5.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 3.23.1.11.1.5.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 3.23.1.11.1.6
Combine and .
Step 3.23.1.11.1.7
Multiply by .
Step 3.23.1.11.1.8
Multiply .
Step 3.23.1.11.1.8.1
Combine and .
Step 3.23.1.11.1.8.2
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 3.23.1.11.1.8.2.1
Move .
Step 3.23.1.11.1.8.2.2
Multiply by .
Step 3.23.1.11.1.8.2.2.1
Raise to the power of .
Step 3.23.1.11.1.8.2.2.2
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 3.23.1.11.1.8.2.3
Add and .
Step 3.23.1.11.1.9
Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.
Step 3.23.1.11.1.10
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 3.23.1.11.1.10.1
Factor out of .
Step 3.23.1.11.1.10.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 3.23.1.11.1.10.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 3.23.1.11.1.11
Combine and .
Step 3.23.1.11.1.12
Multiply by .
Step 3.23.1.11.1.13
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 3.23.1.11.1.14
Multiply .
Step 3.23.1.11.1.14.1
Combine and .
Step 3.23.1.11.1.14.2
Raise to the power of .
Step 3.23.1.11.1.14.3
Raise to the power of .
Step 3.23.1.11.1.14.4
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 3.23.1.11.1.14.5
Add and .
Step 3.23.1.11.2
Add and .
Step 3.23.1.11.3
To write as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by .
Step 3.23.1.11.4
Combine and .
Step 3.23.1.11.5
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 3.23.1.11.6
Reorder terms.
Step 3.23.1.11.7
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 3.23.1.12
Simplify the numerator.
Step 3.23.1.12.1
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 3.23.1.12.1.1
Factor out of .
Step 3.23.1.12.1.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 3.23.1.12.1.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 3.23.1.12.2
Multiply by .
Step 3.23.1.12.3
Rewrite in a factored form.
Step 3.23.1.12.3.1
Factor out of .
Step 3.23.1.12.3.1.1
Factor out of .
Step 3.23.1.12.3.1.2
Factor out of .
Step 3.23.1.12.3.1.3
Factor out of .
Step 3.23.1.12.3.1.4
Factor out of .
Step 3.23.1.12.3.1.5
Factor out of .
Step 3.23.1.12.3.2
Rewrite as .
Step 3.23.1.12.3.3
Let . Substitute for all occurrences of .
Step 3.23.1.12.3.4
Factor by grouping.
Step 3.23.1.12.3.4.1
For a polynomial of the form , rewrite the middle term as a sum of two terms whose product is and whose sum is .
Step 3.23.1.12.3.4.1.1
Factor out of .
Step 3.23.1.12.3.4.1.2
Rewrite as plus
Step 3.23.1.12.3.4.1.3
Apply the distributive property.
Step 3.23.1.12.3.4.2
Factor out the greatest common factor from each group.
Step 3.23.1.12.3.4.2.1
Group the first two terms and the last two terms.
Step 3.23.1.12.3.4.2.2
Factor out the greatest common factor (GCF) from each group.
Step 3.23.1.12.3.4.3
Factor the polynomial by factoring out the greatest common factor, .
Step 3.23.1.12.3.5
Replace all occurrences of with .
Step 3.23.1.12.3.6
Combine exponents.
Step 3.23.1.12.3.6.1
Factor out of .
Step 3.23.1.12.3.6.2
Rewrite as .
Step 3.23.1.12.3.6.3
Factor out of .
Step 3.23.1.12.3.6.4
Rewrite as .
Step 3.23.1.12.3.6.5
Raise to the power of .
Step 3.23.1.12.3.6.6
Raise to the power of .
Step 3.23.1.12.3.6.7
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 3.23.1.12.3.6.8
Add and .
Step 3.23.1.12.4
Factor out negative.
Step 3.23.1.13
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 3.23.1.14
To write as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by .
Step 3.23.1.15
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 3.23.1.16
To write as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by .
Step 3.23.1.17
Combine and .
Step 3.23.1.18
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 3.23.1.19
Rewrite in a factored form.
Step 3.23.1.19.1
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 3.23.1.19.1.1
Move .
Step 3.23.1.19.1.2
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 3.23.1.19.1.3
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 3.23.1.19.1.4
Add and .
Step 3.23.1.19.1.5
Divide by .
Step 3.23.1.19.2
Simplify .
Step 3.23.1.19.3
Apply the distributive property.
Step 3.23.1.19.4
Simplify.
Step 3.23.1.19.4.1
Multiply by .
Step 3.23.1.19.4.2
Multiply by .
Step 3.23.1.19.5
Apply the distributive property.
Step 3.23.1.19.6
Simplify.
Step 3.23.1.19.6.1
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 3.23.1.19.6.1.1
Move .
Step 3.23.1.19.6.1.2
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 3.23.1.19.6.1.3
Add and .
Step 3.23.1.19.6.2
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 3.23.1.19.6.2.1
Move .
Step 3.23.1.19.6.2.2
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 3.23.1.19.6.2.3
Add and .
Step 3.23.1.19.7
Rewrite as .
Step 3.23.1.19.8
Expand using the FOIL Method.
Step 3.23.1.19.8.1
Apply the distributive property.
Step 3.23.1.19.8.2
Apply the distributive property.
Step 3.23.1.19.8.3
Apply the distributive property.
Step 3.23.1.19.9
Simplify and combine like terms.
Step 3.23.1.19.9.1
Simplify each term.
Step 3.23.1.19.9.1.1
Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.
Step 3.23.1.19.9.1.2
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 3.23.1.19.9.1.2.1
Move .
Step 3.23.1.19.9.1.2.2
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 3.23.1.19.9.1.2.3
Add and .
Step 3.23.1.19.9.1.3
Multiply by .
Step 3.23.1.19.9.1.4
Multiply by .
Step 3.23.1.19.9.1.5
Multiply by .
Step 3.23.1.19.9.1.6
Multiply by .
Step 3.23.1.19.9.2
Subtract from .
Step 3.23.1.19.10
Apply the distributive property.
Step 3.23.1.19.11
Simplify.
Step 3.23.1.19.11.1
Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.
Step 3.23.1.19.11.2
Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.
Step 3.23.1.19.11.3
Multiply by .
Step 3.23.1.19.12
Simplify each term.
Step 3.23.1.19.12.1
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 3.23.1.19.12.1.1
Move .
Step 3.23.1.19.12.1.2
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 3.23.1.19.12.1.3
Add and .
Step 3.23.1.19.12.2
Multiply by .
Step 3.23.1.19.12.3
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 3.23.1.19.12.3.1
Move .
Step 3.23.1.19.12.3.2
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 3.23.1.19.12.3.3
Add and .
Step 3.23.1.19.12.4
Multiply by .
Step 3.23.1.19.13
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 3.23.1.19.13.1
Move .
Step 3.23.1.19.13.2
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 3.23.1.19.13.3
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 3.23.1.19.13.4
Add and .
Step 3.23.1.19.13.5
Divide by .
Step 3.23.1.19.14
Simplify .
Step 3.23.1.19.15
Apply the distributive property.
Step 3.23.1.19.16
Simplify.
Step 3.23.1.19.16.1
Multiply by .
Step 3.23.1.19.16.2
Multiply by .
Step 3.23.1.19.17
Subtract from .
Step 3.23.1.19.18
Add and .
Step 3.23.1.19.19
Subtract from .
Step 3.23.1.19.20
Subtract from .
Step 3.23.1.19.21
Add and .
Step 3.23.2
Combine terms.
Step 3.23.2.1
Rewrite as a product.
Step 3.23.2.2
Multiply by .
Step 3.23.2.3
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 3.23.2.3.1
Multiply by .
Step 3.23.2.3.1.1
Raise to the power of .
Step 3.23.2.3.1.2
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 3.23.2.3.2
Write as a fraction with a common denominator.
Step 3.23.2.3.3
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 3.23.2.3.4
Add and .
Step 4
To find the local maximum and minimum values of the function, set the derivative equal to and solve.
Step 5
Step 5.1
Find the first derivative.
Step 5.1.1
Use to rewrite as .
Step 5.1.2
Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that is where and .
Step 5.1.2.1
To apply the Chain Rule, set as .
Step 5.1.2.2
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 5.1.2.3
Replace all occurrences of with .
Step 5.1.3
To write as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by .
Step 5.1.4
Combine and .
Step 5.1.5
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 5.1.6
Simplify the numerator.
Step 5.1.6.1
Multiply by .
Step 5.1.6.2
Subtract from .
Step 5.1.7
Combine fractions.
Step 5.1.7.1
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 5.1.7.2
Combine and .
Step 5.1.7.3
Move to the denominator using the negative exponent rule .
Step 5.1.8
By the Sum Rule, the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 5.1.9
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 5.1.10
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 5.1.11
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 5.1.12
Multiply by .
Step 5.1.13
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 5.1.14
Add and .
Step 5.1.15
Simplify.
Step 5.1.15.1
Reorder the factors of .
Step 5.1.15.2
Multiply by .
Step 5.1.15.3
Factor out of .
Step 5.1.15.3.1
Factor out of .
Step 5.1.15.3.2
Factor out of .
Step 5.1.15.3.3
Factor out of .
Step 5.1.15.4
Cancel the common factor.
Step 5.1.15.5
Rewrite the expression.
Step 5.2
The first derivative of with respect to is .
Step 6
Step 6.1
Set the first derivative equal to .
Step 6.2
Set the numerator equal to zero.
Step 6.3
Solve the equation for .
Step 6.3.1
If any individual factor on the left side of the equation is equal to , the entire expression will be equal to .
Step 6.3.2
Set equal to .
Step 6.3.3
Set equal to and solve for .
Step 6.3.3.1
Set equal to .
Step 6.3.3.2
Solve for .
Step 6.3.3.2.1
Add to both sides of the equation.
Step 6.3.3.2.2
Divide each term in by and simplify.
Step 6.3.3.2.2.1
Divide each term in by .
Step 6.3.3.2.2.2
Simplify the left side.
Step 6.3.3.2.2.2.1
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 6.3.3.2.2.2.1.1
Cancel the common factor.
Step 6.3.3.2.2.2.1.2
Divide by .
Step 6.3.3.2.3
Take the specified root of both sides of the equation to eliminate the exponent on the left side.
Step 6.3.3.2.4
Simplify .
Step 6.3.3.2.4.1
Rewrite as .
Step 6.3.3.2.4.2
Multiply by .
Step 6.3.3.2.4.3
Combine and simplify the denominator.
Step 6.3.3.2.4.3.1
Multiply by .
Step 6.3.3.2.4.3.2
Raise to the power of .
Step 6.3.3.2.4.3.3
Raise to the power of .
Step 6.3.3.2.4.3.4
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 6.3.3.2.4.3.5
Add and .
Step 6.3.3.2.4.3.6
Rewrite as .
Step 6.3.3.2.4.3.6.1
Use to rewrite as .
Step 6.3.3.2.4.3.6.2
Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, .
Step 6.3.3.2.4.3.6.3
Combine and .
Step 6.3.3.2.4.3.6.4
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 6.3.3.2.4.3.6.4.1
Cancel the common factor.
Step 6.3.3.2.4.3.6.4.2
Rewrite the expression.
Step 6.3.3.2.4.3.6.5
Evaluate the exponent.
Step 6.3.3.2.4.4
Simplify the numerator.
Step 6.3.3.2.4.4.1
Combine using the product rule for radicals.
Step 6.3.3.2.4.4.2
Multiply by .
Step 6.3.3.2.5
The complete solution is the result of both the positive and negative portions of the solution.
Step 6.3.3.2.5.1
First, use the positive value of the to find the first solution.
Step 6.3.3.2.5.2
Next, use the negative value of the to find the second solution.
Step 6.3.3.2.5.3
The complete solution is the result of both the positive and negative portions of the solution.
Step 6.3.4
The final solution is all the values that make true.
Step 7
Step 7.1
The domain of the expression is all real numbers except where the expression is undefined. In this case, there is no real number that makes the expression undefined.
Step 8
Critical points to evaluate.
Step 9
Evaluate the second derivative at . If the second derivative is positive, then this is a local minimum. If it is negative, then this is a local maximum.
Step 10
Step 10.1
Simplify the numerator.
Step 10.1.1
Raising to any positive power yields .
Step 10.1.2
Multiply by .
Step 10.1.3
Raising to any positive power yields .
Step 10.1.4
Multiply by .
Step 10.1.5
Raising to any positive power yields .
Step 10.1.6
Multiply by .
Step 10.1.7
Add and .
Step 10.1.8
Add and .
Step 10.1.9
Subtract from .
Step 10.2
Simplify the denominator.
Step 10.2.1
Simplify each term.
Step 10.2.1.1
Raising to any positive power yields .
Step 10.2.1.2
Raising to any positive power yields .
Step 10.2.1.3
Multiply by .
Step 10.2.2
Add and .
Step 10.2.3
Add and .
Step 10.2.4
Rewrite as .
Step 10.2.5
Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, .
Step 10.2.6
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 10.2.6.1
Cancel the common factor.
Step 10.2.6.2
Rewrite the expression.
Step 10.2.7
Raise to the power of .
Step 10.3
Reduce the expression by cancelling the common factors.
Step 10.3.1
Cancel the common factor of and .
Step 10.3.1.1
Factor out of .
Step 10.3.1.2
Cancel the common factors.
Step 10.3.1.2.1
Factor out of .
Step 10.3.1.2.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 10.3.1.2.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 10.3.2
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 11
is a local maximum because the value of the second derivative is negative. This is referred to as the second derivative test.
is a local maximum
Step 12
Step 12.1
Replace the variable with in the expression.
Step 12.2
Simplify the result.
Step 12.2.1
Raising to any positive power yields .
Step 12.2.2
Raising to any positive power yields .
Step 12.2.3
Multiply by .
Step 12.2.4
Add and .
Step 12.2.5
Add and .
Step 12.2.6
Rewrite as .
Step 12.2.7
Pull terms out from under the radical, assuming positive real numbers.
Step 12.2.8
The final answer is .
Step 13
Evaluate the second derivative at . If the second derivative is positive, then this is a local minimum. If it is negative, then this is a local maximum.
Step 14
Step 14.1
Simplify the numerator.
Step 14.1.1
Apply the product rule to .
Step 14.1.2
Simplify the numerator.
Step 14.1.2.1
Rewrite as .
Step 14.1.2.1.1
Use to rewrite as .
Step 14.1.2.1.2
Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, .
Step 14.1.2.1.3
Combine and .
Step 14.1.2.1.4
Cancel the common factor of and .
Step 14.1.2.1.4.1
Factor out of .
Step 14.1.2.1.4.2
Cancel the common factors.
Step 14.1.2.1.4.2.1
Factor out of .
Step 14.1.2.1.4.2.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 14.1.2.1.4.2.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 14.1.2.1.4.2.4
Divide by .
Step 14.1.2.2
Raise to the power of .
Step 14.1.3
Raise to the power of .
Step 14.1.4
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 14.1.4.1
Factor out of .
Step 14.1.4.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 14.1.4.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 14.1.5
Cancel the common factor of and .
Step 14.1.5.1
Factor out of .
Step 14.1.5.2
Cancel the common factors.
Step 14.1.5.2.1
Factor out of .
Step 14.1.5.2.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 14.1.5.2.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 14.1.6
Apply the product rule to .
Step 14.1.7
Simplify the numerator.
Step 14.1.7.1
Rewrite as .
Step 14.1.7.1.1
Use to rewrite as .
Step 14.1.7.1.2
Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, .
Step 14.1.7.1.3
Combine and .
Step 14.1.7.1.4
Cancel the common factor of and .
Step 14.1.7.1.4.1
Factor out of .
Step 14.1.7.1.4.2
Cancel the common factors.
Step 14.1.7.1.4.2.1
Factor out of .
Step 14.1.7.1.4.2.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 14.1.7.1.4.2.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 14.1.7.1.4.2.4
Divide by .
Step 14.1.7.2
Raise to the power of .
Step 14.1.8
Raise to the power of .
Step 14.1.9
Cancel the common factor of and .
Step 14.1.9.1
Factor out of .
Step 14.1.9.2
Cancel the common factors.
Step 14.1.9.2.1
Factor out of .
Step 14.1.9.2.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 14.1.9.2.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 14.1.10
Multiply .
Step 14.1.10.1
Combine and .
Step 14.1.10.2
Multiply by .
Step 14.1.11
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 14.1.12
Apply the product rule to .
Step 14.1.13
Rewrite as .
Step 14.1.13.1
Use to rewrite as .
Step 14.1.13.2
Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, .
Step 14.1.13.3
Combine and .
Step 14.1.13.4
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 14.1.13.4.1
Cancel the common factor.
Step 14.1.13.4.2
Rewrite the expression.
Step 14.1.13.5
Evaluate the exponent.
Step 14.1.14
Raise to the power of .
Step 14.1.15
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 14.1.15.1
Factor out of .
Step 14.1.15.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 14.1.15.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 14.1.16
Multiply by .
Step 14.1.17
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 14.1.18
Subtract from .
Step 14.1.19
To write as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by .
Step 14.1.20
Combine and .
Step 14.1.21
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 14.1.22
Simplify the numerator.
Step 14.1.22.1
Multiply by .
Step 14.1.22.2
Add and .
Step 14.1.23
To write as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by .
Step 14.1.24
Combine and .
Step 14.1.25
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 14.1.26
Simplify the numerator.
Step 14.1.26.1
Multiply by .
Step 14.1.26.2
Subtract from .
Step 14.1.27
Cancel the common factor of and .
Step 14.1.27.1
Factor out of .
Step 14.1.27.2
Cancel the common factors.
Step 14.1.27.2.1
Factor out of .
Step 14.1.27.2.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 14.1.27.2.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 14.2
Simplify the denominator.
Step 14.2.1
Simplify each term.
Step 14.2.1.1
Apply the product rule to .
Step 14.2.1.2
Simplify the numerator.
Step 14.2.1.2.1
Rewrite as .
Step 14.2.1.2.1.1
Use to rewrite as .
Step 14.2.1.2.1.2
Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, .
Step 14.2.1.2.1.3
Combine and .
Step 14.2.1.2.1.4
Cancel the common factor of and .
Step 14.2.1.2.1.4.1
Factor out of .
Step 14.2.1.2.1.4.2
Cancel the common factors.
Step 14.2.1.2.1.4.2.1
Factor out of .
Step 14.2.1.2.1.4.2.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 14.2.1.2.1.4.2.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 14.2.1.2.1.4.2.4
Divide by .
Step 14.2.1.2.2
Raise to the power of .
Step 14.2.1.3
Raise to the power of .
Step 14.2.1.4
Cancel the common factor of and .
Step 14.2.1.4.1
Factor out of .
Step 14.2.1.4.2
Cancel the common factors.
Step 14.2.1.4.2.1
Factor out of .
Step 14.2.1.4.2.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 14.2.1.4.2.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 14.2.1.5
Apply the product rule to .
Step 14.2.1.6
Rewrite as .
Step 14.2.1.6.1
Use to rewrite as .
Step 14.2.1.6.2
Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, .
Step 14.2.1.6.3
Combine and .
Step 14.2.1.6.4
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 14.2.1.6.4.1
Cancel the common factor.
Step 14.2.1.6.4.2
Rewrite the expression.
Step 14.2.1.6.5
Evaluate the exponent.
Step 14.2.1.7
Raise to the power of .
Step 14.2.1.8
Cancel the common factor of and .
Step 14.2.1.8.1
Factor out of .
Step 14.2.1.8.2
Cancel the common factors.
Step 14.2.1.8.2.1
Factor out of .
Step 14.2.1.8.2.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 14.2.1.8.2.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 14.2.1.9
Multiply .
Step 14.2.1.9.1
Combine and .
Step 14.2.1.9.2
Multiply by .
Step 14.2.1.10
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 14.2.2
Find the common denominator.
Step 14.2.2.1
Multiply by .
Step 14.2.2.2
Multiply by .
Step 14.2.2.3
Write as a fraction with denominator .
Step 14.2.2.4
Multiply by .
Step 14.2.2.5
Multiply by .
Step 14.2.2.6
Multiply by .
Step 14.2.3
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 14.2.4
Simplify each term.
Step 14.2.4.1
Multiply by .
Step 14.2.4.2
Multiply by .
Step 14.2.5
Subtract from .
Step 14.2.6
Add and .
Step 14.2.7
Apply the product rule to .
Step 14.2.8
Simplify the denominator.
Step 14.2.8.1
Rewrite as .
Step 14.2.8.2
Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, .
Step 14.2.8.3
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 14.2.8.3.1
Cancel the common factor.
Step 14.2.8.3.2
Rewrite the expression.
Step 14.2.8.4
Raise to the power of .
Step 14.3
Multiply the numerator by the reciprocal of the denominator.
Step 14.4
Combine.
Step 14.5
Factor out of .
Step 14.6
Cancel the common factors.
Step 14.6.1
Factor out of .
Step 14.6.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 14.6.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 14.7
Multiply by .
Step 15
is a local minimum because the value of the second derivative is positive. This is referred to as the second derivative test.
is a local minimum
Step 16
Step 16.1
Replace the variable with in the expression.
Step 16.2
Simplify the result.
Step 16.2.1
Apply the product rule to .
Step 16.2.2
Simplify the numerator.
Step 16.2.2.1
Rewrite as .
Step 16.2.2.1.1
Use to rewrite as .
Step 16.2.2.1.2
Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, .
Step 16.2.2.1.3
Combine and .
Step 16.2.2.1.4
Cancel the common factor of and .
Step 16.2.2.1.4.1
Factor out of .
Step 16.2.2.1.4.2
Cancel the common factors.
Step 16.2.2.1.4.2.1
Factor out of .
Step 16.2.2.1.4.2.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 16.2.2.1.4.2.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 16.2.2.1.4.2.4
Divide by .
Step 16.2.2.2
Raise to the power of .
Step 16.2.3
Simplify terms.
Step 16.2.3.1
Raise to the power of .
Step 16.2.3.2
Cancel the common factor of and .
Step 16.2.3.2.1
Factor out of .
Step 16.2.3.2.2
Cancel the common factors.
Step 16.2.3.2.2.1
Factor out of .
Step 16.2.3.2.2.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 16.2.3.2.2.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 16.2.3.3
Apply the product rule to .
Step 16.2.3.4
Rewrite as .
Step 16.2.3.4.1
Use to rewrite as .
Step 16.2.3.4.2
Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, .
Step 16.2.3.4.3
Combine and .
Step 16.2.3.4.4
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 16.2.3.4.4.1
Cancel the common factor.
Step 16.2.3.4.4.2
Rewrite the expression.
Step 16.2.3.4.5
Evaluate the exponent.
Step 16.2.3.5
Raise to the power of .
Step 16.2.3.6
Cancel the common factor of and .
Step 16.2.3.6.1
Factor out of .
Step 16.2.3.6.2
Cancel the common factors.
Step 16.2.3.6.2.1
Factor out of .
Step 16.2.3.6.2.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 16.2.3.6.2.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 16.2.4
Multiply .
Step 16.2.4.1
Combine and .
Step 16.2.4.2
Multiply by .
Step 16.2.5
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 16.2.6
To write as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by .
Step 16.2.7
Write each expression with a common denominator of , by multiplying each by an appropriate factor of .
Step 16.2.7.1
Multiply by .
Step 16.2.7.2
Multiply by .
Step 16.2.8
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 16.2.9
Simplify the numerator.
Step 16.2.9.1
Multiply by .
Step 16.2.9.2
Subtract from .
Step 16.2.10
To write as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by .
Step 16.2.11
Combine and .
Step 16.2.12
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 16.2.13
Simplify the numerator.
Step 16.2.13.1
Multiply by .
Step 16.2.13.2
Add and .
Step 16.2.14
Rewrite as .
Step 16.2.15
Simplify the denominator.
Step 16.2.15.1
Rewrite as .
Step 16.2.15.2
Pull terms out from under the radical, assuming positive real numbers.
Step 16.2.16
The final answer is .
Step 17
Evaluate the second derivative at . If the second derivative is positive, then this is a local minimum. If it is negative, then this is a local maximum.
Step 18
Step 18.1
Simplify the numerator.
Step 18.1.1
Use the power rule to distribute the exponent.
Step 18.1.1.1
Apply the product rule to .
Step 18.1.1.2
Apply the product rule to .
Step 18.1.2
Raise to the power of .
Step 18.1.3
Multiply by .
Step 18.1.4
Simplify the numerator.
Step 18.1.4.1
Rewrite as .
Step 18.1.4.1.1
Use to rewrite as .
Step 18.1.4.1.2
Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, .
Step 18.1.4.1.3
Combine and .
Step 18.1.4.1.4
Cancel the common factor of and .
Step 18.1.4.1.4.1
Factor out of .
Step 18.1.4.1.4.2
Cancel the common factors.
Step 18.1.4.1.4.2.1
Factor out of .
Step 18.1.4.1.4.2.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 18.1.4.1.4.2.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 18.1.4.1.4.2.4
Divide by .
Step 18.1.4.2
Raise to the power of .
Step 18.1.5
Raise to the power of .
Step 18.1.6
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 18.1.6.1
Factor out of .
Step 18.1.6.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 18.1.6.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 18.1.7
Cancel the common factor of and .
Step 18.1.7.1
Factor out of .
Step 18.1.7.2
Cancel the common factors.
Step 18.1.7.2.1
Factor out of .
Step 18.1.7.2.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 18.1.7.2.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 18.1.8
Use the power rule to distribute the exponent.
Step 18.1.8.1
Apply the product rule to .
Step 18.1.8.2
Apply the product rule to .
Step 18.1.9
Raise to the power of .
Step 18.1.10
Multiply by .
Step 18.1.11
Simplify the numerator.
Step 18.1.11.1
Rewrite as .
Step 18.1.11.1.1
Use to rewrite as .
Step 18.1.11.1.2
Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, .
Step 18.1.11.1.3
Combine and .
Step 18.1.11.1.4
Cancel the common factor of and .
Step 18.1.11.1.4.1
Factor out of .
Step 18.1.11.1.4.2
Cancel the common factors.
Step 18.1.11.1.4.2.1
Factor out of .
Step 18.1.11.1.4.2.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 18.1.11.1.4.2.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 18.1.11.1.4.2.4
Divide by .
Step 18.1.11.2
Raise to the power of .
Step 18.1.12
Raise to the power of .
Step 18.1.13
Cancel the common factor of and .
Step 18.1.13.1
Factor out of .
Step 18.1.13.2
Cancel the common factors.
Step 18.1.13.2.1
Factor out of .
Step 18.1.13.2.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 18.1.13.2.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 18.1.14
Multiply .
Step 18.1.14.1
Combine and .
Step 18.1.14.2
Multiply by .
Step 18.1.15
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 18.1.16
Use the power rule to distribute the exponent.
Step 18.1.16.1
Apply the product rule to .
Step 18.1.16.2
Apply the product rule to .
Step 18.1.17
Raise to the power of .
Step 18.1.18
Multiply by .
Step 18.1.19
Rewrite as .
Step 18.1.19.1
Use to rewrite as .
Step 18.1.19.2
Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, .
Step 18.1.19.3
Combine and .
Step 18.1.19.4
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 18.1.19.4.1
Cancel the common factor.
Step 18.1.19.4.2
Rewrite the expression.
Step 18.1.19.5
Evaluate the exponent.
Step 18.1.20
Raise to the power of .
Step 18.1.21
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 18.1.21.1
Factor out of .
Step 18.1.21.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 18.1.21.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 18.1.22
Multiply by .
Step 18.1.23
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 18.1.24
Subtract from .
Step 18.1.25
To write as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by .
Step 18.1.26
Combine and .
Step 18.1.27
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 18.1.28
Simplify the numerator.
Step 18.1.28.1
Multiply by .
Step 18.1.28.2
Add and .
Step 18.1.29
To write as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by .
Step 18.1.30
Combine and .
Step 18.1.31
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 18.1.32
Simplify the numerator.
Step 18.1.32.1
Multiply by .
Step 18.1.32.2
Subtract from .
Step 18.1.33
Cancel the common factor of and .
Step 18.1.33.1
Factor out of .
Step 18.1.33.2
Cancel the common factors.
Step 18.1.33.2.1
Factor out of .
Step 18.1.33.2.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 18.1.33.2.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 18.2
Simplify the denominator.
Step 18.2.1
Simplify each term.
Step 18.2.1.1
Use the power rule to distribute the exponent.
Step 18.2.1.1.1
Apply the product rule to .
Step 18.2.1.1.2
Apply the product rule to .
Step 18.2.1.2
Raise to the power of .
Step 18.2.1.3
Multiply by .
Step 18.2.1.4
Simplify the numerator.
Step 18.2.1.4.1
Rewrite as .
Step 18.2.1.4.1.1
Use to rewrite as .
Step 18.2.1.4.1.2
Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, .
Step 18.2.1.4.1.3
Combine and .
Step 18.2.1.4.1.4
Cancel the common factor of and .
Step 18.2.1.4.1.4.1
Factor out of .
Step 18.2.1.4.1.4.2
Cancel the common factors.
Step 18.2.1.4.1.4.2.1
Factor out of .
Step 18.2.1.4.1.4.2.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 18.2.1.4.1.4.2.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 18.2.1.4.1.4.2.4
Divide by .
Step 18.2.1.4.2
Raise to the power of .
Step 18.2.1.5
Raise to the power of .
Step 18.2.1.6
Cancel the common factor of and .
Step 18.2.1.6.1
Factor out of .
Step 18.2.1.6.2
Cancel the common factors.
Step 18.2.1.6.2.1
Factor out of .
Step 18.2.1.6.2.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 18.2.1.6.2.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 18.2.1.7
Use the power rule to distribute the exponent.
Step 18.2.1.7.1
Apply the product rule to .
Step 18.2.1.7.2
Apply the product rule to .
Step 18.2.1.8
Raise to the power of .
Step 18.2.1.9
Multiply by .
Step 18.2.1.10
Rewrite as .
Step 18.2.1.10.1
Use to rewrite as .
Step 18.2.1.10.2
Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, .
Step 18.2.1.10.3
Combine and .
Step 18.2.1.10.4
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 18.2.1.10.4.1
Cancel the common factor.
Step 18.2.1.10.4.2
Rewrite the expression.
Step 18.2.1.10.5
Evaluate the exponent.
Step 18.2.1.11
Raise to the power of .
Step 18.2.1.12
Cancel the common factor of and .
Step 18.2.1.12.1
Factor out of .
Step 18.2.1.12.2
Cancel the common factors.
Step 18.2.1.12.2.1
Factor out of .
Step 18.2.1.12.2.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 18.2.1.12.2.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 18.2.1.13
Multiply .
Step 18.2.1.13.1
Combine and .
Step 18.2.1.13.2
Multiply by .
Step 18.2.1.14
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 18.2.2
Find the common denominator.
Step 18.2.2.1
Multiply by .
Step 18.2.2.2
Multiply by .
Step 18.2.2.3
Write as a fraction with denominator .
Step 18.2.2.4
Multiply by .
Step 18.2.2.5
Multiply by .
Step 18.2.2.6
Multiply by .
Step 18.2.3
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 18.2.4
Simplify each term.
Step 18.2.4.1
Multiply by .
Step 18.2.4.2
Multiply by .
Step 18.2.5
Subtract from .
Step 18.2.6
Add and .
Step 18.2.7
Apply the product rule to .
Step 18.2.8
Simplify the denominator.
Step 18.2.8.1
Rewrite as .
Step 18.2.8.2
Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, .
Step 18.2.8.3
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 18.2.8.3.1
Cancel the common factor.
Step 18.2.8.3.2
Rewrite the expression.
Step 18.2.8.4
Raise to the power of .
Step 18.3
Multiply the numerator by the reciprocal of the denominator.
Step 18.4
Combine.
Step 18.5
Factor out of .
Step 18.6
Cancel the common factors.
Step 18.6.1
Factor out of .
Step 18.6.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 18.6.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 18.7
Multiply by .
Step 19
is a local minimum because the value of the second derivative is positive. This is referred to as the second derivative test.
is a local minimum
Step 20
Step 20.1
Replace the variable with in the expression.
Step 20.2
Simplify the result.
Step 20.2.1
Use the power rule to distribute the exponent.
Step 20.2.1.1
Apply the product rule to .
Step 20.2.1.2
Apply the product rule to .
Step 20.2.2
Simplify the expression.
Step 20.2.2.1
Raise to the power of .
Step 20.2.2.2
Multiply by .
Step 20.2.3
Simplify the numerator.
Step 20.2.3.1
Rewrite as .
Step 20.2.3.1.1
Use to rewrite as .
Step 20.2.3.1.2
Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, .
Step 20.2.3.1.3
Combine and .
Step 20.2.3.1.4
Cancel the common factor of and .
Step 20.2.3.1.4.1
Factor out of .
Step 20.2.3.1.4.2
Cancel the common factors.
Step 20.2.3.1.4.2.1
Factor out of .
Step 20.2.3.1.4.2.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 20.2.3.1.4.2.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 20.2.3.1.4.2.4
Divide by .
Step 20.2.3.2
Raise to the power of .
Step 20.2.4
Reduce the expression by cancelling the common factors.
Step 20.2.4.1
Raise to the power of .
Step 20.2.4.2
Cancel the common factor of and .
Step 20.2.4.2.1
Factor out of .
Step 20.2.4.2.2
Cancel the common factors.
Step 20.2.4.2.2.1
Factor out of .
Step 20.2.4.2.2.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 20.2.4.2.2.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 20.2.5
Use the power rule to distribute the exponent.
Step 20.2.5.1
Apply the product rule to .
Step 20.2.5.2
Apply the product rule to .
Step 20.2.6
Simplify the expression.
Step 20.2.6.1
Raise to the power of .
Step 20.2.6.2
Multiply by .
Step 20.2.7
Rewrite as .
Step 20.2.7.1
Use to rewrite as .
Step 20.2.7.2
Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, .
Step 20.2.7.3
Combine and .
Step 20.2.7.4
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 20.2.7.4.1
Cancel the common factor.
Step 20.2.7.4.2
Rewrite the expression.
Step 20.2.7.5
Evaluate the exponent.
Step 20.2.8
Raise to the power of .
Step 20.2.9
Cancel the common factor of and .
Step 20.2.9.1
Factor out of .
Step 20.2.9.2
Cancel the common factors.
Step 20.2.9.2.1
Factor out of .
Step 20.2.9.2.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 20.2.9.2.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 20.2.10
Multiply .
Step 20.2.10.1
Combine and .
Step 20.2.10.2
Multiply by .
Step 20.2.11
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 20.2.12
To write as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by .
Step 20.2.13
Write each expression with a common denominator of , by multiplying each by an appropriate factor of .
Step 20.2.13.1
Multiply by .
Step 20.2.13.2
Multiply by .
Step 20.2.14
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 20.2.15
Simplify the numerator.
Step 20.2.15.1
Multiply by .
Step 20.2.15.2
Subtract from .
Step 20.2.16
To write as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by .
Step 20.2.17
Combine and .
Step 20.2.18
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 20.2.19
Simplify the numerator.
Step 20.2.19.1
Multiply by .
Step 20.2.19.2
Add and .
Step 20.2.20
Rewrite as .
Step 20.2.21
Simplify the denominator.
Step 20.2.21.1
Rewrite as .
Step 20.2.21.2
Pull terms out from under the radical, assuming positive real numbers.
Step 20.2.22
The final answer is .
Step 21
These are the local extrema for .
is a local maxima
is a local minima
is a local minima
Step 22