Calculus Examples

$y = \ln (x^{2} + 3 x + 15)$

Step 1

Find the first derivative.

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Step 1.1

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = \ln (x)$ and $g (x) = x^{2} + 3 x + 15$ .

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Step 1.1.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u$ as $x^{2} + 3 x + 15$ .

$\frac{d}{d u} [\ln (u)] \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 3 x + 15]$

Step 1.1.2

The derivative of $\ln (u)$ with respect to $u$ is $\frac{1}{u}$ .

$\frac{1}{u} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 3 x + 15]$

Step 1.1.3

Replace all occurrences of $u$ with $x^{2} + 3 x + 15$ .

$\frac{1}{x^{2} + 3 x + 15} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 3 x + 15]$

Step 1.2

Differentiate.

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Step 1.2.1

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $x^{2} + 3 x + 15$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [3 x] + \frac{d}{d x} [15]$ .

$\frac{1}{x^{2} + 3 x + 15} (\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [3 x] + \frac{d}{d x} [15])$

Step 1.2.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$\frac{1}{x^{2} + 3 x + 15} (2 x + \frac{d}{d x} [3 x] + \frac{d}{d x} [15])$

Step 1.2.3

Since $3$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $3 x$ with respect to $x$ is $3 \frac{d}{d x} [x]$ .

$\frac{1}{x^{2} + 3 x + 15} (2 x + 3 \frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [15])$

Step 1.2.4

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$\frac{1}{x^{2} + 3 x + 15} (2 x + 3 \cdot 1 + \frac{d}{d x} [15])$

Step 1.2.5

Multiply $3$ by $1$ .

$\frac{1}{x^{2} + 3 x + 15} (2 x + 3 + \frac{d}{d x} [15])$

Step 1.2.6

Since $15$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $15$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$\frac{1}{x^{2} + 3 x + 15} (2 x + 3 + 0)$

Step 1.2.7

Add $2 x + 3$ and $0$ .

$\frac{1}{x^{2} + 3 x + 15} (2 x + 3)$

Step 1.3

Simplify.

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Step 1.3.1

Reorder the factors of $\frac{1}{x^{2} + 3 x + 15} (2 x + 3)$ .

$(2 x + 3) \frac{1}{x^{2} + 3 x + 15}$

Step 1.3.2

Multiply $2 x + 3$ by $\frac{1}{x^{2} + 3 x + 15}$ .

$f' (x) = \frac{2 x + 3}{x^{2} + 3 x + 15}$

Step 2

Find the second derivative.

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Step 2.1

Differentiate using the Quotient Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [\frac{f (x)}{g (x)}]$ is $\frac{g (x) \frac{d}{d x} [f (x)] - f (x) \frac{d}{d x} [g (x)]}{{g (x)}^{2}}$ where $f (x) = 2 x + 3$ and $g (x) = x^{2} + 3 x + 15$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} + 3 x + 15) \frac{d}{d x} [2 x + 3] - (2 x + 3) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 3 x + 15]}{{(x^{2} + 3 x + 15)}^{2}}$

Step 2.2

Differentiate.

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Step 2.2.1

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $2 x + 3$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [2 x] + \frac{d}{d x} [3]$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} + 3 x + 15) (\frac{d}{d x} [2 x] + \frac{d}{d x} [3]) - (2 x + 3) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 3 x + 15]}{{(x^{2} + 3 x + 15)}^{2}}$

Step 2.2.2

Since $2$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $2 x$ with respect to $x$ is $2 \frac{d}{d x} [x]$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} + 3 x + 15) (2 \frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [3]) - (2 x + 3) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 3 x + 15]}{{(x^{2} + 3 x + 15)}^{2}}$

Step 2.2.3

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} + 3 x + 15) (2 \cdot 1 + \frac{d}{d x} [3]) - (2 x + 3) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 3 x + 15]}{{(x^{2} + 3 x + 15)}^{2}}$

Step 2.2.4

Multiply $2$ by $1$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} + 3 x + 15) (2 + \frac{d}{d x} [3]) - (2 x + 3) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 3 x + 15]}{{(x^{2} + 3 x + 15)}^{2}}$

Step 2.2.5

Since $3$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $3$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} + 3 x + 15) (2 + 0) - (2 x + 3) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 3 x + 15]}{{(x^{2} + 3 x + 15)}^{2}}$

Step 2.2.6

Simplify the expression.

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Step 2.2.6.1

Add $2$ and $0$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} + 3 x + 15) \cdot 2 - (2 x + 3) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 3 x + 15]}{{(x^{2} + 3 x + 15)}^{2}}$

Step 2.2.6.2

Move $2$ to the left of $x^{2} + 3 x + 15$ .

$\frac{2 \cdot (x^{2} + 3 x + 15) - (2 x + 3) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 3 x + 15]}{{(x^{2} + 3 x + 15)}^{2}}$

Step 2.2.7

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $x^{2} + 3 x + 15$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [3 x] + \frac{d}{d x} [15]$ .

$\frac{2 (x^{2} + 3 x + 15) - (2 x + 3) (\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [3 x] + \frac{d}{d x} [15])}{{(x^{2} + 3 x + 15)}^{2}}$

Step 2.2.8

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$\frac{2 (x^{2} + 3 x + 15) - (2 x + 3) (2 x + \frac{d}{d x} [3 x] + \frac{d}{d x} [15])}{{(x^{2} + 3 x + 15)}^{2}}$

Step 2.2.9

Since $3$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $3 x$ with respect to $x$ is $3 \frac{d}{d x} [x]$ .

$\frac{2 (x^{2} + 3 x + 15) - (2 x + 3) (2 x + 3 \frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [15])}{{(x^{2} + 3 x + 15)}^{2}}$

Step 2.2.10

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$\frac{2 (x^{2} + 3 x + 15) - (2 x + 3) (2 x + 3 \cdot 1 + \frac{d}{d x} [15])}{{(x^{2} + 3 x + 15)}^{2}}$

Step 2.2.11

Multiply $3$ by $1$ .

$\frac{2 (x^{2} + 3 x + 15) - (2 x + 3) (2 x + 3 + \frac{d}{d x} [15])}{{(x^{2} + 3 x + 15)}^{2}}$

Step 2.2.12

Since $15$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $15$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$\frac{2 (x^{2} + 3 x + 15) - (2 x + 3) (2 x + 3 + 0)}{{(x^{2} + 3 x + 15)}^{2}}$

Step 2.2.13

Add $2 x + 3$ and $0$ .

$\frac{2 (x^{2} + 3 x + 15) - (2 x + 3) (2 x + 3)}{{(x^{2} + 3 x + 15)}^{2}}$

Step 2.3

Raise $2 x + 3$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{2 (x^{2} + 3 x + 15) - ({(2 x + 3)}^{1} (2 x + 3))}{{(x^{2} + 3 x + 15)}^{2}}$

Step 2.4

Raise $2 x + 3$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{2 (x^{2} + 3 x + 15) - ({(2 x + 3)}^{1} {(2 x + 3)}^{1})}{{(x^{2} + 3 x + 15)}^{2}}$

Step 2.5

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{2 (x^{2} + 3 x + 15) - {(2 x + 3)}^{1 + 1}}{{(x^{2} + 3 x + 15)}^{2}}$

Step 2.6

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\frac{2 (x^{2} + 3 x + 15) - {(2 x + 3)}^{2}}{{(x^{2} + 3 x + 15)}^{2}}$

Step 2.7

Simplify.

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Step 2.7.1

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{2 x^{2} + 2 (3 x) + 2 \cdot 15 - {(2 x + 3)}^{2}}{{(x^{2} + 3 x + 15)}^{2}}$

Step 2.7.2

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 2.7.2.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 2.7.2.1.1

Multiply $3$ by $2$ .

$\frac{2 x^{2} + 6 x + 2 \cdot 15 - {(2 x + 3)}^{2}}{{(x^{2} + 3 x + 15)}^{2}}$

Step 2.7.2.1.2

Multiply $2$ by $15$ .

$\frac{2 x^{2} + 6 x + 30 - {(2 x + 3)}^{2}}{{(x^{2} + 3 x + 15)}^{2}}$

Step 2.7.2.1.3

Rewrite ${(2 x + 3)}^{2}$ as $(2 x + 3) (2 x + 3)$ .

$\frac{2 x^{2} + 6 x + 30 - ((2 x + 3) (2 x + 3))}{{(x^{2} + 3 x + 15)}^{2}}$

Step 2.7.2.1.4

Expand $(2 x + 3) (2 x + 3)$ using the FOIL Method.

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Step 2.7.2.1.4.1

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{2 x^{2} + 6 x + 30 - (2 x (2 x + 3) + 3 (2 x + 3))}{{(x^{2} + 3 x + 15)}^{2}}$

Step 2.7.2.1.4.2

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{2 x^{2} + 6 x + 30 - (2 x (2 x) + 2 x \cdot 3 + 3 (2 x + 3))}{{(x^{2} + 3 x + 15)}^{2}}$

Step 2.7.2.1.4.3

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{2 x^{2} + 6 x + 30 - (2 x (2 x) + 2 x \cdot 3 + 3 (2 x) + 3 \cdot 3)}{{(x^{2} + 3 x + 15)}^{2}}$

Step 2.7.2.1.5

Simplify and combine like terms.

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Step 2.7.2.1.5.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 2.7.2.1.5.1.1

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$\frac{2 x^{2} + 6 x + 30 - (2 \cdot 2 x \cdot x + 2 x \cdot 3 + 3 (2 x) + 3 \cdot 3)}{{(x^{2} + 3 x + 15)}^{2}}$

Step 2.7.2.1.5.1.2

Multiply $x$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 2.7.2.1.5.1.2.1

Move $x$ .

$\frac{2 x^{2} + 6 x + 30 - (2 \cdot 2 (x \cdot x) + 2 x \cdot 3 + 3 (2 x) + 3 \cdot 3)}{{(x^{2} + 3 x + 15)}^{2}}$

Step 2.7.2.1.5.1.2.2

Multiply $x$ by $x$ .

$\frac{2 x^{2} + 6 x + 30 - (2 \cdot 2 x^{2} + 2 x \cdot 3 + 3 (2 x) + 3 \cdot 3)}{{(x^{2} + 3 x + 15)}^{2}}$

Step 2.7.2.1.5.1.3

Multiply $2$ by $2$ .

$\frac{2 x^{2} + 6 x + 30 - (4 x^{2} + 2 x \cdot 3 + 3 (2 x) + 3 \cdot 3)}{{(x^{2} + 3 x + 15)}^{2}}$

Step 2.7.2.1.5.1.4

Multiply $3$ by $2$ .

$\frac{2 x^{2} + 6 x + 30 - (4 x^{2} + 6 x + 3 (2 x) + 3 \cdot 3)}{{(x^{2} + 3 x + 15)}^{2}}$

Step 2.7.2.1.5.1.5

Multiply $2$ by $3$ .

$\frac{2 x^{2} + 6 x + 30 - (4 x^{2} + 6 x + 6 x + 3 \cdot 3)}{{(x^{2} + 3 x + 15)}^{2}}$

Step 2.7.2.1.5.1.6

Multiply $3$ by $3$ .

$\frac{2 x^{2} + 6 x + 30 - (4 x^{2} + 6 x + 6 x + 9)}{{(x^{2} + 3 x + 15)}^{2}}$

Step 2.7.2.1.5.2

Add $6 x$ and $6 x$ .

$\frac{2 x^{2} + 6 x + 30 - (4 x^{2} + 12 x + 9)}{{(x^{2} + 3 x + 15)}^{2}}$

Step 2.7.2.1.6

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{2 x^{2} + 6 x + 30 - (4 x^{2}) - (12 x) - 1 \cdot 9}{{(x^{2} + 3 x + 15)}^{2}}$

Step 2.7.2.1.7

Simplify.

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Step 2.7.2.1.7.1

Multiply $4$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{2 x^{2} + 6 x + 30 - 4 x^{2} - (12 x) - 1 \cdot 9}{{(x^{2} + 3 x + 15)}^{2}}$

Step 2.7.2.1.7.2

Multiply $12$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{2 x^{2} + 6 x + 30 - 4 x^{2} - 12 x - 1 \cdot 9}{{(x^{2} + 3 x + 15)}^{2}}$

Step 2.7.2.1.7.3

Multiply $- 1$ by $9$ .

$\frac{2 x^{2} + 6 x + 30 - 4 x^{2} - 12 x - 9}{{(x^{2} + 3 x + 15)}^{2}}$

Step 2.7.2.2

Subtract $4 x^{2}$ from $2 x^{2}$ .

$\frac{- 2 x^{2} + 6 x + 30 - 12 x - 9}{{(x^{2} + 3 x + 15)}^{2}}$

Step 2.7.2.3

Subtract $12 x$ from $6 x$ .

$\frac{- 2 x^{2} - 6 x + 30 - 9}{{(x^{2} + 3 x + 15)}^{2}}$

Step 2.7.2.4

Subtract $9$ from $30$ .

$\frac{- 2 x^{2} - 6 x + 21}{{(x^{2} + 3 x + 15)}^{2}}$

Step 2.7.3

Factor $- 1$ out of $- 2 x^{2}$ .

$\frac{- (2 x^{2}) - 6 x + 21}{{(x^{2} + 3 x + 15)}^{2}}$

Step 2.7.4

Factor $- 1$ out of $- 6 x$ .

$\frac{- (2 x^{2}) - (6 x) + 21}{{(x^{2} + 3 x + 15)}^{2}}$

Step 2.7.5

Factor $- 1$ out of $- (2 x^{2}) - (6 x)$ .

$\frac{- (2 x^{2} + 6 x) + 21}{{(x^{2} + 3 x + 15)}^{2}}$

Step 2.7.6

Rewrite $21$ as $- 1 (- 21)$ .

$\frac{- (2 x^{2} + 6 x) - 1 (- 21)}{{(x^{2} + 3 x + 15)}^{2}}$

Step 2.7.7

Factor $- 1$ out of $- (2 x^{2} + 6 x) - 1 (- 21)$ .

$\frac{- (2 x^{2} + 6 x - 21)}{{(x^{2} + 3 x + 15)}^{2}}$

Step 2.7.8

Rewrite $- (2 x^{2} + 6 x - 21)$ as $- 1 (2 x^{2} + 6 x - 21)$ .

$\frac{- 1 (2 x^{2} + 6 x - 21)}{{(x^{2} + 3 x + 15)}^{2}}$

Step 2.7.9

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$f'' (x) = - \frac{2 x^{2} + 6 x - 21}{{(x^{2} + 3 x + 15)}^{2}}$