Enter a problem...
Calculus Examples
Step 1
Step 1.1
Differentiate using the Product Rule which states that is where and .
Step 1.2
Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that is where and .
Step 1.2.1
To apply the Chain Rule, set as .
Step 1.2.2
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 1.2.3
Replace all occurrences of with .
Step 1.3
Differentiate.
Step 1.3.1
By the Sum Rule, the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 1.3.2
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 1.3.3
Add and .
Step 1.3.4
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 1.3.5
Multiply by .
Step 1.3.6
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 1.3.7
Multiply by .
Step 1.3.8
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 1.3.9
Move to the left of .
Step 1.4
Simplify.
Step 1.4.1
Factor out of .
Step 1.4.1.1
Factor out of .
Step 1.4.1.2
Factor out of .
Step 1.4.1.3
Factor out of .
Step 1.4.2
Move to the left of .
Step 1.4.3
Rewrite as .
Step 1.4.4
Expand using the FOIL Method.
Step 1.4.4.1
Apply the distributive property.
Step 1.4.4.2
Apply the distributive property.
Step 1.4.4.3
Apply the distributive property.
Step 1.4.5
Simplify and combine like terms.
Step 1.4.5.1
Simplify each term.
Step 1.4.5.1.1
Multiply by .
Step 1.4.5.1.2
Multiply by .
Step 1.4.5.1.3
Multiply by .
Step 1.4.5.1.4
Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.
Step 1.4.5.1.5
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 1.4.5.1.5.1
Move .
Step 1.4.5.1.5.2
Multiply by .
Step 1.4.5.1.6
Multiply by .
Step 1.4.5.2
Subtract from .
Step 1.4.6
Apply the distributive property.
Step 1.4.7
Simplify.
Step 1.4.7.1
Move to the left of .
Step 1.4.7.2
Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.
Step 1.4.7.3
Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.
Step 1.4.8
Simplify each term.
Step 1.4.8.1
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 1.4.8.1.1
Move .
Step 1.4.8.1.2
Multiply by .
Step 1.4.8.2
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 1.4.8.2.1
Move .
Step 1.4.8.2.2
Multiply by .
Step 1.4.8.2.2.1
Raise to the power of .
Step 1.4.8.2.2.2
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 1.4.8.2.3
Add and .
Step 1.4.9
Simplify each term.
Step 1.4.9.1
Apply the distributive property.
Step 1.4.9.2
Multiply by .
Step 1.4.9.3
Multiply by .
Step 1.4.10
Subtract from .
Step 1.4.11
Expand by multiplying each term in the first expression by each term in the second expression.
Step 1.4.12
Simplify each term.
Step 1.4.12.1
Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.
Step 1.4.12.2
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 1.4.12.2.1
Move .
Step 1.4.12.2.2
Multiply by .
Step 1.4.12.3
Multiply by .
Step 1.4.12.4
Multiply by .
Step 1.4.12.5
Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.
Step 1.4.12.6
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 1.4.12.6.1
Move .
Step 1.4.12.6.2
Multiply by .
Step 1.4.12.6.2.1
Raise to the power of .
Step 1.4.12.6.2.2
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 1.4.12.6.3
Add and .
Step 1.4.12.7
Multiply by .
Step 1.4.12.8
Multiply by .
Step 1.4.12.9
Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.
Step 1.4.12.10
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 1.4.12.10.1
Move .
Step 1.4.12.10.2
Multiply by .
Step 1.4.12.10.2.1
Raise to the power of .
Step 1.4.12.10.2.2
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 1.4.12.10.3
Add and .
Step 1.4.12.11
Multiply by .
Step 1.4.12.12
Multiply by .
Step 1.4.13
Subtract from .
Step 1.4.14
Add and .
Step 2
Step 2.1
By the Sum Rule, the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2.2
Evaluate .
Step 2.2.1
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2.2.2
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 2.2.3
Multiply by .
Step 2.3
Evaluate .
Step 2.3.1
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2.3.2
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 2.3.3
Multiply by .
Step 2.4
Evaluate .
Step 2.4.1
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2.4.2
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 2.4.3
Multiply by .
Step 2.5
Evaluate .
Step 2.5.1
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2.5.2
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 2.5.3
Multiply by .
Step 2.6
Reorder terms.
Step 3
To find the local maximum and minimum values of the function, set the derivative equal to and solve.
Step 4
Step 4.1
Find the first derivative.
Step 4.1.1
Differentiate using the Product Rule which states that is where and .
Step 4.1.2
Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that is where and .
Step 4.1.2.1
To apply the Chain Rule, set as .
Step 4.1.2.2
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 4.1.2.3
Replace all occurrences of with .
Step 4.1.3
Differentiate.
Step 4.1.3.1
By the Sum Rule, the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 4.1.3.2
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 4.1.3.3
Add and .
Step 4.1.3.4
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 4.1.3.5
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.3.6
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 4.1.3.7
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.3.8
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 4.1.3.9
Move to the left of .
Step 4.1.4
Simplify.
Step 4.1.4.1
Factor out of .
Step 4.1.4.1.1
Factor out of .
Step 4.1.4.1.2
Factor out of .
Step 4.1.4.1.3
Factor out of .
Step 4.1.4.2
Move to the left of .
Step 4.1.4.3
Rewrite as .
Step 4.1.4.4
Expand using the FOIL Method.
Step 4.1.4.4.1
Apply the distributive property.
Step 4.1.4.4.2
Apply the distributive property.
Step 4.1.4.4.3
Apply the distributive property.
Step 4.1.4.5
Simplify and combine like terms.
Step 4.1.4.5.1
Simplify each term.
Step 4.1.4.5.1.1
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.4.5.1.2
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.4.5.1.3
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.4.5.1.4
Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.
Step 4.1.4.5.1.5
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 4.1.4.5.1.5.1
Move .
Step 4.1.4.5.1.5.2
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.4.5.1.6
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.4.5.2
Subtract from .
Step 4.1.4.6
Apply the distributive property.
Step 4.1.4.7
Simplify.
Step 4.1.4.7.1
Move to the left of .
Step 4.1.4.7.2
Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.
Step 4.1.4.7.3
Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.
Step 4.1.4.8
Simplify each term.
Step 4.1.4.8.1
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 4.1.4.8.1.1
Move .
Step 4.1.4.8.1.2
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.4.8.2
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 4.1.4.8.2.1
Move .
Step 4.1.4.8.2.2
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.4.8.2.2.1
Raise to the power of .
Step 4.1.4.8.2.2.2
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 4.1.4.8.2.3
Add and .
Step 4.1.4.9
Simplify each term.
Step 4.1.4.9.1
Apply the distributive property.
Step 4.1.4.9.2
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.4.9.3
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.4.10
Subtract from .
Step 4.1.4.11
Expand by multiplying each term in the first expression by each term in the second expression.
Step 4.1.4.12
Simplify each term.
Step 4.1.4.12.1
Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.
Step 4.1.4.12.2
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 4.1.4.12.2.1
Move .
Step 4.1.4.12.2.2
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.4.12.3
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.4.12.4
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.4.12.5
Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.
Step 4.1.4.12.6
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 4.1.4.12.6.1
Move .
Step 4.1.4.12.6.2
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.4.12.6.2.1
Raise to the power of .
Step 4.1.4.12.6.2.2
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 4.1.4.12.6.3
Add and .
Step 4.1.4.12.7
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.4.12.8
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.4.12.9
Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.
Step 4.1.4.12.10
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 4.1.4.12.10.1
Move .
Step 4.1.4.12.10.2
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.4.12.10.2.1
Raise to the power of .
Step 4.1.4.12.10.2.2
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 4.1.4.12.10.3
Add and .
Step 4.1.4.12.11
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.4.12.12
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.4.13
Subtract from .
Step 4.1.4.14
Add and .
Step 4.2
The first derivative of with respect to is .
Step 5
Step 5.1
Set the first derivative equal to .
Step 5.2
Factor the left side of the equation.
Step 5.2.1
Factor out of .
Step 5.2.1.1
Factor out of .
Step 5.2.1.2
Factor out of .
Step 5.2.1.3
Factor out of .
Step 5.2.1.4
Factor out of .
Step 5.2.1.5
Factor out of .
Step 5.2.1.6
Factor out of .
Step 5.2.1.7
Factor out of .
Step 5.2.2
Reorder terms.
Step 5.2.3
Factor.
Step 5.2.3.1
Factor using the rational roots test.
Step 5.2.3.1.1
If a polynomial function has integer coefficients, then every rational zero will have the form where is a factor of the constant and is a factor of the leading coefficient.
Step 5.2.3.1.2
Find every combination of . These are the possible roots of the polynomial function.
Step 5.2.3.1.3
Substitute and simplify the expression. In this case, the expression is equal to so is a root of the polynomial.
Step 5.2.3.1.3.1
Substitute into the polynomial.
Step 5.2.3.1.3.2
Raise to the power of .
Step 5.2.3.1.3.3
Multiply by .
Step 5.2.3.1.3.4
Raise to the power of .
Step 5.2.3.1.3.5
Multiply by .
Step 5.2.3.1.3.6
Add and .
Step 5.2.3.1.3.7
Multiply by .
Step 5.2.3.1.3.8
Subtract from .
Step 5.2.3.1.3.9
Add and .
Step 5.2.3.1.4
Since is a known root, divide the polynomial by to find the quotient polynomial. This polynomial can then be used to find the remaining roots.
Step 5.2.3.1.5
Divide by .
Step 5.2.3.1.5.1
Set up the polynomials to be divided. If there is not a term for every exponent, insert one with a value of .
| - | - | + | - | + |
Step 5.2.3.1.5.2
Divide the highest order term in the dividend by the highest order term in divisor .
| - | |||||||||||
| - | - | + | - | + |
Step 5.2.3.1.5.3
Multiply the new quotient term by the divisor.
| - | |||||||||||
| - | - | + | - | + | |||||||
| - | + |
Step 5.2.3.1.5.4
The expression needs to be subtracted from the dividend, so change all the signs in
| - | |||||||||||
| - | - | + | - | + | |||||||
| + | - |
Step 5.2.3.1.5.5
After changing the signs, add the last dividend from the multiplied polynomial to find the new dividend.
| - | |||||||||||
| - | - | + | - | + | |||||||
| + | - | ||||||||||
| + |
Step 5.2.3.1.5.6
Pull the next terms from the original dividend down into the current dividend.
| - | |||||||||||
| - | - | + | - | + | |||||||
| + | - | ||||||||||
| + | - |
Step 5.2.3.1.5.7
Divide the highest order term in the dividend by the highest order term in divisor .
| - | + | ||||||||||
| - | - | + | - | + | |||||||
| + | - | ||||||||||
| + | - |
Step 5.2.3.1.5.8
Multiply the new quotient term by the divisor.
| - | + | ||||||||||
| - | - | + | - | + | |||||||
| + | - | ||||||||||
| + | - | ||||||||||
| + | - |
Step 5.2.3.1.5.9
The expression needs to be subtracted from the dividend, so change all the signs in
| - | + | ||||||||||
| - | - | + | - | + | |||||||
| + | - | ||||||||||
| + | - | ||||||||||
| - | + |
Step 5.2.3.1.5.10
After changing the signs, add the last dividend from the multiplied polynomial to find the new dividend.
| - | + | ||||||||||
| - | - | + | - | + | |||||||
| + | - | ||||||||||
| + | - | ||||||||||
| - | + | ||||||||||
| - |
Step 5.2.3.1.5.11
Pull the next terms from the original dividend down into the current dividend.
| - | + | ||||||||||
| - | - | + | - | + | |||||||
| + | - | ||||||||||
| + | - | ||||||||||
| - | + | ||||||||||
| - | + |
Step 5.2.3.1.5.12
Divide the highest order term in the dividend by the highest order term in divisor .
| - | + | - | |||||||||
| - | - | + | - | + | |||||||
| + | - | ||||||||||
| + | - | ||||||||||
| - | + | ||||||||||
| - | + |
Step 5.2.3.1.5.13
Multiply the new quotient term by the divisor.
| - | + | - | |||||||||
| - | - | + | - | + | |||||||
| + | - | ||||||||||
| + | - | ||||||||||
| - | + | ||||||||||
| - | + | ||||||||||
| - | + |
Step 5.2.3.1.5.14
The expression needs to be subtracted from the dividend, so change all the signs in
| - | + | - | |||||||||
| - | - | + | - | + | |||||||
| + | - | ||||||||||
| + | - | ||||||||||
| - | + | ||||||||||
| - | + | ||||||||||
| + | - |
Step 5.2.3.1.5.15
After changing the signs, add the last dividend from the multiplied polynomial to find the new dividend.
| - | + | - | |||||||||
| - | - | + | - | + | |||||||
| + | - | ||||||||||
| + | - | ||||||||||
| - | + | ||||||||||
| - | + | ||||||||||
| + | - | ||||||||||
Step 5.2.3.1.5.16
Since the remander is , the final answer is the quotient.
Step 5.2.3.1.6
Write as a set of factors.
Step 5.2.3.2
Remove unnecessary parentheses.
Step 5.2.4
Factor.
Step 5.2.4.1
Factor by grouping.
Step 5.2.4.1.1
For a polynomial of the form , rewrite the middle term as a sum of two terms whose product is and whose sum is .
Step 5.2.4.1.1.1
Factor out of .
Step 5.2.4.1.1.2
Rewrite as plus
Step 5.2.4.1.1.3
Apply the distributive property.
Step 5.2.4.1.2
Factor out the greatest common factor from each group.
Step 5.2.4.1.2.1
Group the first two terms and the last two terms.
Step 5.2.4.1.2.2
Factor out the greatest common factor (GCF) from each group.
Step 5.2.4.1.3
Factor the polynomial by factoring out the greatest common factor, .
Step 5.2.4.2
Remove unnecessary parentheses.
Step 5.2.5
Combine exponents.
Step 5.2.5.1
Raise to the power of .
Step 5.2.5.2
Raise to the power of .
Step 5.2.5.3
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 5.2.5.4
Add and .
Step 5.3
If any individual factor on the left side of the equation is equal to , the entire expression will be equal to .
Step 5.4
Set equal to .
Step 5.5
Set equal to and solve for .
Step 5.5.1
Set equal to .
Step 5.5.2
Solve for .
Step 5.5.2.1
Set the equal to .
Step 5.5.2.2
Solve for .
Step 5.5.2.2.1
Add to both sides of the equation.
Step 5.5.2.2.2
Divide each term in by and simplify.
Step 5.5.2.2.2.1
Divide each term in by .
Step 5.5.2.2.2.2
Simplify the left side.
Step 5.5.2.2.2.2.1
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 5.5.2.2.2.2.1.1
Cancel the common factor.
Step 5.5.2.2.2.2.1.2
Divide by .
Step 5.6
Set equal to and solve for .
Step 5.6.1
Set equal to .
Step 5.6.2
Solve for .
Step 5.6.2.1
Subtract from both sides of the equation.
Step 5.6.2.2
Divide each term in by and simplify.
Step 5.6.2.2.1
Divide each term in by .
Step 5.6.2.2.2
Simplify the left side.
Step 5.6.2.2.2.1
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 5.6.2.2.2.1.1
Cancel the common factor.
Step 5.6.2.2.2.1.2
Divide by .
Step 5.6.2.2.3
Simplify the right side.
Step 5.6.2.2.3.1
Dividing two negative values results in a positive value.
Step 5.7
The final solution is all the values that make true.
Step 6
Step 6.1
The domain of the expression is all real numbers except where the expression is undefined. In this case, there is no real number that makes the expression undefined.
Step 7
Critical points to evaluate.
Step 8
Evaluate the second derivative at . If the second derivative is positive, then this is a local minimum. If it is negative, then this is a local maximum.
Step 9
Step 9.1
Simplify each term.
Step 9.1.1
Raising to any positive power yields .
Step 9.1.2
Multiply by .
Step 9.1.3
Raising to any positive power yields .
Step 9.1.4
Multiply by .
Step 9.1.5
Multiply by .
Step 9.2
Simplify by adding numbers.
Step 9.2.1
Add and .
Step 9.2.2
Add and .
Step 9.2.3
Add and .
Step 10
is a local minimum because the value of the second derivative is positive. This is referred to as the second derivative test.
is a local minimum
Step 11
Step 11.1
Replace the variable with in the expression.
Step 11.2
Simplify the result.
Step 11.2.1
Raising to any positive power yields .
Step 11.2.2
Multiply by .
Step 11.2.3
Add and .
Step 11.2.4
Raise to the power of .
Step 11.2.5
Multiply by .
Step 11.2.6
The final answer is .
Step 12
Evaluate the second derivative at . If the second derivative is positive, then this is a local minimum. If it is negative, then this is a local maximum.
Step 13
Step 13.1
Simplify each term.
Step 13.1.1
Apply the product rule to .
Step 13.1.2
Raise to the power of .
Step 13.1.3
Raise to the power of .
Step 13.1.4
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 13.1.4.1
Factor out of .
Step 13.1.4.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 13.1.4.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 13.1.5
Multiply by .
Step 13.1.6
Apply the product rule to .
Step 13.1.7
Raise to the power of .
Step 13.1.8
Raise to the power of .
Step 13.1.9
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 13.1.9.1
Factor out of .
Step 13.1.9.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 13.1.9.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 13.1.10
Multiply by .
Step 13.1.11
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 13.1.11.1
Factor out of .
Step 13.1.11.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 13.1.11.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 13.1.12
Multiply by .
Step 13.2
Simplify by adding and subtracting.
Step 13.2.1
Add and .
Step 13.2.2
Subtract from .
Step 13.2.3
Add and .
Step 14
Step 14.1
Split into separate intervals around the values that make the first derivative or undefined.
Step 14.2
Substitute any number, such as , from the interval in the first derivative to check if the result is negative or positive.
Step 14.2.1
Replace the variable with in the expression.
Step 14.2.2
Simplify the result.
Step 14.2.2.1
Simplify each term.
Step 14.2.2.1.1
Raise to the power of .
Step 14.2.2.1.2
Multiply by .
Step 14.2.2.1.3
Multiply by .
Step 14.2.2.1.4
Raise to the power of .
Step 14.2.2.1.5
Multiply by .
Step 14.2.2.1.6
Raise to the power of .
Step 14.2.2.1.7
Multiply by .
Step 14.2.2.2
Simplify by subtracting numbers.
Step 14.2.2.2.1
Subtract from .
Step 14.2.2.2.2
Subtract from .
Step 14.2.2.2.3
Subtract from .
Step 14.2.2.3
The final answer is .
Step 14.3
Substitute any number, such as , from the interval in the first derivative to check if the result is negative or positive.
Step 14.3.1
Replace the variable with in the expression.
Step 14.3.2
Simplify the result.
Step 14.3.2.1
Simplify each term.
Step 14.3.2.1.1
Raise to the power of .
Step 14.3.2.1.2
Multiply by .
Step 14.3.2.1.3
Multiply by .
Step 14.3.2.1.4
Raise to the power of .
Step 14.3.2.1.5
Multiply by .
Step 14.3.2.1.6
Raise to the power of .
Step 14.3.2.1.7
Multiply by .
Step 14.3.2.2
Simplify by adding and subtracting.
Step 14.3.2.2.1
Add and .
Step 14.3.2.2.2
Subtract from .
Step 14.3.2.2.3
Add and .
Step 14.3.2.3
The final answer is .
Step 14.4
Substitute any number, such as , from the interval in the first derivative to check if the result is negative or positive.
Step 14.4.1
Replace the variable with in the expression.
Step 14.4.2
Simplify the result.
Step 14.4.2.1
Simplify each term.
Step 14.4.2.1.1
Raise to the power of .
Step 14.4.2.1.2
Multiply by .
Step 14.4.2.1.3
Multiply by .
Step 14.4.2.1.4
Raise to the power of .
Step 14.4.2.1.5
Multiply by .
Step 14.4.2.1.6
Raise to the power of .
Step 14.4.2.1.7
Multiply by .
Step 14.4.2.2
Simplify by adding and subtracting.
Step 14.4.2.2.1
Add and .
Step 14.4.2.2.2
Subtract from .
Step 14.4.2.2.3
Add and .
Step 14.4.2.3
The final answer is .
Step 14.5
Substitute any number, such as , from the interval in the first derivative to check if the result is negative or positive.
Step 14.5.1
Replace the variable with in the expression.
Step 14.5.2
Simplify the result.
Step 14.5.2.1
Simplify each term.
Step 14.5.2.1.1
Raise to the power of .
Step 14.5.2.1.2
Multiply by .
Step 14.5.2.1.3
Multiply by .
Step 14.5.2.1.4
Raise to the power of .
Step 14.5.2.1.5
Multiply by .
Step 14.5.2.1.6
Raise to the power of .
Step 14.5.2.1.7
Multiply by .
Step 14.5.2.2
Simplify by adding and subtracting.
Step 14.5.2.2.1
Add and .
Step 14.5.2.2.2
Subtract from .
Step 14.5.2.2.3
Add and .
Step 14.5.2.3
The final answer is .
Step 14.6
Since the first derivative changed signs from negative to positive around , then is a local minimum.
is a local minimum
Step 14.7
Since the first derivative changed signs from positive to negative around , then is a local maximum.
is a local maximum
Step 14.8
Since the first derivative did not change signs around , this is not a local maximum or minimum.
Not a local maximum or minimum
Step 14.9
These are the local extrema for .
is a local minimum
is a local maximum
is a local minimum
is a local maximum
Step 15