Calculus Examples

$y = 4 \csc (x)$

Step 1

Find the first derivative.

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Step 1.1

Since $4$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $4 \csc (x)$ with respect to $x$ is $4 \frac{d}{d x} [\csc (x)]$ .

$4 \frac{d}{d x} [\csc (x)]$

Step 1.2

The derivative of $\csc (x)$ with respect to $x$ is $- \csc (x) \cot (x)$ .

$4 (- \csc (x) \cot (x))$

Step 1.3

Simplify the expression.

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Step 1.3.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $4$ .

$- 4 (\csc (x) \cot (x))$

Step 1.3.2

Reorder the factors of $- 4 \csc (x) \cot (x)$ .

$f' (x) = - 4 \cot (x) \csc (x)$

Step 2

Find the second derivative.

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Step 2.1

Since $- 4$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- 4 \cot (x) \csc (x)$ with respect to $x$ is $- 4 \frac{d}{d x} [\cot (x) \csc (x)]$ .

$- 4 \frac{d}{d x} [\cot (x) \csc (x)]$

Step 2.2

Differentiate using the Product Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (x) g (x)]$ is $f (x) \frac{d}{d x} [g (x)] + g (x) \frac{d}{d x} [f (x)]$ where $f (x) = \cot (x)$ and $g (x) = \csc (x)$ .

$- 4 (\cot (x) \frac{d}{d x} [\csc (x)] + \csc (x) \frac{d}{d x} [\cot (x)])$

Step 2.3

The derivative of $\csc (x)$ with respect to $x$ is $- \csc (x) \cot (x)$ .

$- 4 (\cot (x) (- \csc (x) \cot (x)) + \csc (x) \frac{d}{d x} [\cot (x)])$

Step 2.4

Raise $\cot (x)$ to the power of $1$ .

$- 4 (- \csc (x) (\cot^{1} (x) \cot (x)) + \csc (x) \frac{d}{d x} [\cot (x)])$

Step 2.5

Raise $\cot (x)$ to the power of $1$ .

$- 4 (- \csc (x) (\cot^{1} (x) \cot^{1} (x)) + \csc (x) \frac{d}{d x} [\cot (x)])$

Step 2.6

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$- 4 (- \csc (x) {\cot (x)}^{1 + 1} + \csc (x) \frac{d}{d x} [\cot (x)])$

Step 2.7

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$- 4 (- \csc (x) \cot^{2} (x) + \csc (x) \frac{d}{d x} [\cot (x)])$

Step 2.8

The derivative of $\cot (x)$ with respect to $x$ is $- \csc^{2} (x)$ .

$- 4 (- \csc (x) \cot^{2} (x) + \csc (x) (- \csc^{2} (x)))$

Step 2.9

Raise $\csc (x)$ to the power of $1$ .

$- 4 (- \csc (x) \cot^{2} (x) - (\csc^{1} (x) \csc^{2} (x)))$

Step 2.10

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$- 4 (- \csc (x) \cot^{2} (x) - {\csc (x)}^{1 + 2})$

Step 2.11

Add $1$ and $2$ .

$- 4 (- \csc (x) \cot^{2} (x) - \csc^{3} (x))$

Step 2.12

Simplify.

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Step 2.12.1

Apply the distributive property.

$- 4 (- \csc (x) \cot^{2} (x)) - 4 (- \csc^{3} (x))$

Step 2.12.2

Combine terms.

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Step 2.12.2.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 4$ .

$4 (\csc (x) \cot^{2} (x)) - 4 (- \csc^{3} (x))$

Step 2.12.2.2

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 4$ .

$4 \csc (x) \cot^{2} (x) + 4 \csc^{3} (x)$

Step 2.12.3

Reorder terms.

$f'' (x) = 4 \cot^{2} (x) \csc (x) + 4 \csc^{3} (x)$