Calculus Examples

$f (x) = \ln (x^{4} (\cos (x) + \sin (x)))$

Step 1

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = \ln (x)$ and $g (x) = x^{4} (\cos (x) + \sin (x))$ .

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Step 1.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u$ as $x^{4} (\cos (x) + \sin (x))$ .

$\frac{d}{d u} [\ln (u)] \frac{d}{d x} [x^{4} (\cos (x) + \sin (x))]$

Step 1.2

The derivative of $\ln (u)$ with respect to $u$ is $\frac{1}{u}$ .

$\frac{1}{u} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{4} (\cos (x) + \sin (x))]$

Step 1.3

Replace all occurrences of $u$ with $x^{4} (\cos (x) + \sin (x))$ .

$\frac{1}{x^{4} (\cos (x) + \sin (x))} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{4} (\cos (x) + \sin (x))]$

Step 2

Differentiate using the Product Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (x) g (x)]$ is $f (x) \frac{d}{d x} [g (x)] + g (x) \frac{d}{d x} [f (x)]$ where $f (x) = x^{4}$ and $g (x) = \cos (x) + \sin (x)$ .

$\frac{1}{x^{4} (\cos (x) + \sin (x))} (x^{4} \frac{d}{d x} [\cos (x) + \sin (x)] + (\cos (x) + \sin (x)) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{4}])$

Step 3

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $\cos (x) + \sin (x)$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [\cos (x)] + \frac{d}{d x} [\sin (x)]$ .

$\frac{1}{x^{4} (\cos (x) + \sin (x))} (x^{4} (\frac{d}{d x} [\cos (x)] + \frac{d}{d x} [\sin (x)]) + (\cos (x) + \sin (x)) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{4}])$

Step 4

The derivative of $\cos (x)$ with respect to $x$ is $- \sin (x)$ .

$\frac{1}{x^{4} (\cos (x) + \sin (x))} (x^{4} (- \sin (x) + \frac{d}{d x} [\sin (x)]) + (\cos (x) + \sin (x)) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{4}])$

Step 5

The derivative of $\sin (x)$ with respect to $x$ is $\cos (x)$ .

$\frac{1}{x^{4} (\cos (x) + \sin (x))} (x^{4} (- \sin (x) + \cos (x)) + (\cos (x) + \sin (x)) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{4}])$

Step 6

Differentiate using the Power Rule.

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Step 6.1

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 4$ .

$\frac{1}{x^{4} (\cos (x) + \sin (x))} (x^{4} (- \sin (x) + \cos (x)) + (\cos (x) + \sin (x)) (4 x^{3}))$

Step 6.2

Move $4$ to the left of $\cos (x) + \sin (x)$ .

$\frac{1}{x^{4} (\cos (x) + \sin (x))} (x^{4} (- \sin (x) + \cos (x)) + 4 \cdot (\cos (x) + \sin (x)) x^{3})$

Step 7

Simplify.

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Step 7.1

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{1}{x^{4} \cos (x) + x^{4} \sin (x)} (x^{4} (- \sin (x) + \cos (x)) + 4 (\cos (x) + \sin (x)) x^{3})$

Step 7.2

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{1}{x^{4} \cos (x) + x^{4} \sin (x)} (x^{4} (- \sin (x)) + x^{4} \cos (x) + 4 (\cos (x) + \sin (x)) x^{3})$

Step 7.3

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{1}{x^{4} \cos (x) + x^{4} \sin (x)} (x^{4} (- \sin (x)) + x^{4} \cos (x) + (4 \cos (x) + 4 \sin (x)) x^{3})$

Step 7.4

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{1}{x^{4} \cos (x) + x^{4} \sin (x)} (x^{4} (- \sin (x)) + x^{4} \cos (x) + 4 \cos (x) x^{3} + 4 \sin (x) x^{3})$

Step 7.5

Reorder the factors of $\frac{1}{x^{4} \cos (x) + x^{4} \sin (x)} (x^{4} (- \sin (x)) + x^{4} \cos (x) + 4 \cos (x) x^{3} + 4 \sin (x) x^{3})$ .

$(x^{4} (- \sin (x)) + x^{4} \cos (x) + 4 \cos (x) x^{3} + 4 \sin (x) x^{3}) \frac{1}{x^{4} \cos (x) + x^{4} \sin (x)}$

Step 7.6

Factor $x^{4}$ out of $x^{4} \cos (x) + x^{4} \sin (x)$ .

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Step 7.6.1

Factor $x^{4}$ out of $x^{4} \cos (x)$ .

$(x^{4} (- \sin (x)) + x^{4} \cos (x) + 4 \cos (x) x^{3} + 4 \sin (x) x^{3}) \frac{1}{x^{4} (\cos (x)) + x^{4} \sin (x)}$

Step 7.6.2

Factor $x^{4}$ out of $x^{4} \sin (x)$ .

$(x^{4} (- \sin (x)) + x^{4} \cos (x) + 4 \cos (x) x^{3} + 4 \sin (x) x^{3}) \frac{1}{x^{4} (\cos (x)) + x^{4} (\sin (x))}$

Step 7.6.3

Factor $x^{4}$ out of $x^{4} (\cos (x)) + x^{4} (\sin (x))$ .

$(x^{4} (- \sin (x)) + x^{4} \cos (x) + 4 \cos (x) x^{3} + 4 \sin (x) x^{3}) \frac{1}{x^{4} (\cos (x) + \sin (x))}$

Step 7.7

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$(- x^{4} \sin (x) + x^{4} \cos (x) + 4 \cos (x) x^{3} + 4 \sin (x) x^{3}) \frac{1}{x^{4} (\cos (x) + \sin (x))}$

Step 7.8

Apply the distributive property.

$- x^{4} \sin (x) \frac{1}{x^{4} (\cos (x) + \sin (x))} + x^{4} \cos (x) \frac{1}{x^{4} (\cos (x) + \sin (x))} + 4 \cos (x) x^{3} \frac{1}{x^{4} (\cos (x) + \sin (x))} + 4 \sin (x) x^{3} \frac{1}{x^{4} (\cos (x) + \sin (x))}$

Step 7.9

Simplify.

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Step 7.9.1

Cancel the common factor of $x^{4}$ .

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Step 7.9.1.1

Factor $x^{4}$ out of $- x^{4} \sin (x)$ .

$x^{4} (- \sin (x)) \frac{1}{x^{4} (\cos (x) + \sin (x))} + x^{4} \cos (x) \frac{1}{x^{4} (\cos (x) + \sin (x))} + 4 \cos (x) x^{3} \frac{1}{x^{4} (\cos (x) + \sin (x))} + 4 \sin (x) x^{3} \frac{1}{x^{4} (\cos (x) + \sin (x))}$

Step 7.9.1.2

Cancel the common factor.

Step 7.9.1.3

Rewrite the expression.

$- \sin (x) \frac{1}{\cos (x) + \sin (x)} + x^{4} \cos (x) \frac{1}{x^{4} (\cos (x) + \sin (x))} + 4 \cos (x) x^{3} \frac{1}{x^{4} (\cos (x) + \sin (x))} + 4 \sin (x) x^{3} \frac{1}{x^{4} (\cos (x) + \sin (x))}$

Step 7.9.2

Combine $\frac{1}{\cos (x) + \sin (x)}$ and $\sin (x)$ .

$- \frac{\sin (x)}{\cos (x) + \sin (x)} + x^{4} \cos (x) \frac{1}{x^{4} (\cos (x) + \sin (x))} + 4 \cos (x) x^{3} \frac{1}{x^{4} (\cos (x) + \sin (x))} + 4 \sin (x) x^{3} \frac{1}{x^{4} (\cos (x) + \sin (x))}$

Step 7.9.3

Cancel the common factor of $x^{4}$ .

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Step 7.9.3.1

Factor $x^{4}$ out of $x^{4} \cos (x)$ .

$- \frac{\sin (x)}{\cos (x) + \sin (x)} + x^{4} (\cos (x)) \frac{1}{x^{4} (\cos (x) + \sin (x))} + 4 \cos (x) x^{3} \frac{1}{x^{4} (\cos (x) + \sin (x))} + 4 \sin (x) x^{3} \frac{1}{x^{4} (\cos (x) + \sin (x))}$

Step 7.9.3.2

Cancel the common factor.

Step 7.9.3.3

Rewrite the expression.

$- \frac{\sin (x)}{\cos (x) + \sin (x)} + \cos (x) \frac{1}{\cos (x) + \sin (x)} + 4 \cos (x) x^{3} \frac{1}{x^{4} (\cos (x) + \sin (x))} + 4 \sin (x) x^{3} \frac{1}{x^{4} (\cos (x) + \sin (x))}$

Step 7.9.4

Combine $\cos (x)$ and $\frac{1}{\cos (x) + \sin (x)}$ .

$- \frac{\sin (x)}{\cos (x) + \sin (x)} + \frac{\cos (x)}{\cos (x) + \sin (x)} + 4 \cos (x) x^{3} \frac{1}{x^{4} (\cos (x) + \sin (x))} + 4 \sin (x) x^{3} \frac{1}{x^{4} (\cos (x) + \sin (x))}$

Step 7.9.5

Cancel the common factor of $x^{3}$ .

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Step 7.9.5.1

Factor $x^{3}$ out of $4 \cos (x) x^{3}$ .

$- \frac{\sin (x)}{\cos (x) + \sin (x)} + \frac{\cos (x)}{\cos (x) + \sin (x)} + x^{3} (4 \cos (x)) \frac{1}{x^{4} (\cos (x) + \sin (x))} + 4 \sin (x) x^{3} \frac{1}{x^{4} (\cos (x) + \sin (x))}$

Step 7.9.5.2

Factor $x^{3}$ out of $x^{4} (\cos (x) + \sin (x))$ .

$- \frac{\sin (x)}{\cos (x) + \sin (x)} + \frac{\cos (x)}{\cos (x) + \sin (x)} + x^{3} (4 \cos (x)) \frac{1}{x^{3} (x (\cos (x) + \sin (x)))} + 4 \sin (x) x^{3} \frac{1}{x^{4} (\cos (x) + \sin (x))}$

Step 7.9.5.3

Cancel the common factor.

$- \frac{\sin (x)}{\cos (x) + \sin (x)} + \frac{\cos (x)}{\cos (x) + \sin (x)} + x^{3} (4 \cos (x)) \frac{1}{x^{3} (x (\cos (x) + \sin (x)))} + 4 \sin (x) x^{3} \frac{1}{x^{4} (\cos (x) + \sin (x))}$

Step 7.9.5.4

Rewrite the expression.

$- \frac{\sin (x)}{\cos (x) + \sin (x)} + \frac{\cos (x)}{\cos (x) + \sin (x)} + 4 \cos (x) \frac{1}{x (\cos (x) + \sin (x))} + 4 \sin (x) x^{3} \frac{1}{x^{4} (\cos (x) + \sin (x))}$

Step 7.9.6

Combine $\frac{1}{x (\cos (x) + \sin (x))}$ and $4$ .

$- \frac{\sin (x)}{\cos (x) + \sin (x)} + \frac{\cos (x)}{\cos (x) + \sin (x)} + \frac{4}{x (\cos (x) + \sin (x))} \cos (x) + 4 \sin (x) x^{3} \frac{1}{x^{4} (\cos (x) + \sin (x))}$

Step 7.9.7

Combine $\frac{4}{x (\cos (x) + \sin (x))}$ and $\cos (x)$ .

$- \frac{\sin (x)}{\cos (x) + \sin (x)} + \frac{\cos (x)}{\cos (x) + \sin (x)} + \frac{4 \cos (x)}{x (\cos (x) + \sin (x))} + 4 \sin (x) x^{3} \frac{1}{x^{4} (\cos (x) + \sin (x))}$

Step 7.9.8

Cancel the common factor of $x^{3}$ .

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Step 7.9.8.1

Factor $x^{3}$ out of $4 \sin (x) x^{3}$ .

$- \frac{\sin (x)}{\cos (x) + \sin (x)} + \frac{\cos (x)}{\cos (x) + \sin (x)} + \frac{4 \cos (x)}{x (\cos (x) + \sin (x))} + x^{3} (4 \sin (x)) \frac{1}{x^{4} (\cos (x) + \sin (x))}$

Step 7.9.8.2

Factor $x^{3}$ out of $x^{4} (\cos (x) + \sin (x))$ .

$- \frac{\sin (x)}{\cos (x) + \sin (x)} + \frac{\cos (x)}{\cos (x) + \sin (x)} + \frac{4 \cos (x)}{x (\cos (x) + \sin (x))} + x^{3} (4 \sin (x)) \frac{1}{x^{3} (x (\cos (x) + \sin (x)))}$

Step 7.9.8.3

Cancel the common factor.

$- \frac{\sin (x)}{\cos (x) + \sin (x)} + \frac{\cos (x)}{\cos (x) + \sin (x)} + \frac{4 \cos (x)}{x (\cos (x) + \sin (x))} + x^{3} (4 \sin (x)) \frac{1}{x^{3} (x (\cos (x) + \sin (x)))}$

Step 7.9.8.4

Rewrite the expression.

$- \frac{\sin (x)}{\cos (x) + \sin (x)} + \frac{\cos (x)}{\cos (x) + \sin (x)} + \frac{4 \cos (x)}{x (\cos (x) + \sin (x))} + 4 \sin (x) \frac{1}{x (\cos (x) + \sin (x))}$

Step 7.9.9

Combine $\frac{1}{x (\cos (x) + \sin (x))}$ and $4$ .

$- \frac{\sin (x)}{\cos (x) + \sin (x)} + \frac{\cos (x)}{\cos (x) + \sin (x)} + \frac{4 \cos (x)}{x (\cos (x) + \sin (x))} + \frac{4}{x (\cos (x) + \sin (x))} \sin (x)$

Step 7.9.10

Combine $\frac{4}{x (\cos (x) + \sin (x))}$ and $\sin (x)$ .

$- \frac{\sin (x)}{\cos (x) + \sin (x)} + \frac{\cos (x)}{\cos (x) + \sin (x)} + \frac{4 \cos (x)}{x (\cos (x) + \sin (x))} + \frac{4 \sin (x)}{x (\cos (x) + \sin (x))}$

Step 7.10

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{- \sin (x) + \cos (x)}{\cos (x) + \sin (x)} + \frac{4 \cos (x)}{x (\cos (x) + \sin (x))} + \frac{4 \sin (x)}{x (\cos (x) + \sin (x))}$

Step 7.11

To write $\frac{- \sin (x) + \cos (x)}{\cos (x) + \sin (x)}$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{x}{x}$ .

$\frac{- \sin (x) + \cos (x)}{\cos (x) + \sin (x)} \cdot \frac{x}{x} + \frac{4 \cos (x)}{x (\cos (x) + \sin (x))} + \frac{4 \sin (x)}{x (\cos (x) + \sin (x))}$

Step 7.12

Write each expression with a common denominator of $(\cos (x) + \sin (x)) x$ , by multiplying each by an appropriate factor of $1$ .

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Step 7.12.1

Multiply $\frac{- \sin (x) + \cos (x)}{\cos (x) + \sin (x)}$ by $\frac{x}{x}$ .

$\frac{(- \sin (x) + \cos (x)) x}{(\cos (x) + \sin (x)) x} + \frac{4 \cos (x)}{x (\cos (x) + \sin (x))} + \frac{4 \sin (x)}{x (\cos (x) + \sin (x))}$

Step 7.12.2

Reorder the factors of $(\cos (x) + \sin (x)) x$ .

$\frac{(- \sin (x) + \cos (x)) x}{x (\cos (x) + \sin (x))} + \frac{4 \cos (x)}{x (\cos (x) + \sin (x))} + \frac{4 \sin (x)}{x (\cos (x) + \sin (x))}$

Step 7.13

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{(- \sin (x) + \cos (x)) x + 4 \cos (x)}{x (\cos (x) + \sin (x))} + \frac{4 \sin (x)}{x (\cos (x) + \sin (x))}$

Step 7.14

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{- \sin (x) x + \cos (x) x + 4 \cos (x)}{x (\cos (x) + \sin (x))} + \frac{4 \sin (x)}{x (\cos (x) + \sin (x))}$

Step 7.15

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{- \sin (x) x + \cos (x) x + 4 \cos (x) + 4 \sin (x)}{x (\cos (x) + \sin (x))}$

Step 7.16

Factor $- 1$ out of $- \sin (x) x$ .

$\frac{- (\sin (x) x) + \cos (x) x + 4 \cos (x) + 4 \sin (x)}{x (\cos (x) + \sin (x))}$

Step 7.17

Factor $- 1$ out of $\cos (x) x$ .

$\frac{- (\sin (x) x) - (- \cos (x) x) + 4 \cos (x) + 4 \sin (x)}{x (\cos (x) + \sin (x))}$

Step 7.18

Factor $- 1$ out of $- (\sin (x) x) - (- \cos (x) x)$ .

$\frac{- (\sin (x) x - \cos (x) x) + 4 \cos (x) + 4 \sin (x)}{x (\cos (x) + \sin (x))}$

Step 7.19

Factor $- 1$ out of $4 \cos (x)$ .

$\frac{- (\sin (x) x - \cos (x) x) - (- 4 \cos (x)) + 4 \sin (x)}{x (\cos (x) + \sin (x))}$

Step 7.20

Factor $- 1$ out of $- (\sin (x) x - \cos (x) x) - (- 4 \cos (x))$ .

$\frac{- (\sin (x) x - \cos (x) x - 4 \cos (x)) + 4 \sin (x)}{x (\cos (x) + \sin (x))}$

Step 7.21

Factor $- 1$ out of $4 \sin (x)$ .

$\frac{- (\sin (x) x - \cos (x) x - 4 \cos (x)) - (- 4 \sin (x))}{x (\cos (x) + \sin (x))}$

Step 7.22

Factor $- 1$ out of $- (\sin (x) x - \cos (x) x - 4 \cos (x)) - (- 4 \sin (x))$ .

$\frac{- (\sin (x) x - \cos (x) x - 4 \cos (x) - 4 \sin (x))}{x (\cos (x) + \sin (x))}$

Step 7.23

Rewrite $- (\sin (x) x - \cos (x) x - 4 \cos (x) - 4 \sin (x))$ as $- 1 (\sin (x) x - \cos (x) x - 4 \cos (x) - 4 \sin (x))$ .

$\frac{- 1 (\sin (x) x - \cos (x) x - 4 \cos (x) - 4 \sin (x))}{x (\cos (x) + \sin (x))}$

Step 7.24

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$- \frac{\sin (x) x - \cos (x) x - 4 \cos (x) - 4 \sin (x)}{x (\cos (x) + \sin (x))}$

Step 7.25

Reorder factors in $- \frac{\sin (x) x - \cos (x) x - 4 \cos (x) - 4 \sin (x)}{x (\cos (x) + \sin (x))}$ .

$- \frac{x \sin (x) - x \cos (x) - 4 \cos (x) - 4 \sin (x)}{x (\cos (x) + \sin (x))}$