Calculus Examples

$f (x) = \ln (\sec^{4} (x) \cdot \tan^{2} (x))$

Step 1

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = \ln (x)$ and $g (x) = \sec^{4} (x) \tan^{2} (x)$ .

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Step 1.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u_{1}$ as $\sec^{4} (x) \tan^{2} (x)$ .

$\frac{d}{d u_{1}} [\ln (u_{1})] \frac{d}{d x} [\sec^{4} (x) \tan^{2} (x)]$

Step 1.2

The derivative of $\ln (u_{1})$ with respect to $u_{1}$ is $\frac{1}{u_{1}}$ .

$\frac{1}{\sec^{4} (x) \tan^{2} (x)} \frac{d}{d x} [\sec^{4} (x) \tan^{2} (x)]$

Step 2

Differentiate using the Product Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (x) g (x)]$ is $f (x) \frac{d}{d x} [g (x)] + g (x) \frac{d}{d x} [f (x)]$ where $f (x) = \sec^{4} (x)$ and $g (x) = \tan^{2} (x)$ .

$\frac{1}{\sec^{4} (x) \tan^{2} (x)} (\sec^{4} (x) \frac{d}{d x} [\tan^{2} (x)] + \tan^{2} (x) \frac{d}{d x} [\sec^{4} (x)])$

Step 3

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = x^{2}$ and $g (x) = \tan (x)$ .

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Step 3.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u_{2}$ as $\tan (x)$ .

$\frac{1}{\sec^{4} (x) \tan^{2} (x)} (\sec^{4} (x) (\frac{d}{d u_{2}} [{u_{2}}^{2}] \frac{d}{d x} [\tan (x)]) + \tan^{2} (x) \frac{d}{d x} [\sec^{4} (x)])$

Step 3.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u_{2}} [{u_{2}}^{n}]$ is $n {u_{2}}^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$\frac{1}{\sec^{4} (x) \tan^{2} (x)} (\sec^{4} (x) (2 u_{2} \frac{d}{d x} [\tan (x)]) + \tan^{2} (x) \frac{d}{d x} [\sec^{4} (x)])$

Step 3.3

Replace all occurrences of $u_{2}$ with $\tan (x)$ .

$\frac{1}{\sec^{4} (x) \tan^{2} (x)} (\sec^{4} (x) (2 \tan (x) \frac{d}{d x} [\tan (x)]) + \tan^{2} (x) \frac{d}{d x} [\sec^{4} (x)])$

Step 4

Move $2$ to the left of $\sec^{4} (x)$ .

$\frac{1}{\sec^{4} (x) \tan^{2} (x)} (2 \cdot \sec^{4} (x) \tan (x) \frac{d}{d x} [\tan (x)] + \tan^{2} (x) \frac{d}{d x} [\sec^{4} (x)])$

Step 5

The derivative of $\tan (x)$ with respect to $x$ is $\sec^{2} (x)$ .

$\frac{1}{\sec^{4} (x) \tan^{2} (x)} (2 \sec^{4} (x) \tan (x) \sec^{2} (x) + \tan^{2} (x) \frac{d}{d x} [\sec^{4} (x)])$

Step 6

Multiply $\sec^{4} (x)$ by $\sec^{2} (x)$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 6.1

Move $\sec^{2} (x)$ .

$\frac{1}{\sec^{4} (x) \tan^{2} (x)} (2 (\sec^{2} (x) \sec^{4} (x)) \tan (x) + \tan^{2} (x) \frac{d}{d x} [\sec^{4} (x)])$

Step 6.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{1}{\sec^{4} (x) \tan^{2} (x)} (2 {\sec (x)}^{2 + 4} \tan (x) + \tan^{2} (x) \frac{d}{d x} [\sec^{4} (x)])$

Step 6.3

Add $2$ and $4$ .

$\frac{1}{\sec^{4} (x) \tan^{2} (x)} (2 \sec^{6} (x) \tan (x) + \tan^{2} (x) \frac{d}{d x} [\sec^{4} (x)])$

Step 7

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = x^{4}$ and $g (x) = \sec (x)$ .

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Step 7.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u_{3}$ as $\sec (x)$ .

$\frac{1}{\sec^{4} (x) \tan^{2} (x)} (2 \sec^{6} (x) \tan (x) + \tan^{2} (x) (\frac{d}{d u_{3}} [{u_{3}}^{4}] \frac{d}{d x} [\sec (x)]))$

Step 7.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u_{3}} [{u_{3}}^{n}]$ is $n {u_{3}}^{n - 1}$ where $n = 4$ .

$\frac{1}{\sec^{4} (x) \tan^{2} (x)} (2 \sec^{6} (x) \tan (x) + \tan^{2} (x) (4 {u_{3}}^{3} \frac{d}{d x} [\sec (x)]))$

Step 7.3

Replace all occurrences of $u_{3}$ with $\sec (x)$ .

$\frac{1}{\sec^{4} (x) \tan^{2} (x)} (2 \sec^{6} (x) \tan (x) + \tan^{2} (x) (4 \sec^{3} (x) \frac{d}{d x} [\sec (x)]))$

Step 8

Move $4$ to the left of $\tan^{2} (x)$ .

$\frac{1}{\sec^{4} (x) \tan^{2} (x)} (2 \sec^{6} (x) \tan (x) + 4 \cdot \tan^{2} (x) \sec^{3} (x) \frac{d}{d x} [\sec (x)])$

Step 9

The derivative of $\sec (x)$ with respect to $x$ is $\sec (x) \tan (x)$ .

$\frac{1}{\sec^{4} (x) \tan^{2} (x)} (2 \sec^{6} (x) \tan (x) + 4 \tan^{2} (x) \sec^{3} (x) (\sec (x) \tan (x)))$

Step 10

Raise $\tan (x)$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{1}{\sec^{4} (x) \tan^{2} (x)} (2 \sec^{6} (x) \tan (x) + 4 (\tan^{1} (x) \tan^{2} (x)) \sec^{3} (x) \sec (x))$

Step 11

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{1}{\sec^{4} (x) \tan^{2} (x)} (2 \sec^{6} (x) \tan (x) + 4 {\tan (x)}^{1 + 2} \sec^{3} (x) \sec (x))$

Step 12

Add $1$ and $2$ .

$\frac{1}{\sec^{4} (x) \tan^{2} (x)} (2 \sec^{6} (x) \tan (x) + 4 \tan^{3} (x) \sec^{3} (x) \sec (x))$

Step 13

Raise $\sec (x)$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{1}{\sec^{4} (x) \tan^{2} (x)} (2 \sec^{6} (x) \tan (x) + 4 \tan^{3} (x) (\sec^{1} (x) \sec^{3} (x)))$

Step 14

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{1}{\sec^{4} (x) \tan^{2} (x)} (2 \sec^{6} (x) \tan (x) + 4 \tan^{3} (x) {\sec (x)}^{1 + 3})$

Step 15

Add $1$ and $3$ .

$\frac{1}{\sec^{4} (x) \tan^{2} (x)} (2 \sec^{6} (x) \tan (x) + 4 \tan^{3} (x) \sec^{4} (x))$

Step 16

Simplify.

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Step 16.1

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{1}{\sec^{4} (x) \tan^{2} (x)} (2 \sec^{6} (x) \tan (x)) + \frac{1}{\sec^{4} (x) \tan^{2} (x)} (4 \tan^{3} (x) \sec^{4} (x))$

Step 16.2

Combine terms.

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Step 16.2.1

Combine $2$ and $\frac{1}{\sec^{4} (x) \tan^{2} (x)}$ .

$\frac{2}{\sec^{4} (x) \tan^{2} (x)} (\sec^{6} (x) \tan (x)) + \frac{1}{\sec^{4} (x) \tan^{2} (x)} (4 \tan^{3} (x) \sec^{4} (x))$

Step 16.2.2

Combine $\sec^{6} (x)$ and $\frac{2}{\sec^{4} (x) \tan^{2} (x)}$ .

$\frac{\sec^{6} (x) \cdot 2}{\sec^{4} (x) \tan^{2} (x)} \tan (x) + \frac{1}{\sec^{4} (x) \tan^{2} (x)} (4 \tan^{3} (x) \sec^{4} (x))$

Step 16.2.3

Combine $\frac{\sec^{6} (x) \cdot 2}{\sec^{4} (x) \tan^{2} (x)}$ and $\tan (x)$ .

$\frac{\sec^{6} (x) \cdot 2 \tan (x)}{\sec^{4} (x) \tan^{2} (x)} + \frac{1}{\sec^{4} (x) \tan^{2} (x)} (4 \tan^{3} (x) \sec^{4} (x))$

Step 16.2.4

Move $2$ to the left of $\sec^{6} (x)$ .

$\frac{2 \cdot \sec^{6} (x) \tan (x)}{\sec^{4} (x) \tan^{2} (x)} + \frac{1}{\sec^{4} (x) \tan^{2} (x)} (4 \tan^{3} (x) \sec^{4} (x))$

Step 16.2.5

Cancel the common factor of $\sec^{6} (x)$ and $\sec^{4} (x)$ .

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Step 16.2.5.1

Factor $\sec^{4} (x)$ out of $2 \sec^{6} (x) \tan (x)$ .

$\frac{\sec^{4} (x) (2 \sec^{2} (x) \tan (x))}{\sec^{4} (x) \tan^{2} (x)} + \frac{1}{\sec^{4} (x) \tan^{2} (x)} (4 \tan^{3} (x) \sec^{4} (x))$

Step 16.2.5.2

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 16.2.5.2.1

Factor $\sec^{4} (x)$ out of $\sec^{4} (x) \tan^{2} (x)$ .

$\frac{\sec^{4} (x) (2 \sec^{2} (x) \tan (x))}{\sec^{4} (x) (\tan^{2} (x))} + \frac{1}{\sec^{4} (x) \tan^{2} (x)} (4 \tan^{3} (x) \sec^{4} (x))$

Step 16.2.5.2.2

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{\sec^{4} (x) (2 \sec^{2} (x) \tan (x))}{\sec^{4} (x) \tan^{2} (x)} + \frac{1}{\sec^{4} (x) \tan^{2} (x)} (4 \tan^{3} (x) \sec^{4} (x))$

Step 16.2.5.2.3

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{2 \sec^{2} (x) \tan (x)}{\tan^{2} (x)} + \frac{1}{\sec^{4} (x) \tan^{2} (x)} (4 \tan^{3} (x) \sec^{4} (x))$

Step 16.2.6

Cancel the common factor of $\tan (x)$ and $\tan^{2} (x)$ .

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Step 16.2.6.1

Factor $\tan (x)$ out of $2 \sec^{2} (x) \tan (x)$ .

$\frac{\tan (x) (2 \sec^{2} (x))}{\tan^{2} (x)} + \frac{1}{\sec^{4} (x) \tan^{2} (x)} (4 \tan^{3} (x) \sec^{4} (x))$

Step 16.2.6.2

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 16.2.6.2.1

Factor $\tan (x)$ out of $\tan^{2} (x)$ .

$\frac{\tan (x) (2 \sec^{2} (x))}{\tan (x) \tan (x)} + \frac{1}{\sec^{4} (x) \tan^{2} (x)} (4 \tan^{3} (x) \sec^{4} (x))$

Step 16.2.6.2.2

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{\tan (x) (2 \sec^{2} (x))}{\tan (x) \tan (x)} + \frac{1}{\sec^{4} (x) \tan^{2} (x)} (4 \tan^{3} (x) \sec^{4} (x))$

Step 16.2.6.2.3

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{2 \sec^{2} (x)}{\tan (x)} + \frac{1}{\sec^{4} (x) \tan^{2} (x)} (4 \tan^{3} (x) \sec^{4} (x))$

Step 16.2.7

Combine $4$ and $\frac{1}{\sec^{4} (x) \tan^{2} (x)}$ .

$\frac{2 \sec^{2} (x)}{\tan (x)} + \frac{4}{\sec^{4} (x) \tan^{2} (x)} (\tan^{3} (x) \sec^{4} (x))$

Step 16.2.8

Combine $\tan^{3} (x)$ and $\frac{4}{\sec^{4} (x) \tan^{2} (x)}$ .

$\frac{2 \sec^{2} (x)}{\tan (x)} + \frac{\tan^{3} (x) \cdot 4}{\sec^{4} (x) \tan^{2} (x)} \sec^{4} (x)$

Step 16.2.9

Combine $\frac{\tan^{3} (x) \cdot 4}{\sec^{4} (x) \tan^{2} (x)}$ and $\sec^{4} (x)$ .

$\frac{2 \sec^{2} (x)}{\tan (x)} + \frac{\tan^{3} (x) \cdot 4 \sec^{4} (x)}{\sec^{4} (x) \tan^{2} (x)}$

Step 16.2.10

Move $4$ to the left of $\tan^{3} (x)$ .

$\frac{2 \sec^{2} (x)}{\tan (x)} + \frac{4 \cdot \tan^{3} (x) \sec^{4} (x)}{\sec^{4} (x) \tan^{2} (x)}$

Step 16.2.11

Cancel the common factor of $\tan^{3} (x)$ and $\tan^{2} (x)$ .

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Step 16.2.11.1

Factor $\tan^{2} (x)$ out of $4 \tan^{3} (x) \sec^{4} (x)$ .

$\frac{2 \sec^{2} (x)}{\tan (x)} + \frac{\tan^{2} (x) (4 \tan (x) \sec^{4} (x))}{\sec^{4} (x) \tan^{2} (x)}$

Step 16.2.11.2

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 16.2.11.2.1

Factor $\tan^{2} (x)$ out of $\sec^{4} (x) \tan^{2} (x)$ .

$\frac{2 \sec^{2} (x)}{\tan (x)} + \frac{\tan^{2} (x) (4 \tan (x) \sec^{4} (x))}{\tan^{2} (x) \sec^{4} (x)}$

Step 16.2.11.2.2

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{2 \sec^{2} (x)}{\tan (x)} + \frac{\tan^{2} (x) (4 \tan (x) \sec^{4} (x))}{\tan^{2} (x) \sec^{4} (x)}$

Step 16.2.11.2.3

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{2 \sec^{2} (x)}{\tan (x)} + \frac{4 \tan (x) \sec^{4} (x)}{\sec^{4} (x)}$

Step 16.2.12

Cancel the common factor of $\sec^{4} (x)$ .

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Step 16.2.12.1

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{2 \sec^{2} (x)}{\tan (x)} + \frac{4 \tan (x) \sec^{4} (x)}{\sec^{4} (x)}$

Step 16.2.12.2

Divide $4 \tan (x)$ by $1$ .

$\frac{2 \sec^{2} (x)}{\tan (x)} + 4 \tan (x)$