Calculus Examples

$f (x) = \ln (\sqrt{1 - x^{2}})$

Step 1

Use $\sqrt[n]{a^{x}} = a^{\frac{x}{n}}$ to rewrite $\sqrt{1 - x^{2}}$ as ${(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [\ln ({(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}})]$

Step 2

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = \ln (x)$ and $g (x) = {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

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Step 2.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u_{1}$ as ${(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{d}{d u_{1}} [\ln (u_{1})] \frac{d}{d x} [{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}]$

Step 2.2

The derivative of $\ln (u_{1})$ with respect to $u_{1}$ is $\frac{1}{u_{1}}$ .

$\frac{1}{u_{1}} \frac{d}{d x} [{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}]$

Step 2.3

Replace all occurrences of $u_{1}$ with ${(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d x} [{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}]$

Step 3

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ and $g (x) = 1 - x^{2}$ .

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Step 3.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u_{2}$ as $1 - x^{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{d}{d u_{2}} [{u_{2}}^{\frac{1}{2}}] \frac{d}{d x} [1 - x^{2}])$

Step 3.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u_{2}} [{u_{2}}^{n}]$ is $n {u_{2}}^{n - 1}$ where $n = \frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{1}{2} {u_{2}}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1} \frac{d}{d x} [1 - x^{2}])$

Step 3.3

Replace all occurrences of $u_{2}$ with $1 - x^{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{1}{2} {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1} \frac{d}{d x} [1 - x^{2}])$

Step 4

To write $- 1$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{1}{2} {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot \frac{2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [1 - x^{2}])$

Step 5

Combine $- 1$ and $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{1}{2} {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{- 1 \cdot 2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [1 - x^{2}])$

Step 6

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{1}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{1}{2} {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1 - 1 \cdot 2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [1 - x^{2}])$

Step 7

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 7.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $2$ .

$\frac{1}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{1}{2} {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1 - 2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [1 - x^{2}])$

Step 7.2

Subtract $2$ from $1$ .

$\frac{1}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{1}{2} {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{- 1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [1 - x^{2}])$

Step 8

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$\frac{1}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{1}{2} {(1 - x^{2})}^{- \frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [1 - x^{2}])$

Step 9

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and ${(1 - x^{2})}^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{{(1 - x^{2})}^{- \frac{1}{2}}}{2} \frac{d}{d x} [1 - x^{2}])$

Step 10

Move ${(1 - x^{2})}^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ to the denominator using the negative exponent rule $b^{- n} = \frac{1}{b^{n}}$ .

$\frac{1}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{1}{2 {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d x} [1 - x^{2}])$

Step 11

Multiply $\frac{1}{2 {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ by $\frac{1}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ .

$\frac{1}{2 {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d x} [1 - x^{2}]$

Step 12

Multiply ${(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ by ${(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 12.1

Move ${(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{2 ({(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}})} \frac{d}{d x} [1 - x^{2}]$

Step 12.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{1}{2 {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d x} [1 - x^{2}]$

Step 12.3

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{1}{2 {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1 + 1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d x} [1 - x^{2}]$

Step 12.4

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2 {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{2}{2}}} \frac{d}{d x} [1 - x^{2}]$

Step 12.5

Divide $2$ by $2$ .

$\frac{1}{2 {(1 - x^{2})}^{1}} \frac{d}{d x} [1 - x^{2}]$

Step 13

Simplify $2 {(1 - x^{2})}^{1}$ .

$\frac{1}{2 (1 - x^{2})} \frac{d}{d x} [1 - x^{2}]$

Step 14

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $1 - x^{2}$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [1] + \frac{d}{d x} [- x^{2}]$ .

$\frac{1}{2 (1 - x^{2})} (\frac{d}{d x} [1] + \frac{d}{d x} [- x^{2}])$

Step 15

Since $1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $1$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$\frac{1}{2 (1 - x^{2})} (0 + \frac{d}{d x} [- x^{2}])$

Step 16

Add $0$ and $\frac{d}{d x} [- x^{2}]$ .

$\frac{1}{2 (1 - x^{2})} \frac{d}{d x} [- x^{2}]$

Step 17

Since $- 1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- x^{2}$ with respect to $x$ is $- \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}]$ .

$\frac{1}{2 (1 - x^{2})} (- \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}])$

Step 18

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$\frac{1}{2 (1 - x^{2})} (- (2 x))$

Step 19

Simplify terms.

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Step 19.1

Multiply $2$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{1}{2 (1 - x^{2})} (- 2 x)$

Step 19.2

Combine $- 2$ and $\frac{1}{2 (1 - x^{2})}$ .

$\frac{- 2}{2 (1 - x^{2})} x$

Step 19.3

Combine $\frac{- 2}{2 (1 - x^{2})}$ and $x$ .

$\frac{- 2 x}{2 (1 - x^{2})}$

Step 19.4

Cancel the common factor of $- 2$ and $2$ .

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Step 19.4.1

Factor $2$ out of $- 2 x$ .

$\frac{2 (- x)}{2 (1 - x^{2})}$

Step 19.4.2

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 19.4.2.1

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{2 (- x)}{2 (1 - x^{2})}$

Step 19.4.2.2

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{- x}{1 - x^{2}}$

Step 19.5

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$- \frac{x}{1 - x^{2}}$