Calculus Examples

$f (x) = \cos (\sqrt{\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)}})$

Step 1

Use $\sqrt[n]{a^{x}} = a^{\frac{x}{n}}$ to rewrite $\sqrt{\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)}}$ as ${(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [\cos ({(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{\frac{1}{2}})]$

Step 2

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = \cos (x)$ and $g (x) = {(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

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Step 2.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u_{1}$ as ${(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{d}{d u_{1}} [\cos (u_{1})] \frac{d}{d x} [{(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{\frac{1}{2}}]$

Step 2.2

The derivative of $\cos (u_{1})$ with respect to $u_{1}$ is $- \sin (u_{1})$ .

$- \sin (u_{1}) \frac{d}{d x} [{(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{\frac{1}{2}}]$

Step 2.3

Replace all occurrences of $u_{1}$ with ${(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$- \sin ({(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{\frac{1}{2}}) \frac{d}{d x} [{(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{\frac{1}{2}}]$

Step 3

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ and $g (x) = \frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)}$ .

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Step 3.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u_{2}$ as $\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)}$ .

$- \sin ({(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{\frac{1}{2}}) (\frac{d}{d u_{2}} [{u_{2}}^{\frac{1}{2}}] \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)}])$

Step 3.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u_{2}} [{u_{2}}^{n}]$ is $n {u_{2}}^{n - 1}$ where $n = \frac{1}{2}$ .

$- \sin ({(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{\frac{1}{2}}) (\frac{1}{2} {u_{2}}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1} \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)}])$

Step 3.3

Replace all occurrences of $u_{2}$ with $\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)}$ .

$- \sin ({(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{\frac{1}{2}}) (\frac{1}{2} {(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1} \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)}])$

Step 4

To write $- 1$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$- \sin ({(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{\frac{1}{2}}) (\frac{1}{2} {(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot \frac{2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)}])$

Step 5

Combine $- 1$ and $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$- \sin ({(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{\frac{1}{2}}) (\frac{1}{2} {(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{- 1 \cdot 2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)}])$

Step 6

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$- \sin ({(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{\frac{1}{2}}) (\frac{1}{2} {(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{\frac{1 - 1 \cdot 2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)}])$

Step 7

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 7.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $2$ .

$- \sin ({(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{\frac{1}{2}}) (\frac{1}{2} {(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{\frac{1 - 2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)}])$

Step 7.2

Subtract $2$ from $1$ .

$- \sin ({(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{\frac{1}{2}}) (\frac{1}{2} {(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{\frac{- 1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)}])$

Step 8

Combine fractions.

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Step 8.1

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$- \sin ({(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{\frac{1}{2}}) (\frac{1}{2} {(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{- \frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)}])$

Step 8.2

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and $\sin ({(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{\frac{1}{2}})$ .

$- \frac{\sin ({(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{\frac{1}{2}})}{2} ({(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{- \frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)}])$

Step 9

Differentiate using the Quotient Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [\frac{f (x)}{g (x)}]$ is $\frac{g (x) \frac{d}{d x} [f (x)] - f (x) \frac{d}{d x} [g (x)]}{{g (x)}^{2}}$ where $f (x) = 1 - \cos (2 x)$ and $g (x) = 1 + \cos (2 x)$ .

$- \frac{\sin ({(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{\frac{1}{2}})}{2} {(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{- \frac{1}{2}} \frac{(1 + \cos (2 x)) \frac{d}{d x} [1 - \cos (2 x)] - (1 - \cos (2 x)) \frac{d}{d x} [1 + \cos (2 x)]}{{(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{2}}$

Step 10

Differentiate.

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Step 10.1

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $1 - \cos (2 x)$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [1] + \frac{d}{d x} [- \cos (2 x)]$ .

$- \frac{\sin ({(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{\frac{1}{2}})}{2} {(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{- \frac{1}{2}} \frac{(1 + \cos (2 x)) (\frac{d}{d x} [1] + \frac{d}{d x} [- \cos (2 x)]) - (1 - \cos (2 x)) \frac{d}{d x} [1 + \cos (2 x)]}{{(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{2}}$

Step 10.2

Since $1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $1$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$- \frac{\sin ({(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{\frac{1}{2}})}{2} {(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{- \frac{1}{2}} \frac{(1 + \cos (2 x)) (0 + \frac{d}{d x} [- \cos (2 x)]) - (1 - \cos (2 x)) \frac{d}{d x} [1 + \cos (2 x)]}{{(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{2}}$

Step 10.3

Add $0$ and $\frac{d}{d x} [- \cos (2 x)]$ .

$- \frac{\sin ({(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{\frac{1}{2}})}{2} {(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{- \frac{1}{2}} \frac{(1 + \cos (2 x)) \frac{d}{d x} [- \cos (2 x)] - (1 - \cos (2 x)) \frac{d}{d x} [1 + \cos (2 x)]}{{(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{2}}$

Step 10.4

Since $- 1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- \cos (2 x)$ with respect to $x$ is $- \frac{d}{d x} [\cos (2 x)]$ .

$- \frac{\sin ({(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{\frac{1}{2}})}{2} {(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{- \frac{1}{2}} \frac{(1 + \cos (2 x)) (- \frac{d}{d x} [\cos (2 x)]) - (1 - \cos (2 x)) \frac{d}{d x} [1 + \cos (2 x)]}{{(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{2}}$

Step 11

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = \cos (x)$ and $g (x) = 2 x$ .

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Step 11.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u_{3}$ as $2 x$ .

$- \frac{\sin ({(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{\frac{1}{2}})}{2} {(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{- \frac{1}{2}} \frac{(1 + \cos (2 x)) (- (\frac{d}{d u_{3}} [\cos (u_{3})] \frac{d}{d x} [2 x])) - (1 - \cos (2 x)) \frac{d}{d x} [1 + \cos (2 x)]}{{(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{2}}$

Step 11.2

The derivative of $\cos (u_{3})$ with respect to $u_{3}$ is $- \sin (u_{3})$ .

$- \frac{\sin ({(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{\frac{1}{2}})}{2} {(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{- \frac{1}{2}} \frac{(1 + \cos (2 x)) (- (- \sin (u_{3}) \frac{d}{d x} [2 x])) - (1 - \cos (2 x)) \frac{d}{d x} [1 + \cos (2 x)]}{{(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{2}}$

Step 11.3

Replace all occurrences of $u_{3}$ with $2 x$ .

$- \frac{\sin ({(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{\frac{1}{2}})}{2} {(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{- \frac{1}{2}} \frac{(1 + \cos (2 x)) (- (- \sin (2 x) \frac{d}{d x} [2 x])) - (1 - \cos (2 x)) \frac{d}{d x} [1 + \cos (2 x)]}{{(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{2}}$

Step 12

Differentiate.

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Step 12.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$- \frac{\sin ({(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{\frac{1}{2}})}{2} {(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{- \frac{1}{2}} \frac{(1 + \cos (2 x)) (1 (\sin (2 x) \frac{d}{d x} [2 x])) - (1 - \cos (2 x)) \frac{d}{d x} [1 + \cos (2 x)]}{{(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{2}}$

Step 12.2

Multiply $\sin (2 x)$ by $1$ .

$- \frac{\sin ({(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{\frac{1}{2}})}{2} {(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{- \frac{1}{2}} \frac{(1 + \cos (2 x)) (\sin (2 x) \frac{d}{d x} [2 x]) - (1 - \cos (2 x)) \frac{d}{d x} [1 + \cos (2 x)]}{{(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{2}}$

Step 12.3

Since $2$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $2 x$ with respect to $x$ is $2 \frac{d}{d x} [x]$ .

$- \frac{\sin ({(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{\frac{1}{2}})}{2} {(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{- \frac{1}{2}} \frac{(1 + \cos (2 x)) \sin (2 x) (2 \frac{d}{d x} [x]) - (1 - \cos (2 x)) \frac{d}{d x} [1 + \cos (2 x)]}{{(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{2}}$

Step 12.4

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$- \frac{\sin ({(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{\frac{1}{2}})}{2} {(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{- \frac{1}{2}} \frac{(1 + \cos (2 x)) \sin (2 x) (2 \cdot 1) - (1 - \cos (2 x)) \frac{d}{d x} [1 + \cos (2 x)]}{{(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{2}}$

Step 12.5

Simplify the expression.

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Step 12.5.1

Multiply $2$ by $1$ .

$- \frac{\sin ({(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{\frac{1}{2}})}{2} {(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{- \frac{1}{2}} \frac{(1 + \cos (2 x)) \sin (2 x) \cdot 2 - (1 - \cos (2 x)) \frac{d}{d x} [1 + \cos (2 x)]}{{(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{2}}$

Step 12.5.2

Move $2$ to the left of $(1 + \cos (2 x)) \sin (2 x)$ .

$- \frac{\sin ({(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{\frac{1}{2}})}{2} {(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{- \frac{1}{2}} \frac{2 \cdot ((1 + \cos (2 x)) \sin (2 x)) - (1 - \cos (2 x)) \frac{d}{d x} [1 + \cos (2 x)]}{{(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{2}}$

Step 12.6

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $1 + \cos (2 x)$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [1] + \frac{d}{d x} [\cos (2 x)]$ .

$- \frac{\sin ({(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{\frac{1}{2}})}{2} {(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{- \frac{1}{2}} \frac{2 (1 + \cos (2 x)) \sin (2 x) - (1 - \cos (2 x)) (\frac{d}{d x} [1] + \frac{d}{d x} [\cos (2 x)])}{{(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{2}}$

Step 12.7

Since $1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $1$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$- \frac{\sin ({(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{\frac{1}{2}})}{2} {(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{- \frac{1}{2}} \frac{2 (1 + \cos (2 x)) \sin (2 x) - (1 - \cos (2 x)) (0 + \frac{d}{d x} [\cos (2 x)])}{{(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{2}}$

Step 12.8

Add $0$ and $\frac{d}{d x} [\cos (2 x)]$ .

$- \frac{\sin ({(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{\frac{1}{2}})}{2} {(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{- \frac{1}{2}} \frac{2 (1 + \cos (2 x)) \sin (2 x) - (1 - \cos (2 x)) \frac{d}{d x} [\cos (2 x)]}{{(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{2}}$

Step 13

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = \cos (x)$ and $g (x) = 2 x$ .

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Step 13.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u_{4}$ as $2 x$ .

$- \frac{\sin ({(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{\frac{1}{2}})}{2} {(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{- \frac{1}{2}} \frac{2 (1 + \cos (2 x)) \sin (2 x) - (1 - \cos (2 x)) (\frac{d}{d u_{4}} [\cos (u_{4})] \frac{d}{d x} [2 x])}{{(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{2}}$

Step 13.2

The derivative of $\cos (u_{4})$ with respect to $u_{4}$ is $- \sin (u_{4})$ .

$- \frac{\sin ({(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{\frac{1}{2}})}{2} {(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{- \frac{1}{2}} \frac{2 (1 + \cos (2 x)) \sin (2 x) - (1 - \cos (2 x)) (- \sin (u_{4}) \frac{d}{d x} [2 x])}{{(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{2}}$

Step 13.3

Replace all occurrences of $u_{4}$ with $2 x$ .

$- \frac{\sin ({(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{\frac{1}{2}})}{2} {(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{- \frac{1}{2}} \frac{2 (1 + \cos (2 x)) \sin (2 x) - (1 - \cos (2 x)) (- \sin (2 x) \frac{d}{d x} [2 x])}{{(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{2}}$

Step 14

Differentiate.

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Step 14.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$- \frac{\sin ({(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{\frac{1}{2}})}{2} {(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{- \frac{1}{2}} \frac{2 (1 + \cos (2 x)) \sin (2 x) + 1 (1 - \cos (2 x)) (\sin (2 x) \frac{d}{d x} [2 x])}{{(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{2}}$

Step 14.2

Multiply $1 - \cos (2 x)$ by $1$ .

$- \frac{\sin ({(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{\frac{1}{2}})}{2} {(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{- \frac{1}{2}} \frac{2 (1 + \cos (2 x)) \sin (2 x) + (1 - \cos (2 x)) (\sin (2 x) \frac{d}{d x} [2 x])}{{(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{2}}$

Step 14.3

Since $2$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $2 x$ with respect to $x$ is $2 \frac{d}{d x} [x]$ .

$- \frac{\sin ({(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{\frac{1}{2}})}{2} {(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{- \frac{1}{2}} \frac{2 (1 + \cos (2 x)) \sin (2 x) + (1 - \cos (2 x)) \sin (2 x) (2 \frac{d}{d x} [x])}{{(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{2}}$

Step 14.4

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

Step 14.5

Combine fractions.

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Step 14.5.1

Multiply $2$ by $1$ .

Step 14.5.2

Move $2$ to the left of $(1 - \cos (2 x)) \sin (2 x)$ .

$- \frac{\sin ({(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{\frac{1}{2}})}{2} {(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{- \frac{1}{2}} \frac{2 (1 + \cos (2 x)) \sin (2 x) + 2 \cdot ((1 - \cos (2 x)) \sin (2 x))}{{(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{2}}$

Step 14.5.3

Multiply $\frac{2 (1 + \cos (2 x)) \sin (2 x) + 2 (1 - \cos (2 x)) \sin (2 x)}{{(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{2}}$ by $\frac{\sin ({(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{\frac{1}{2}})}{2}$ .

$- \frac{(2 (1 + \cos (2 x)) \sin (2 x) + 2 (1 - \cos (2 x)) \sin (2 x)) \sin ({(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{\frac{1}{2}})}{{(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{2} \cdot 2} {(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{- \frac{1}{2}}$

Step 14.5.4

Move $2$ to the left of ${(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{2}$ .

$- \frac{(2 (1 + \cos (2 x)) \sin (2 x) + 2 (1 - \cos (2 x)) \sin (2 x)) \sin ({(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{\frac{1}{2}})}{2 \cdot {(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{2}} {(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{- \frac{1}{2}}$

Step 15

Simplify.

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Step 15.1

Change the sign of the exponent by rewriting the base as its reciprocal.

$- \frac{(2 (1 + \cos (2 x)) \sin (2 x) + 2 (1 - \cos (2 x)) \sin (2 x)) \sin ({(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)})}^{\frac{1}{2}})}{2 {(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{2}} {(\frac{1 + \cos (2 x)}{1 - \cos (2 x)})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$

Step 15.2

Apply the product rule to $\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{1 + \cos (2 x)}$ .

$- \frac{(2 (1 + \cos (2 x)) \sin (2 x) + 2 (1 - \cos (2 x)) \sin (2 x)) \sin (\frac{{(1 - \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}})}{2 {(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{2}} {(\frac{1 + \cos (2 x)}{1 - \cos (2 x)})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$

Step 15.3

Apply the product rule to $\frac{1 + \cos (2 x)}{1 - \cos (2 x)}$ .

$- \frac{(2 (1 + \cos (2 x)) \sin (2 x) + 2 (1 - \cos (2 x)) \sin (2 x)) \sin (\frac{{(1 - \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}})}{2 {(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{2}} \cdot \frac{{(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(1 - \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 15.4

Apply the distributive property.

$- \frac{((2 \cdot 1 + 2 \cos (2 x)) \sin (2 x) + 2 (1 - \cos (2 x)) \sin (2 x)) \sin (\frac{{(1 - \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}})}{2 {(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{2}} \cdot \frac{{(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(1 - \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 15.5

Apply the distributive property.

$- \frac{(2 \cdot 1 \sin (2 x) + 2 \cos (2 x) \sin (2 x) + 2 (1 - \cos (2 x)) \sin (2 x)) \sin (\frac{{(1 - \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}})}{2 {(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{2}} \cdot \frac{{(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(1 - \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 15.6

Apply the distributive property.

$- \frac{(2 \cdot 1 \sin (2 x) + 2 \cos (2 x) \sin (2 x) + (2 \cdot 1 + 2 (- \cos (2 x))) \sin (2 x)) \sin (\frac{{(1 - \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}})}{2 {(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{2}} \cdot \frac{{(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(1 - \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 15.7

Apply the distributive property.

$- \frac{(2 \cdot 1 \sin (2 x) + 2 \cos (2 x) \sin (2 x) + 2 \cdot 1 \sin (2 x) + 2 (- \cos (2 x)) \sin (2 x)) \sin (\frac{{(1 - \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}})}{2 {(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{2}} \cdot \frac{{(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(1 - \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 15.8

Combine terms.

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Step 15.8.1

Multiply $2$ by $1$ .

$- \frac{(2 \sin (2 x) + 2 \cos (2 x) \sin (2 x) + 2 \cdot 1 \sin (2 x) + 2 (- \cos (2 x)) \sin (2 x)) \sin (\frac{{(1 - \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}})}{2 {(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{2}} \cdot \frac{{(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(1 - \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 15.8.2

Multiply $2$ by $1$ .

$- \frac{(2 \sin (2 x) + 2 \cos (2 x) \sin (2 x) + 2 \sin (2 x) + 2 (- \cos (2 x)) \sin (2 x)) \sin (\frac{{(1 - \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}})}{2 {(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{2}} \cdot \frac{{(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(1 - \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 15.8.3

Multiply $- 1$ by $2$ .

$- \frac{(2 \sin (2 x) + 2 \cos (2 x) \sin (2 x) + 2 \sin (2 x) - 2 \cos (2 x) \sin (2 x)) \sin (\frac{{(1 - \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}})}{2 {(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{2}} \cdot \frac{{(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(1 - \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 15.8.4

Add $2 \sin (2 x)$ and $2 \sin (2 x)$ .

$- \frac{(2 \cos (2 x) \sin (2 x) + 4 \sin (2 x) - 2 \cos (2 x) \sin (2 x)) \sin (\frac{{(1 - \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}})}{2 {(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{2}} \cdot \frac{{(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(1 - \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 15.8.5

Subtract $2 \cos (2 x) \sin (2 x)$ from $2 \cos (2 x) \sin (2 x)$ .

$- \frac{(0 + 4 \sin (2 x)) \sin (\frac{{(1 - \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}})}{2 {(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{2}} \cdot \frac{{(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(1 - \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 15.8.6

Add $0$ and $4 \sin (2 x)$ .

$- \frac{4 \sin (2 x) \sin (\frac{{(1 - \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}})}{2 {(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{2}} \cdot \frac{{(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(1 - \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 15.8.7

Factor $2$ out of $4 \sin (2 x) \sin (\frac{{(1 - \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}})$ .

$- \frac{2 (2 \sin (2 x) \sin (\frac{{(1 - \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}))}{2 {(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{2}} \cdot \frac{{(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(1 - \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 15.8.8

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 15.8.8.1

Factor $2$ out of $2 {(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{2}$ .

$- \frac{2 (2 \sin (2 x) \sin (\frac{{(1 - \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}))}{2 ({(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{2})} \cdot \frac{{(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(1 - \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 15.8.8.2

Cancel the common factor.

Step 15.8.8.3

Rewrite the expression.

$- \frac{2 \sin (2 x) \sin (\frac{{(1 - \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}})}{{(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{2}} \cdot \frac{{(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(1 - \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 15.8.9

Multiply $\frac{{(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(1 - \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ by $\frac{2 \sin (2 x) \sin (\frac{{(1 - \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}})}{{(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{2}}$ .

$- \frac{{(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}} (2 \sin (2 x) \sin (\frac{{(1 - \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}))}{{(1 - \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{2}}$

Step 15.8.10

Move $2$ to the left of ${(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$- \frac{2 \cdot {(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}} \sin (2 x) \sin (\frac{{(1 - \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}})}{{(1 - \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{2}}$

Step 15.8.11

Move ${(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ to the denominator using the negative exponent rule $b^{n} = \frac{1}{b^{- n}}$ .

$- \frac{2 \sin (2 x) \sin (\frac{{(1 - \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}})}{{(1 - \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{2} {(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{- \frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 15.8.12

Multiply ${(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{2}$ by ${(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 15.8.12.1

Move ${(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ .

$- \frac{2 \sin (2 x) \sin (\frac{{(1 - \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}})}{{(1 - \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}} ({(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{- \frac{1}{2}} {(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{2})}$

Step 15.8.12.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$- \frac{2 \sin (2 x) \sin (\frac{{(1 - \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}})}{{(1 - \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{- \frac{1}{2} + 2}}$

Step 15.8.12.3

To write $2$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$- \frac{2 \sin (2 x) \sin (\frac{{(1 - \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}})}{{(1 - \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{- \frac{1}{2} + 2 \cdot \frac{2}{2}}}$

Step 15.8.12.4

Combine $2$ and $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$- \frac{2 \sin (2 x) \sin (\frac{{(1 - \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}})}{{(1 - \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{- \frac{1}{2} + \frac{2 \cdot 2}{2}}}$

Step 15.8.12.5

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$- \frac{2 \sin (2 x) \sin (\frac{{(1 - \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}})}{{(1 - \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{- 1 + 2 \cdot 2}{2}}}$

Step 15.8.12.6

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 15.8.12.6.1

Multiply $2$ by $2$ .

$- \frac{2 \sin (2 x) \sin (\frac{{(1 - \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}})}{{(1 - \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{- 1 + 4}{2}}}$

Step 15.8.12.6.2

Add $- 1$ and $4$ .

$- \frac{2 \sin (2 x) \sin (\frac{{(1 - \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}})}{{(1 - \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(1 + \cos (2 x))}^{\frac{3}{2}}}$