Calculus Examples

$f (x) = \cos (\tan (\sqrt{x}))$

Step 1

Use $\sqrt[n]{a^{x}} = a^{\frac{x}{n}}$ to rewrite $\sqrt{x}$ as $x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [\cos (\tan (x^{\frac{1}{2}}))]$

Step 2

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = \cos (x)$ and $g (x) = \tan (x^{\frac{1}{2}})$ .

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Step 2.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u_{1}$ as $\tan (x^{\frac{1}{2}})$ .

$\frac{d}{d u_{1}} [\cos (u_{1})] \frac{d}{d x} [\tan (x^{\frac{1}{2}})]$

Step 2.2

The derivative of $\cos (u_{1})$ with respect to $u_{1}$ is $- \sin (u_{1})$ .

$- \sin (u_{1}) \frac{d}{d x} [\tan (x^{\frac{1}{2}})]$

Step 2.3

Replace all occurrences of $u_{1}$ with $\tan (x^{\frac{1}{2}})$ .

$- \sin (\tan (x^{\frac{1}{2}})) \frac{d}{d x} [\tan (x^{\frac{1}{2}})]$

Step 3

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = \tan (x)$ and $g (x) = x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

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Step 3.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u_{2}$ as $x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$- \sin (\tan (x^{\frac{1}{2}})) (\frac{d}{d u_{2}} [\tan (u_{2})] \frac{d}{d x} [x^{\frac{1}{2}}])$

Step 3.2

The derivative of $\tan (u_{2})$ with respect to $u_{2}$ is $\sec^{2} (u_{2})$ .

$- \sin (\tan (x^{\frac{1}{2}})) (\sec^{2} (u_{2}) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{\frac{1}{2}}])$

Step 3.3

Replace all occurrences of $u_{2}$ with $x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$- \sin (\tan (x^{\frac{1}{2}})) (\sec^{2} (x^{\frac{1}{2}}) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{\frac{1}{2}}])$

Step 4

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = \frac{1}{2}$ .

$- \sin (\tan (x^{\frac{1}{2}})) \sec^{2} (x^{\frac{1}{2}}) (\frac{1}{2} x^{\frac{1}{2} - 1})$

Step 5

To write $- 1$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$- \sin (\tan (x^{\frac{1}{2}})) \sec^{2} (x^{\frac{1}{2}}) (\frac{1}{2} x^{\frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot \frac{2}{2}})$

Step 6

Combine $- 1$ and $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$- \sin (\tan (x^{\frac{1}{2}})) \sec^{2} (x^{\frac{1}{2}}) (\frac{1}{2} x^{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{- 1 \cdot 2}{2}})$

Step 7

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$- \sin (\tan (x^{\frac{1}{2}})) \sec^{2} (x^{\frac{1}{2}}) (\frac{1}{2} x^{\frac{1 - 1 \cdot 2}{2}})$

Step 8

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 8.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $2$ .

$- \sin (\tan (x^{\frac{1}{2}})) \sec^{2} (x^{\frac{1}{2}}) (\frac{1}{2} x^{\frac{1 - 2}{2}})$

Step 8.2

Subtract $2$ from $1$ .

$- \sin (\tan (x^{\frac{1}{2}})) \sec^{2} (x^{\frac{1}{2}}) (\frac{1}{2} x^{\frac{- 1}{2}})$

Step 9

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$- \sin (\tan (x^{\frac{1}{2}})) \sec^{2} (x^{\frac{1}{2}}) (\frac{1}{2} x^{- \frac{1}{2}})$

Step 10

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and $x^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ .

$- \sin (\tan (x^{\frac{1}{2}})) \sec^{2} (x^{\frac{1}{2}}) \frac{x^{- \frac{1}{2}}}{2}$

Step 11

Combine $\frac{x^{- \frac{1}{2}}}{2}$ and $\sin (\tan (x^{\frac{1}{2}}))$ .

$- \frac{x^{- \frac{1}{2}} \sin (\tan (x^{\frac{1}{2}}))}{2} \sec^{2} (x^{\frac{1}{2}})$

Step 12

Combine $\sec^{2} (x^{\frac{1}{2}})$ and $\frac{x^{- \frac{1}{2}} \sin (\tan (x^{\frac{1}{2}}))}{2}$ .

$- \frac{\sec^{2} (x^{\frac{1}{2}}) (x^{- \frac{1}{2}} \sin (\tan (x^{\frac{1}{2}})))}{2}$

Step 13

Move $x^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ to the denominator using the negative exponent rule $b^{- n} = \frac{1}{b^{n}}$ .

$- \frac{\sec^{2} (x^{\frac{1}{2}}) \sin (\tan (x^{\frac{1}{2}}))}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 14

Simplify.

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Step 14.1

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 14.1.1

Rewrite $\sec (x^{\frac{1}{2}})$ in terms of sines and cosines.

$- \frac{{(\frac{1}{\cos (x^{\frac{1}{2}})})}^{2} \sin (\tan (x^{\frac{1}{2}}))}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 14.1.2

Apply the product rule to $\frac{1}{\cos (x^{\frac{1}{2}})}$ .

$- \frac{\frac{1^{2}}{\cos^{2} (x^{\frac{1}{2}})} \sin (\tan (x^{\frac{1}{2}}))}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 14.1.3

One to any power is one.

$- \frac{\frac{1}{\cos^{2} (x^{\frac{1}{2}})} \sin (\tan (x^{\frac{1}{2}}))}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 14.2

Combine $\frac{1}{\cos^{2} (x^{\frac{1}{2}})}$ and $\sin (\tan (x^{\frac{1}{2}}))$ .

$- \frac{\frac{\sin (\tan (x^{\frac{1}{2}}))}{\cos^{2} (x^{\frac{1}{2}})}}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 14.3

Multiply the numerator by the reciprocal of the denominator.

$- (\frac{\sin (\tan (x^{\frac{1}{2}}))}{\cos^{2} (x^{\frac{1}{2}})} \cdot \frac{1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}})$

Step 14.4

Combine.

$- \frac{\sin (\tan (x^{\frac{1}{2}})) \cdot 1}{\cos^{2} (x^{\frac{1}{2}}) (2 x^{\frac{1}{2}})}$

Step 14.5

Multiply $\sin (\tan (x^{\frac{1}{2}}))$ by $1$ .

$- \frac{\sin (\tan (x^{\frac{1}{2}}))}{\cos^{2} (x^{\frac{1}{2}}) (2 x^{\frac{1}{2}})}$

Step 14.6

Move $2$ to the left of $\cos^{2} (x^{\frac{1}{2}})$ .

$- \frac{\sin (\tan (x^{\frac{1}{2}}))}{2 \cdot \cos^{2} (x^{\frac{1}{2}}) x^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 14.7

Factor $\cos (x^{\frac{1}{2}})$ out of $\cos^{2} (x^{\frac{1}{2}})$ .

$- \frac{\sin (\tan (x^{\frac{1}{2}}))}{2 (\cos (x^{\frac{1}{2}}) \cos (x^{\frac{1}{2}})) x^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 14.8

Separate fractions.

$- (\frac{1}{2 (\cos (x^{\frac{1}{2}})) x^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{\sin (\tan (x^{\frac{1}{2}}))}{\cos (x^{\frac{1}{2}})})$

Step 14.9

Rewrite $\frac{\sin (\tan (x^{\frac{1}{2}}))}{\cos (x^{\frac{1}{2}})}$ as a product.

$- (\frac{1}{2 (\cos (x^{\frac{1}{2}})) x^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\sin (\tan (x^{\frac{1}{2}})) \frac{1}{\cos (x^{\frac{1}{2}})}))$

Step 14.10

Write $\sin (\tan (x^{\frac{1}{2}}))$ as a fraction with denominator $1$ .

$- (\frac{1}{2 (\cos (x^{\frac{1}{2}})) x^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{\sin (\tan (x^{\frac{1}{2}}))}{1} \cdot \frac{1}{\cos (x^{\frac{1}{2}})}))$

Step 14.11

Simplify.

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Step 14.11.1

Divide $\sin (\tan (x^{\frac{1}{2}}))$ by $1$ .

$- (\frac{1}{2 (\cos (x^{\frac{1}{2}})) x^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\sin (\tan (x^{\frac{1}{2}})) \frac{1}{\cos (x^{\frac{1}{2}})}))$

Step 14.11.2

Convert from $\frac{1}{\cos (x^{\frac{1}{2}})}$ to $\sec (x^{\frac{1}{2}})$ .

$- (\frac{1}{2 (\cos (x^{\frac{1}{2}})) x^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\sin (\tan (x^{\frac{1}{2}})) \sec (x^{\frac{1}{2}})))$

Step 14.12

Separate fractions.

$- (\frac{1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{1}{\cos (x^{\frac{1}{2}})} (\sin (\tan (x^{\frac{1}{2}})) \sec (x^{\frac{1}{2}})))$

Step 14.13

Convert from $\frac{1}{\cos (x^{\frac{1}{2}})}$ to $\sec (x^{\frac{1}{2}})$ .

$- (\frac{1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}} \sec (x^{\frac{1}{2}}) (\sin (\tan (x^{\frac{1}{2}})) \sec (x^{\frac{1}{2}})))$

Step 14.14

Combine $\frac{1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ and $\sec (x^{\frac{1}{2}})$ .

$- (\frac{\sec (x^{\frac{1}{2}})}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\sin (\tan (x^{\frac{1}{2}})) \sec (x^{\frac{1}{2}})))$

Step 14.15

Multiply $\frac{\sec (x^{\frac{1}{2}})}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\sin (\tan (x^{\frac{1}{2}})) \sec (x^{\frac{1}{2}}))$ .

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Step 14.15.1

Combine $\sin (\tan (x^{\frac{1}{2}}))$ and $\frac{\sec (x^{\frac{1}{2}})}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ .

$- (\frac{\sin (\tan (x^{\frac{1}{2}})) \sec (x^{\frac{1}{2}})}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}} \sec (x^{\frac{1}{2}}))$

Step 14.15.2

Combine $\frac{\sin (\tan (x^{\frac{1}{2}})) \sec (x^{\frac{1}{2}})}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ and $\sec (x^{\frac{1}{2}})$ .

$- \frac{\sin (\tan (x^{\frac{1}{2}})) \sec (x^{\frac{1}{2}}) \sec (x^{\frac{1}{2}})}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 14.15.3

Raise $\sec (x^{\frac{1}{2}})$ to the power of $1$ .

$- \frac{\sin (\tan (x^{\frac{1}{2}})) (\sec^{1} (x^{\frac{1}{2}}) \sec (x^{\frac{1}{2}}))}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 14.15.4

Raise $\sec (x^{\frac{1}{2}})$ to the power of $1$ .

$- \frac{\sin (\tan (x^{\frac{1}{2}})) (\sec^{1} (x^{\frac{1}{2}}) \sec^{1} (x^{\frac{1}{2}}))}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 14.15.5

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$- \frac{\sin (\tan (x^{\frac{1}{2}})) {\sec (x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{1 + 1}}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 14.15.6

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$- \frac{\sin (\tan (x^{\frac{1}{2}})) \sec^{2} (x^{\frac{1}{2}})}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}$