Calculus Examples

$f (y) = (x - 1) \sqrt{x^{2} - 2 x + 2}$

Step 1

Use $\sqrt[n]{a^{x}} = a^{\frac{x}{n}}$ to rewrite $\sqrt{x^{2} - 2 x + 2}$ as ${(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [(x - 1) {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}]$

Step 2

Differentiate using the Product Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (x) g (x)]$ is $f (x) \frac{d}{d x} [g (x)] + g (x) \frac{d}{d x} [f (x)]$ where $f (x) = x - 1$ and $g (x) = {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$(x - 1) \frac{d}{d x} [{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}] + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x - 1]$

Step 3

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ and $g (x) = x^{2} - 2 x + 2$ .

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Step 3.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u$ as $x^{2} - 2 x + 2$ .

$(x - 1) (\frac{d}{d u} [u^{\frac{1}{2}}] \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 2 x + 2]) + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x - 1]$

Step 3.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u} [u^{n}]$ is $n u^{n - 1}$ where $n = \frac{1}{2}$ .

$(x - 1) (\frac{1}{2} u^{\frac{1}{2} - 1} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 2 x + 2]) + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x - 1]$

Step 3.3

Replace all occurrences of $u$ with $x^{2} - 2 x + 2$ .

$(x - 1) (\frac{1}{2} {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 2 x + 2]) + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x - 1]$

Step 4

To write $- 1$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$(x - 1) (\frac{1}{2} {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot \frac{2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 2 x + 2]) + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x - 1]$

Step 5

Combine $- 1$ and $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$(x - 1) (\frac{1}{2} {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{- 1 \cdot 2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 2 x + 2]) + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x - 1]$

Step 6

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$(x - 1) (\frac{1}{2} {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1 - 1 \cdot 2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 2 x + 2]) + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x - 1]$

Step 7

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 7.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $2$ .

$(x - 1) (\frac{1}{2} {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1 - 2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 2 x + 2]) + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x - 1]$

Step 7.2

Subtract $2$ from $1$ .

$(x - 1) (\frac{1}{2} {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{- 1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 2 x + 2]) + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x - 1]$

Step 8

Combine fractions.

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Step 8.1

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$(x - 1) (\frac{1}{2} {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{- \frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 2 x + 2]) + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x - 1]$

Step 8.2

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and ${(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ .

$(x - 1) (\frac{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{- \frac{1}{2}}}{2} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 2 x + 2]) + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x - 1]$

Step 8.3

Move ${(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ to the denominator using the negative exponent rule $b^{- n} = \frac{1}{b^{n}}$ .

$(x - 1) (\frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 2 x + 2]) + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x - 1]$

Step 9

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $x^{2} - 2 x + 2$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2 x] + \frac{d}{d x} [2]$ .

$(x - 1) \frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2 x] + \frac{d}{d x} [2]) + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x - 1]$

Step 10

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$(x - 1) \frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 x + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2 x] + \frac{d}{d x} [2]) + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x - 1]$

Step 11

Since $- 2$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- 2 x$ with respect to $x$ is $- 2 \frac{d}{d x} [x]$ .

$(x - 1) \frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 x - 2 \frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [2]) + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x - 1]$

Step 12

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$(x - 1) \frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 x - 2 \cdot 1 + \frac{d}{d x} [2]) + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x - 1]$

Step 13

Multiply $- 2$ by $1$ .

$(x - 1) \frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 x - 2 + \frac{d}{d x} [2]) + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x - 1]$

Step 14

Since $2$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $2$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$(x - 1) \frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 x - 2 + 0) + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x - 1]$

Step 15

Add $2 x - 2$ and $0$ .

$(x - 1) \frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 x - 2) + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x - 1]$

Step 16

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $x - 1$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 1]$ .

$(x - 1) \frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 x - 2) + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (\frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 1])$

Step 17

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$(x - 1) \frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 x - 2) + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (1 + \frac{d}{d x} [- 1])$

Step 18

Since $- 1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- 1$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$(x - 1) \frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 x - 2) + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (1 + 0)$

Step 19

Simplify the expression.

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Step 19.1

Add $1$ and $0$ .

$(x - 1) \frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 x - 2) + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot 1$

Step 19.2

Multiply ${(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ by $1$ .

$(x - 1) \frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 x - 2) + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$

Step 20

Simplify.

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Step 20.1

Reorder terms.

$(2 x - 2) (x - 1) \frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$

Step 20.2

Simplify each term.

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Step 20.2.1

Expand $(2 x - 2) (x - 1)$ using the FOIL Method.

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Step 20.2.1.1

Apply the distributive property.

$(2 x (x - 1) - 2 (x - 1)) \frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$

Step 20.2.1.2

Apply the distributive property.

$(2 x \cdot x + 2 x \cdot - 1 - 2 (x - 1)) \frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$

Step 20.2.1.3

Apply the distributive property.

$(2 x \cdot x + 2 x \cdot - 1 - 2 x - 2 \cdot - 1) \frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$

Step 20.2.2

Simplify and combine like terms.

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Step 20.2.2.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 20.2.2.1.1

Multiply $x$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 20.2.2.1.1.1

Move $x$ .

$(2 (x \cdot x) + 2 x \cdot - 1 - 2 x - 2 \cdot - 1) \frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$

Step 20.2.2.1.1.2

Multiply $x$ by $x$ .

$(2 x^{2} + 2 x \cdot - 1 - 2 x - 2 \cdot - 1) \frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$

Step 20.2.2.1.2

Multiply $- 1$ by $2$ .

$(2 x^{2} - 2 x - 2 x - 2 \cdot - 1) \frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$

Step 20.2.2.1.3

Multiply $- 2$ by $- 1$ .

$(2 x^{2} - 2 x - 2 x + 2) \frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$

Step 20.2.2.2

Subtract $2 x$ from $- 2 x$ .

$(2 x^{2} - 4 x + 2) \frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$

Step 20.2.3

Multiply $2 x^{2} - 4 x + 2$ by $\frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ .

$\frac{2 x^{2} - 4 x + 2}{2 {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$

Step 20.2.4

Factor $2$ out of $2 x^{2}$ .

$\frac{2 (x^{2}) - 4 x + 2}{2 {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$

Step 20.2.5

Factor $2$ out of $- 4 x$ .

$\frac{2 (x^{2}) + 2 (- 2 x) + 2}{2 {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$

Step 20.2.6

Factor $2$ out of $2 (x^{2}) + 2 (- 2 x)$ .

$\frac{2 (x^{2} - 2 x) + 2}{2 {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$

Step 20.2.7

Factor $2$ out of $2$ .

$\frac{2 (x^{2} - 2 x) + 2 \cdot 1}{2 {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$

Step 20.2.8

Factor $2$ out of $2 (x^{2} - 2 x) + 2 (1)$ .

$\frac{2 (x^{2} - 2 x + 1)}{2 {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$

Step 20.2.9

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 20.2.9.1

Factor $2$ out of $2 {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{2 (x^{2} - 2 x + 1)}{2 ({(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}})} + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$

Step 20.2.9.2

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{2 (x^{2} - 2 x + 1)}{2 {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$

Step 20.2.9.3

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{x^{2} - 2 x + 1}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$

Step 20.2.10

Factor using the perfect square rule.

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Step 20.2.10.1

Rewrite $1$ as $1^{2}$ .

$\frac{x^{2} - 2 x + 1^{2}}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$

Step 20.2.10.2

Check that the middle term is two times the product of the numbers being squared in the first term and third term.

$2 x = 2 \cdot x \cdot 1$

Step 20.2.10.3

Rewrite the polynomial.

$\frac{x^{2} - 2 \cdot x \cdot 1 + 1^{2}}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$

Step 20.2.10.4

Factor using the perfect square trinomial rule $a^{2} - 2 a b + b^{2} = {(a - b)}^{2}$ , where $a = x$ and $b = 1$ .

$\frac{{(x - 1)}^{2}}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$

Step 20.3

To write ${(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ .

$\frac{{(x - 1)}^{2}}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + \frac{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 20.4

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{{(x - 1)}^{2} + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 20.5

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 20.5.1

Rewrite ${(x - 1)}^{2}$ as $(x - 1) (x - 1)$ .

$\frac{(x - 1) (x - 1) + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 20.5.2

Expand $(x - 1) (x - 1)$ using the FOIL Method.

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Step 20.5.2.1

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{x (x - 1) - 1 (x - 1) + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 20.5.2.2

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{x \cdot x + x \cdot - 1 - 1 (x - 1) + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 20.5.2.3

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{x \cdot x + x \cdot - 1 - 1 x - 1 \cdot - 1 + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 20.5.3

Simplify and combine like terms.

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Step 20.5.3.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 20.5.3.1.1

Multiply $x$ by $x$ .

$\frac{x^{2} + x \cdot - 1 - 1 x - 1 \cdot - 1 + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 20.5.3.1.2

Move $- 1$ to the left of $x$ .

$\frac{x^{2} - 1 \cdot x - 1 x - 1 \cdot - 1 + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 20.5.3.1.3

Rewrite $- 1 x$ as $- x$ .

$\frac{x^{2} - x - 1 x - 1 \cdot - 1 + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 20.5.3.1.4

Rewrite $- 1 x$ as $- x$ .

$\frac{x^{2} - x - x - 1 \cdot - 1 + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 20.5.3.1.5

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{x^{2} - x - x + 1 + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 20.5.3.2

Subtract $x$ from $- x$ .

$\frac{x^{2} - 2 x + 1 + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 20.5.4

Multiply ${(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ by ${(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 20.5.4.1

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{x^{2} - 2 x + 1 + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2}}}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 20.5.4.2

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{x^{2} - 2 x + 1 + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1 + 1}{2}}}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 20.5.4.3

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\frac{x^{2} - 2 x + 1 + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{2}{2}}}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 20.5.4.4

Divide $2$ by $2$ .

$\frac{x^{2} - 2 x + 1 + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{1}}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 20.5.5

Simplify ${(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{1}$ .

$\frac{x^{2} - 2 x + 1 + x^{2} - 2 x + 2}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 20.5.6

Add $x^{2}$ and $x^{2}$ .

$\frac{2 x^{2} - 2 x + 1 - 2 x + 2}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 20.5.7

Subtract $2 x$ from $- 2 x$ .

$\frac{2 x^{2} - 4 x + 1 + 2}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 20.5.8

Add $1$ and $2$ .

$\frac{2 x^{2} - 4 x + 3}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$