Calculus Examples

$f (x) = {(\frac{\cos (x)}{1 - \sin (x)})}^{2}$

Step 1

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = x^{2}$ and $g (x) = \frac{\cos (x)}{1 - \sin (x)}$ .

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Step 1.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u$ as $\frac{\cos (x)}{1 - \sin (x)}$ .

$\frac{d}{d u} [u^{2}] \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{\cos (x)}{1 - \sin (x)}]$

Step 1.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u} [u^{n}]$ is $n u^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$2 u \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{\cos (x)}{1 - \sin (x)}]$

Step 1.3

Replace all occurrences of $u$ with $\frac{\cos (x)}{1 - \sin (x)}$ .

$2 \frac{\cos (x)}{1 - \sin (x)} \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{\cos (x)}{1 - \sin (x)}]$

Step 2

Combine $2$ and $\frac{\cos (x)}{1 - \sin (x)}$ .

$\frac{2 \cos (x)}{1 - \sin (x)} \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{\cos (x)}{1 - \sin (x)}]$

Step 3

Differentiate using the Quotient Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [\frac{f (x)}{g (x)}]$ is $\frac{g (x) \frac{d}{d x} [f (x)] - f (x) \frac{d}{d x} [g (x)]}{{g (x)}^{2}}$ where $f (x) = \cos (x)$ and $g (x) = 1 - \sin (x)$ .

$\frac{2 \cos (x)}{1 - \sin (x)} \cdot \frac{(1 - \sin (x)) \frac{d}{d x} [\cos (x)] - \cos (x) \frac{d}{d x} [1 - \sin (x)]}{{(1 - \sin (x))}^{2}}$

Step 4

The derivative of $\cos (x)$ with respect to $x$ is $- \sin (x)$ .

$\frac{2 \cos (x)}{1 - \sin (x)} \cdot \frac{(1 - \sin (x)) (- \sin (x)) - \cos (x) \frac{d}{d x} [1 - \sin (x)]}{{(1 - \sin (x))}^{2}}$

Step 5

Differentiate.

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Step 5.1

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $1 - \sin (x)$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [1] + \frac{d}{d x} [- \sin (x)]$ .

$\frac{2 \cos (x)}{1 - \sin (x)} \cdot \frac{(1 - \sin (x)) (- \sin (x)) - \cos (x) (\frac{d}{d x} [1] + \frac{d}{d x} [- \sin (x)])}{{(1 - \sin (x))}^{2}}$

Step 5.2

Since $1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $1$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$\frac{2 \cos (x)}{1 - \sin (x)} \cdot \frac{(1 - \sin (x)) (- \sin (x)) - \cos (x) (0 + \frac{d}{d x} [- \sin (x)])}{{(1 - \sin (x))}^{2}}$

Step 5.3

Add $0$ and $\frac{d}{d x} [- \sin (x)]$ .

$\frac{2 \cos (x)}{1 - \sin (x)} \cdot \frac{(1 - \sin (x)) (- \sin (x)) - \cos (x) \frac{d}{d x} [- \sin (x)]}{{(1 - \sin (x))}^{2}}$

Step 5.4

Since $- 1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- \sin (x)$ with respect to $x$ is $- \frac{d}{d x} [\sin (x)]$ .

$\frac{2 \cos (x)}{1 - \sin (x)} \cdot \frac{(1 - \sin (x)) (- \sin (x)) - \cos (x) (- \frac{d}{d x} [\sin (x)])}{{(1 - \sin (x))}^{2}}$

Step 5.5

Multiply.

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Step 5.5.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{2 \cos (x)}{1 - \sin (x)} \cdot \frac{(1 - \sin (x)) (- \sin (x)) + 1 \cos (x) \frac{d}{d x} [\sin (x)]}{{(1 - \sin (x))}^{2}}$

Step 5.5.2

Multiply $\cos (x)$ by $1$ .

$\frac{2 \cos (x)}{1 - \sin (x)} \cdot \frac{(1 - \sin (x)) (- \sin (x)) + \cos (x) \frac{d}{d x} [\sin (x)]}{{(1 - \sin (x))}^{2}}$

Step 6

The derivative of $\sin (x)$ with respect to $x$ is $\cos (x)$ .

$\frac{2 \cos (x)}{1 - \sin (x)} \cdot \frac{(1 - \sin (x)) (- \sin (x)) + \cos (x) \cos (x)}{{(1 - \sin (x))}^{2}}$

Step 7

Raise $\cos (x)$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{2 \cos (x)}{1 - \sin (x)} \cdot \frac{(1 - \sin (x)) (- \sin (x)) + \cos^{1} (x) \cos (x)}{{(1 - \sin (x))}^{2}}$

Step 8

Raise $\cos (x)$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{2 \cos (x)}{1 - \sin (x)} \cdot \frac{(1 - \sin (x)) (- \sin (x)) + \cos^{1} (x) \cos^{1} (x)}{{(1 - \sin (x))}^{2}}$

Step 9

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{2 \cos (x)}{1 - \sin (x)} \cdot \frac{(1 - \sin (x)) (- \sin (x)) + {\cos (x)}^{1 + 1}}{{(1 - \sin (x))}^{2}}$

Step 10

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\frac{2 \cos (x)}{1 - \sin (x)} \cdot \frac{(1 - \sin (x)) (- \sin (x)) + \cos^{2} (x)}{{(1 - \sin (x))}^{2}}$

Step 11

Multiply $\frac{2 \cos (x)}{1 - \sin (x)}$ by $\frac{(1 - \sin (x)) (- \sin (x)) + \cos^{2} (x)}{{(1 - \sin (x))}^{2}}$ .

$\frac{2 \cos (x) ((1 - \sin (x)) (- \sin (x)) + \cos^{2} (x))}{(1 - \sin (x)) {(1 - \sin (x))}^{2}}$

Step 12

Multiply $1 - \sin (x)$ by ${(1 - \sin (x))}^{2}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 12.1

Multiply $1 - \sin (x)$ by ${(1 - \sin (x))}^{2}$ .

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Step 12.1.1

Raise $1 - \sin (x)$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{2 \cos (x) ((1 - \sin (x)) (- \sin (x)) + \cos^{2} (x))}{{(1 - \sin (x))}^{1} {(1 - \sin (x))}^{2}}$

Step 12.1.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{2 \cos (x) ((1 - \sin (x)) (- \sin (x)) + \cos^{2} (x))}{{(1 - \sin (x))}^{1 + 2}}$

Step 12.2

Add $1$ and $2$ .

$\frac{2 \cos (x) ((1 - \sin (x)) (- \sin (x)) + \cos^{2} (x))}{{(1 - \sin (x))}^{3}}$

Step 13

Simplify.

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Step 13.1

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{2 \cos (x) (1 (- \sin (x)) - \sin (x) (- \sin (x)) + \cos^{2} (x))}{{(1 - \sin (x))}^{3}}$

Step 13.2

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{2 \cos (x) (1 (- \sin (x))) + 2 \cos (x) (- \sin (x) (- \sin (x))) + 2 \cos (x) \cos^{2} (x)}{{(1 - \sin (x))}^{3}}$

Step 13.3

Simplify each term.

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Step 13.3.1

Reorder $2 \cos (x)$ and $1 (- \sin (x))$ .

$\frac{1 (- \sin (x)) (2 \cos (x)) + 2 \cos (x) (- \sin (x) (- \sin (x))) + 2 \cos (x) \cos^{2} (x)}{{(1 - \sin (x))}^{3}}$

Step 13.3.2

Move parentheses.

$\frac{1 (- \sin (x) (2 \cos (x))) + 2 \cos (x) (- \sin (x) (- \sin (x))) + 2 \cos (x) \cos^{2} (x)}{{(1 - \sin (x))}^{3}}$

Step 13.3.3

Add parentheses.

$\frac{1 (- (\sin (x) (2 \cos (x)))) + 2 \cos (x) (- \sin (x) (- \sin (x))) + 2 \cos (x) \cos^{2} (x)}{{(1 - \sin (x))}^{3}}$

Step 13.3.4

Reorder $\sin (x)$ and $2$ .

$\frac{1 (- (2 \cdot \sin (x) \cos (x))) + 2 \cos (x) (- \sin (x) (- \sin (x))) + 2 \cos (x) \cos^{2} (x)}{{(1 - \sin (x))}^{3}}$

Step 13.3.5

Apply the sine double-angle identity.

$\frac{1 (- \sin (2 x)) + 2 \cos (x) (- \sin (x) (- \sin (x))) + 2 \cos (x) \cos^{2} (x)}{{(1 - \sin (x))}^{3}}$

Step 13.3.6

Multiply $- \sin (2 x)$ by $1$ .

$\frac{- \sin (2 x) + 2 \cos (x) (- \sin (x) (- \sin (x))) + 2 \cos (x) \cos^{2} (x)}{{(1 - \sin (x))}^{3}}$

Step 13.3.7

Move parentheses.

$\frac{- \sin (2 x) + 2 \cos (x) (- \sin (x)) (- \sin (x)) + 2 \cos (x) \cos^{2} (x)}{{(1 - \sin (x))}^{3}}$

Step 13.3.8

Reorder $2 \cos (x)$ and $- \sin (x)$ .

$\frac{- \sin (2 x) - \sin (x) (2 \cos (x)) (- \sin (x)) + 2 \cos (x) \cos^{2} (x)}{{(1 - \sin (x))}^{3}}$

Step 13.3.9

Add parentheses.

$\frac{- \sin (2 x) - (\sin (x) (2 \cos (x))) (- \sin (x)) + 2 \cos (x) \cos^{2} (x)}{{(1 - \sin (x))}^{3}}$

Step 13.3.10

Reorder $\sin (x)$ and $2$ .

$\frac{- \sin (2 x) - (2 \cdot \sin (x) \cos (x)) (- \sin (x)) + 2 \cos (x) \cos^{2} (x)}{{(1 - \sin (x))}^{3}}$

Step 13.3.11

Apply the sine double-angle identity.

$\frac{- \sin (2 x) - \sin (2 x) (- \sin (x)) + 2 \cos (x) \cos^{2} (x)}{{(1 - \sin (x))}^{3}}$

Step 13.3.12

Multiply $- \sin (2 x) (- \sin (x))$ .

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Step 13.3.12.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{- \sin (2 x) + 1 \sin (2 x) \sin (x) + 2 \cos (x) \cos^{2} (x)}{{(1 - \sin (x))}^{3}}$

Step 13.3.12.2

Multiply $\sin (2 x)$ by $1$ .

$\frac{- \sin (2 x) + \sin (2 x) \sin (x) + 2 \cos (x) \cos^{2} (x)}{{(1 - \sin (x))}^{3}}$

Step 13.3.13

Multiply $\cos (x)$ by $\cos^{2} (x)$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 13.3.13.1

Move $\cos^{2} (x)$ .

$\frac{- \sin (2 x) + \sin (2 x) \sin (x) + 2 (\cos^{2} (x) \cos (x))}{{(1 - \sin (x))}^{3}}$

Step 13.3.13.2

Multiply $\cos^{2} (x)$ by $\cos (x)$ .

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Step 13.3.13.2.1

Raise $\cos (x)$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{- \sin (2 x) + \sin (2 x) \sin (x) + 2 (\cos^{2} (x) \cos^{1} (x))}{{(1 - \sin (x))}^{3}}$

Step 13.3.13.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{- \sin (2 x) + \sin (2 x) \sin (x) + 2 {\cos (x)}^{2 + 1}}{{(1 - \sin (x))}^{3}}$

Step 13.3.13.3

Add $2$ and $1$ .

$\frac{- \sin (2 x) + \sin (2 x) \sin (x) + 2 \cos^{3} (x)}{{(1 - \sin (x))}^{3}}$

Step 13.4

Reorder terms.

$\frac{\sin (x) \sin (2 x) - \sin (2 x) + 2 \cos^{3} (x)}{{(1 - \sin (x))}^{3}}$