Calculus Examples

$f (x) = x \sqrt{x^{2} - 4 x + 8} - 2 \sqrt{x^{2} - 4 x + 8}$

Step 1

Find the first derivative of the function.

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Step 1.1

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $x \sqrt{x^{2} - 4 x + 8} - 2 \sqrt{x^{2} - 4 x + 8}$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [x \sqrt{x^{2} - 4 x + 8}] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2 \sqrt{x^{2} - 4 x + 8}]$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [x \sqrt{x^{2} - 4 x + 8}] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2 \sqrt{x^{2} - 4 x + 8}]$

Step 1.2

Evaluate $\frac{d}{d x} [x \sqrt{x^{2} - 4 x + 8}]$ .

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Step 1.2.1

Use $\sqrt[n]{a^{x}} = a^{\frac{x}{n}}$ to rewrite $\sqrt{x^{2} - 4 x + 8}$ as ${(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [x {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2 \sqrt{x^{2} - 4 x + 8}]$

Step 1.2.2

Differentiate using the Product Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (x) g (x)]$ is $f (x) \frac{d}{d x} [g (x)] + g (x) \frac{d}{d x} [f (x)]$ where $f (x) = x$ and $g (x) = {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$x \frac{d}{d x} [{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}] + {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2 \sqrt{x^{2} - 4 x + 8}]$

Step 1.2.3

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ and $g (x) = x^{2} - 4 x + 8$ .

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Step 1.2.3.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u_{1}$ as $x^{2} - 4 x + 8$ .

$x (\frac{d}{d u_{1}} [{u_{1}}^{\frac{1}{2}}] \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 4 x + 8]) + {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2 \sqrt{x^{2} - 4 x + 8}]$

Step 1.2.3.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u_{1}} [{u_{1}}^{n}]$ is $n {u_{1}}^{n - 1}$ where $n = \frac{1}{2}$ .

$x (\frac{1}{2} {u_{1}}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 4 x + 8]) + {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2 \sqrt{x^{2} - 4 x + 8}]$

Step 1.2.3.3

Replace all occurrences of $u_{1}$ with $x^{2} - 4 x + 8$ .

$x (\frac{1}{2} {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 4 x + 8]) + {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2 \sqrt{x^{2} - 4 x + 8}]$

Step 1.2.4

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $x^{2} - 4 x + 8$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 4 x] + \frac{d}{d x} [8]$ .

$x (\frac{1}{2} {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1} (\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 4 x] + \frac{d}{d x} [8])) + {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2 \sqrt{x^{2} - 4 x + 8}]$

Step 1.2.5

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$x (\frac{1}{2} {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1} (2 x + \frac{d}{d x} [- 4 x] + \frac{d}{d x} [8])) + {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2 \sqrt{x^{2} - 4 x + 8}]$

Step 1.2.6

Since $- 4$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- 4 x$ with respect to $x$ is $- 4 \frac{d}{d x} [x]$ .

$x (\frac{1}{2} {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1} (2 x - 4 \frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [8])) + {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2 \sqrt{x^{2} - 4 x + 8}]$

Step 1.2.7

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$x (\frac{1}{2} {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1} (2 x - 4 \cdot 1 + \frac{d}{d x} [8])) + {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2 \sqrt{x^{2} - 4 x + 8}]$

Step 1.2.8

Since $8$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $8$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$x (\frac{1}{2} {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1} (2 x - 4 \cdot 1 + 0)) + {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2 \sqrt{x^{2} - 4 x + 8}]$

Step 1.2.9

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$x (\frac{1}{2} {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1} (2 x - 4 \cdot 1 + 0)) + {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot 1 + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2 \sqrt{x^{2} - 4 x + 8}]$

Step 1.2.10

To write $- 1$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$x (\frac{1}{2} {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot \frac{2}{2}} (2 x - 4 \cdot 1 + 0)) + {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot 1 + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2 \sqrt{x^{2} - 4 x + 8}]$

Step 1.2.11

Combine $- 1$ and $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$x (\frac{1}{2} {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{- 1 \cdot 2}{2}} (2 x - 4 \cdot 1 + 0)) + {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot 1 + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2 \sqrt{x^{2} - 4 x + 8}]$

Step 1.2.12

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$x (\frac{1}{2} {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1 - 1 \cdot 2}{2}} (2 x - 4 \cdot 1 + 0)) + {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot 1 + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2 \sqrt{x^{2} - 4 x + 8}]$

Step 1.2.13

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 1.2.13.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $2$ .

$x (\frac{1}{2} {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1 - 2}{2}} (2 x - 4 \cdot 1 + 0)) + {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot 1 + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2 \sqrt{x^{2} - 4 x + 8}]$

Step 1.2.13.2

Subtract $2$ from $1$ .

$x (\frac{1}{2} {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{- 1}{2}} (2 x - 4 \cdot 1 + 0)) + {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot 1 + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2 \sqrt{x^{2} - 4 x + 8}]$

Step 1.2.14

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$x (\frac{1}{2} {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{- \frac{1}{2}} (2 x - 4 \cdot 1 + 0)) + {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot 1 + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2 \sqrt{x^{2} - 4 x + 8}]$

Step 1.2.15

Multiply $- 4$ by $1$ .

$x (\frac{1}{2} {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{- \frac{1}{2}} (2 x - 4 + 0)) + {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot 1 + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2 \sqrt{x^{2} - 4 x + 8}]$

Step 1.2.16

Add $2 x - 4$ and $0$ .

$x (\frac{1}{2} {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{- \frac{1}{2}} (2 x - 4)) + {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot 1 + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2 \sqrt{x^{2} - 4 x + 8}]$

Step 1.2.17

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and ${(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ .

$x (\frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{- \frac{1}{2}}}{2} (2 x - 4)) + {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot 1 + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2 \sqrt{x^{2} - 4 x + 8}]$

Step 1.2.18

Move ${(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ to the denominator using the negative exponent rule $b^{- n} = \frac{1}{b^{n}}$ .

$x (\frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 x - 4)) + {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot 1 + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2 \sqrt{x^{2} - 4 x + 8}]$

Step 1.2.19

Combine $\frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ and $x$ .

$\frac{x}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 x - 4) + {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot 1 + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2 \sqrt{x^{2} - 4 x + 8}]$

Step 1.2.20

Multiply ${(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ by $1$ .

$\frac{x}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 x - 4) + {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2 \sqrt{x^{2} - 4 x + 8}]$

Step 1.3

Evaluate $\frac{d}{d x} [- 2 \sqrt{x^{2} - 4 x + 8}]$ .

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Step 1.3.1

Use $\sqrt[n]{a^{x}} = a^{\frac{x}{n}}$ to rewrite $\sqrt{x^{2} - 4 x + 8}$ as ${(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{x}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 x - 4) + {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}]$

Step 1.3.2

Since $- 2$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- 2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ with respect to $x$ is $- 2 \frac{d}{d x} [{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}]$ .

$\frac{x}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 x - 4) + {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} - 2 \frac{d}{d x} [{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}]$

Step 1.3.3

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ and $g (x) = x^{2} - 4 x + 8$ .

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Step 1.3.3.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u_{2}$ as $x^{2} - 4 x + 8$ .

$\frac{x}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 x - 4) + {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} - 2 (\frac{d}{d u_{2}} [{u_{2}}^{\frac{1}{2}}] \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 4 x + 8])$

Step 1.3.3.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u_{2}} [{u_{2}}^{n}]$ is $n {u_{2}}^{n - 1}$ where $n = \frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{x}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 x - 4) + {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} - 2 (\frac{1}{2} {u_{2}}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 4 x + 8])$

Step 1.3.3.3

Replace all occurrences of $u_{2}$ with $x^{2} - 4 x + 8$ .

$\frac{x}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 x - 4) + {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} - 2 (\frac{1}{2} {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 4 x + 8])$

Step 1.3.4

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $x^{2} - 4 x + 8$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 4 x] + \frac{d}{d x} [8]$ .

$\frac{x}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 x - 4) + {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} - 2 (\frac{1}{2} {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1} (\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 4 x] + \frac{d}{d x} [8]))$

Step 1.3.5

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$\frac{x}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 x - 4) + {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} - 2 (\frac{1}{2} {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1} (2 x + \frac{d}{d x} [- 4 x] + \frac{d}{d x} [8]))$

Step 1.3.6

Since $- 4$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- 4 x$ with respect to $x$ is $- 4 \frac{d}{d x} [x]$ .

$\frac{x}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 x - 4) + {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} - 2 (\frac{1}{2} {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1} (2 x - 4 \frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [8]))$

Step 1.3.7

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$\frac{x}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 x - 4) + {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} - 2 (\frac{1}{2} {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1} (2 x - 4 \cdot 1 + \frac{d}{d x} [8]))$

Step 1.3.8

Since $8$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $8$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$\frac{x}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 x - 4) + {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} - 2 (\frac{1}{2} {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1} (2 x - 4 \cdot 1 + 0))$

Step 1.3.9

To write $- 1$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$\frac{x}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 x - 4) + {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} - 2 (\frac{1}{2} {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot \frac{2}{2}} (2 x - 4 \cdot 1 + 0))$

Step 1.3.10

Combine $- 1$ and $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$\frac{x}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 x - 4) + {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} - 2 (\frac{1}{2} {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{- 1 \cdot 2}{2}} (2 x - 4 \cdot 1 + 0))$

Step 1.3.11

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{x}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 x - 4) + {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} - 2 (\frac{1}{2} {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1 - 1 \cdot 2}{2}} (2 x - 4 \cdot 1 + 0))$

Step 1.3.12

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 1.3.12.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $2$ .

$\frac{x}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 x - 4) + {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} - 2 (\frac{1}{2} {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1 - 2}{2}} (2 x - 4 \cdot 1 + 0))$

Step 1.3.12.2

Subtract $2$ from $1$ .

$\frac{x}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 x - 4) + {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} - 2 (\frac{1}{2} {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{- 1}{2}} (2 x - 4 \cdot 1 + 0))$

Step 1.3.13

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$\frac{x}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 x - 4) + {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} - 2 (\frac{1}{2} {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{- \frac{1}{2}} (2 x - 4 \cdot 1 + 0))$

Step 1.3.14

Multiply $- 4$ by $1$ .

$\frac{x}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 x - 4) + {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} - 2 (\frac{1}{2} {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{- \frac{1}{2}} (2 x - 4 + 0))$

Step 1.3.15

Add $2 x - 4$ and $0$ .

$\frac{x}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 x - 4) + {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} - 2 (\frac{1}{2} {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{- \frac{1}{2}} (2 x - 4))$

Step 1.3.16

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and ${(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{x}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 x - 4) + {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} - 2 (\frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{- \frac{1}{2}}}{2} (2 x - 4))$

Step 1.3.17

Move ${(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ to the denominator using the negative exponent rule $b^{- n} = \frac{1}{b^{n}}$ .

$\frac{x}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 x - 4) + {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} - 2 (\frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 x - 4))$

Step 1.3.18

Combine $\frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ and $- 2$ .

$\frac{x}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 x - 4) + {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} + \frac{- 2}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 x - 4)$

Step 1.3.19

Factor $2$ out of $- 2$ .

$\frac{x}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 x - 4) + {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} + \frac{2 \cdot - 1}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 x - 4)$

Step 1.3.20

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 1.3.20.1

Factor $2$ out of $2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{x}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 x - 4) + {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} + \frac{2 \cdot - 1}{2 ({(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}})} (2 x - 4)$

Step 1.3.20.2

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{x}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 x - 4) + {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} + \frac{2 \cdot - 1}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 x - 4)$

Step 1.3.20.3

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{x}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 x - 4) + {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} + \frac{- 1}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 x - 4)$

Step 1.3.21

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$\frac{x}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 x - 4) + {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} - \frac{1}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 x - 4)$

Step 1.4

Simplify.

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Step 1.4.1

Reorder terms.

$(2 x - 4) \frac{x}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} - (2 x - 4) \frac{1}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$

Step 1.4.2

Simplify each term.

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Step 1.4.2.1

Multiply $2 x - 4$ by $\frac{x}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ .

$\frac{(2 x - 4) x}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} - (2 x - 4) \frac{1}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$

Step 1.4.2.2

Factor $2$ out of $(2 x - 4) x$ .

$\frac{2 ((x - 2) x)}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} - (2 x - 4) \frac{1}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$

Step 1.4.2.3

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 1.4.2.3.1

Factor $2$ out of $2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{2 ((x - 2) x)}{2 ({(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}})} - (2 x - 4) \frac{1}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$

Step 1.4.2.3.2

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{2 ((x - 2) x)}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} - (2 x - 4) \frac{1}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$

Step 1.4.2.3.3

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{(x - 2) x}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} - (2 x - 4) \frac{1}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$

Step 1.4.2.4

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{(x - 2) x}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + (- (2 x) - - 4) \frac{1}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$

Step 1.4.2.5

Multiply $2$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{(x - 2) x}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + (- 2 x - - 4) \frac{1}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$

Step 1.4.2.6

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 4$ .

$\frac{(x - 2) x}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + (- 2 x + 4) \frac{1}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$

Step 1.4.2.7

Multiply $- 2 x + 4$ by $\frac{1}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ .

$\frac{(x - 2) x}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + \frac{- 2 x + 4}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$

Step 1.4.2.8

Factor $2$ out of $- 2 x + 4$ .

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Step 1.4.2.8.1

Factor $2$ out of $- 2 x$ .

$\frac{(x - 2) x}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + \frac{2 (- x) + 4}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$

Step 1.4.2.8.2

Factor $2$ out of $4$ .

$\frac{(x - 2) x}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + \frac{2 (- x) + 2 (2)}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$

Step 1.4.2.8.3

Factor $2$ out of $2 (- x) + 2 (2)$ .

$\frac{(x - 2) x}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + \frac{2 (- x + 2)}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$

Step 1.4.3

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

${(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} + \frac{(x - 2) x + 2 (- x + 2)}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 1.4.4

Simplify each term.

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Step 1.4.4.1

Apply the distributive property.

${(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} + \frac{x \cdot x - 2 x + 2 (- x + 2)}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 1.4.4.2

Multiply $x$ by $x$ .

${(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} + \frac{x^{2} - 2 x + 2 (- x + 2)}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 1.4.4.3

Apply the distributive property.

${(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} + \frac{x^{2} - 2 x + 2 (- x) + 2 \cdot 2}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 1.4.4.4

Multiply $- 1$ by $2$ .

${(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} + \frac{x^{2} - 2 x - 2 x + 2 \cdot 2}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 1.4.4.5

Multiply $2$ by $2$ .

${(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} + \frac{x^{2} - 2 x - 2 x + 4}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 1.4.5

Subtract $2 x$ from $- 2 x$ .

${(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} + \frac{x^{2} - 4 x + 4}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 1.4.6

Factor using the perfect square rule.

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Step 1.4.6.1

Rewrite $4$ as $2^{2}$ .

${(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} + \frac{x^{2} - 4 x + 2^{2}}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 1.4.6.2

Check that the middle term is two times the product of the numbers being squared in the first term and third term.

$4 x = 2 \cdot x \cdot 2$

Step 1.4.6.3

Rewrite the polynomial.

${(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} + \frac{x^{2} - 2 \cdot x \cdot 2 + 2^{2}}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 1.4.6.4

Factor using the perfect square trinomial rule $a^{2} - 2 a b + b^{2} = {(a - b)}^{2}$ , where $a = x$ and $b = 2$ .

${(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} + \frac{{(x - 2)}^{2}}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 1.4.7

To write ${(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ .

$\frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + \frac{{(x - 2)}^{2}}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 1.4.8

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} + {(x - 2)}^{2}}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 1.4.9

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 1.4.9.1

Multiply ${(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ by ${(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 1.4.9.1.1

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2}} + {(x - 2)}^{2}}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 1.4.9.1.2

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1 + 1}{2}} + {(x - 2)}^{2}}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 1.4.9.1.3

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{2}{2}} + {(x - 2)}^{2}}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 1.4.9.1.4

Divide $2$ by $2$ .

$\frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{1} + {(x - 2)}^{2}}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 1.4.9.2

Simplify ${(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{1}$ .

$\frac{x^{2} - 4 x + 8 + {(x - 2)}^{2}}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 1.4.9.3

Rewrite ${(x - 2)}^{2}$ as $(x - 2) (x - 2)$ .

$\frac{x^{2} - 4 x + 8 + (x - 2) (x - 2)}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 1.4.9.4

Expand $(x - 2) (x - 2)$ using the FOIL Method.

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Step 1.4.9.4.1

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{x^{2} - 4 x + 8 + x (x - 2) - 2 (x - 2)}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 1.4.9.4.2

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{x^{2} - 4 x + 8 + x \cdot x + x \cdot - 2 - 2 (x - 2)}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 1.4.9.4.3

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{x^{2} - 4 x + 8 + x \cdot x + x \cdot - 2 - 2 x - 2 \cdot - 2}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 1.4.9.5

Simplify and combine like terms.

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Step 1.4.9.5.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 1.4.9.5.1.1

Multiply $x$ by $x$ .

$\frac{x^{2} - 4 x + 8 + x^{2} + x \cdot - 2 - 2 x - 2 \cdot - 2}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 1.4.9.5.1.2

Move $- 2$ to the left of $x$ .

$\frac{x^{2} - 4 x + 8 + x^{2} - 2 \cdot x - 2 x - 2 \cdot - 2}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 1.4.9.5.1.3

Multiply $- 2$ by $- 2$ .

$\frac{x^{2} - 4 x + 8 + x^{2} - 2 x - 2 x + 4}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 1.4.9.5.2

Subtract $2 x$ from $- 2 x$ .

$\frac{x^{2} - 4 x + 8 + x^{2} - 4 x + 4}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 1.4.9.6

Add $x^{2}$ and $x^{2}$ .

$\frac{2 x^{2} - 4 x + 8 - 4 x + 4}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 1.4.9.7

Subtract $4 x$ from $- 4 x$ .

$\frac{2 x^{2} - 8 x + 8 + 4}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 1.4.9.8

Add $8$ and $4$ .

$\frac{2 x^{2} - 8 x + 12}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 1.4.9.9

Factor $2$ out of $2 x^{2} - 8 x + 12$ .

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Step 1.4.9.9.1

Factor $2$ out of $2 x^{2}$ .

$\frac{2 (x^{2}) - 8 x + 12}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 1.4.9.9.2

Factor $2$ out of $- 8 x$ .

$\frac{2 (x^{2}) + 2 (- 4 x) + 12}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 1.4.9.9.3

Factor $2$ out of $12$ .

$\frac{2 x^{2} + 2 (- 4 x) + 2 \cdot 6}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 1.4.9.9.4

Factor $2$ out of $2 x^{2} + 2 (- 4 x)$ .

$\frac{2 (x^{2} - 4 x) + 2 \cdot 6}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 1.4.9.9.5

Factor $2$ out of $2 (x^{2} - 4 x) + 2 \cdot 6$ .

$\frac{2 (x^{2} - 4 x + 6)}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 2

Find the second derivative of the function.

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Step 2.1

Since $2$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $\frac{2 (x^{2} - 4 x + 6)}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ with respect to $x$ is $2 \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{x^{2} - 4 x + 6}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}]$ .

$f'' (x) = 2 \frac{d}{d x} (\frac{x^{2} - 4 x + 6}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}})$

Step 2.2

Differentiate using the Quotient Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [\frac{f (x)}{g (x)}]$ is $\frac{g (x) \frac{d}{d x} [f (x)] - f (x) \frac{d}{d x} [g (x)]}{{g (x)}^{2}}$ where $f (x) = x^{2} - 4 x + 6$ and $g (x) = {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$f'' (x) = 2 (\frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} (x^{2} - 4 x + 6) - (x^{2} - 4 x + 6) \frac{d}{d x} {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{({(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}})$

Step 2.3

Multiply the exponents in ${({(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}$ .

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Step 2.3.1

Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, ${(a^{m})}^{n} = a^{m n}$ .

$f'' (x) = 2 (\frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} (x^{2} - 4 x + 6) - (x^{2} - 4 x + 6) \frac{d}{d x} {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2} \cdot 2}})$

Step 2.3.2

Cancel the common factor of $2$ .

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Step 2.3.2.1

Cancel the common factor.

$f'' (x) = 2 (\frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} (x^{2} - 4 x + 6) - (x^{2} - 4 x + 6) \frac{d}{d x} {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2} \cdot 2}})$

Step 2.3.2.2

Rewrite the expression.

$f'' (x) = 2 (\frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} (x^{2} - 4 x + 6) - (x^{2} - 4 x + 6) \frac{d}{d x} {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{x^{2} - 4 x + 8})$

Step 2.4

Simplify.

$f'' (x) = 2 (\frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} (x^{2} - 4 x + 6) - (x^{2} - 4 x + 6) \frac{d}{d x} {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{x^{2} - 4 x + 8})$

Step 2.5

Differentiate.

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Step 2.5.1

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $x^{2} - 4 x + 6$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 4 x] + \frac{d}{d x} [6]$ .

$f'' (x) = 2 (\frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (\frac{d}{d x} (x^{2}) + \frac{d}{d x} (- 4 x) + \frac{d}{d x} (6)) - (x^{2} - 4 x + 6) \frac{d}{d x} {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{x^{2} - 4 x + 8})$

Step 2.5.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$f'' (x) = 2 (\frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (2 x + \frac{d}{d x} (- 4 x) + \frac{d}{d x} (6)) - (x^{2} - 4 x + 6) \frac{d}{d x} {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{x^{2} - 4 x + 8})$

Step 2.5.3

Since $- 4$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- 4 x$ with respect to $x$ is $- 4 \frac{d}{d x} [x]$ .

$f'' (x) = 2 (\frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (2 x - 4 \frac{d}{d x} x + \frac{d}{d x} (6)) - (x^{2} - 4 x + 6) \frac{d}{d x} {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{x^{2} - 4 x + 8})$

Step 2.5.4

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$f'' (x) = 2 (\frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (2 x - 4 \cdot 1 + \frac{d}{d x} (6)) - (x^{2} - 4 x + 6) \frac{d}{d x} {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{x^{2} - 4 x + 8})$

Step 2.5.5

Multiply $- 4$ by $1$ .

$f'' (x) = 2 (\frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (2 x - 4 + \frac{d}{d x} (6)) - (x^{2} - 4 x + 6) \frac{d}{d x} {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{x^{2} - 4 x + 8})$

Step 2.5.6

Since $6$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $6$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$f'' (x) = 2 (\frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (2 x - 4 + 0) - (x^{2} - 4 x + 6) \frac{d}{d x} {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{x^{2} - 4 x + 8})$

Step 2.5.7

Add $2 x - 4$ and $0$ .

$f'' (x) = 2 (\frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (2 x - 4) - (x^{2} - 4 x + 6) \frac{d}{d x} {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{x^{2} - 4 x + 8})$

Step 2.6

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ and $g (x) = x^{2} - 4 x + 8$ .

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Step 2.6.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u$ as $x^{2} - 4 x + 8$ .

$f'' (x) = 2 (\frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (2 x - 4) - (x^{2} - 4 x + 6) (\frac{d}{d u} (u^{\frac{1}{2}}) \frac{d}{d x} (x^{2} - 4 x + 8))}{x^{2} - 4 x + 8})$

Step 2.6.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u} [u^{n}]$ is $n u^{n - 1}$ where $n = \frac{1}{2}$ .

$f'' (x) = 2 (\frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (2 x - 4) - (x^{2} - 4 x + 6) (\frac{1}{2} u^{\frac{1}{2} - 1} \frac{d}{d x} (x^{2} - 4 x + 8))}{x^{2} - 4 x + 8})$

Step 2.6.3

Replace all occurrences of $u$ with $x^{2} - 4 x + 8$ .

$f'' (x) = 2 (\frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (2 x - 4) - (x^{2} - 4 x + 6) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1} \frac{d}{d x} (x^{2} - 4 x + 8))}{x^{2} - 4 x + 8})$

Step 2.7

To write $- 1$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$f'' (x) = 2 (\frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (2 x - 4) - (x^{2} - 4 x + 6) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot \frac{2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} (x^{2} - 4 x + 8))}{x^{2} - 4 x + 8})$

Step 2.8

Combine $- 1$ and $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$f'' (x) = 2 (\frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (2 x - 4) - (x^{2} - 4 x + 6) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{- 1 \cdot 2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} (x^{2} - 4 x + 8))}{x^{2} - 4 x + 8})$

Step 2.9

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$f'' (x) = 2 (\frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (2 x - 4) - (x^{2} - 4 x + 6) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1 - 1 \cdot 2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} (x^{2} - 4 x + 8))}{x^{2} - 4 x + 8})$

Step 2.10

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 2.10.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $2$ .

$f'' (x) = 2 (\frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (2 x - 4) - (x^{2} - 4 x + 6) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1 - 2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} (x^{2} - 4 x + 8))}{x^{2} - 4 x + 8})$

Step 2.10.2

Subtract $2$ from $1$ .

$f'' (x) = 2 (\frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (2 x - 4) - (x^{2} - 4 x + 6) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{- 1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} (x^{2} - 4 x + 8))}{x^{2} - 4 x + 8})$

Step 2.11

Combine fractions.

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Step 2.11.1

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$f'' (x) = 2 (\frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (2 x - 4) - (x^{2} - 4 x + 6) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{- \frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} (x^{2} - 4 x + 8))}{x^{2} - 4 x + 8})$

Step 2.11.2

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and ${(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ .

$f'' (x) = 2 (\frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (2 x - 4) - (x^{2} - 4 x + 6) (\frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{- \frac{1}{2}}}{2} \cdot \frac{d}{d x} (x^{2} - 4 x + 8))}{x^{2} - 4 x + 8})$

Step 2.11.3

Move ${(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ to the denominator using the negative exponent rule $b^{- n} = \frac{1}{b^{n}}$ .

$f'' (x) = 2 (\frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (2 x - 4) - (x^{2} - 4 x + 6) (\frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{d}{d x} (x^{2} - 4 x + 8))}{x^{2} - 4 x + 8})$

Step 2.12

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $x^{2} - 4 x + 8$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 4 x] + \frac{d}{d x} [8]$ .

$f'' (x) = 2 (\frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (2 x - 4) - (x^{2} - 4 x + 6) (\frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot (\frac{d}{d x} (x^{2}) + \frac{d}{d x} (- 4 x) + \frac{d}{d x} (8)))}{x^{2} - 4 x + 8})$

Step 2.13

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$f'' (x) = 2 (\frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (2 x - 4) - (x^{2} - 4 x + 6) (\frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot (2 x + \frac{d}{d x} (- 4 x) + \frac{d}{d x} (8)))}{x^{2} - 4 x + 8})$

Step 2.14

Since $- 4$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- 4 x$ with respect to $x$ is $- 4 \frac{d}{d x} [x]$ .

$f'' (x) = 2 (\frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (2 x - 4) - (x^{2} - 4 x + 6) (\frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot (2 x - 4 \frac{d}{d x} x + \frac{d}{d x} (8)))}{x^{2} - 4 x + 8})$

Step 2.15

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$f'' (x) = 2 (\frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (2 x - 4) - (x^{2} - 4 x + 6) (\frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot (2 x - 4 \cdot 1 + \frac{d}{d x} (8)))}{x^{2} - 4 x + 8})$

Step 2.16

Multiply $- 4$ by $1$ .

$f'' (x) = 2 (\frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (2 x - 4) - (x^{2} - 4 x + 6) (\frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot (2 x - 4 + \frac{d}{d x} (8)))}{x^{2} - 4 x + 8})$

Step 2.17

Since $8$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $8$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$f'' (x) = 2 (\frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (2 x - 4) - (x^{2} - 4 x + 6) (\frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot (2 x - 4 + 0))}{x^{2} - 4 x + 8})$

Step 2.18

Combine fractions.

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Step 2.18.1

Add $2 x - 4$ and $0$ .

$f'' (x) = 2 (\frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (2 x - 4) - (x^{2} - 4 x + 6) (\frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot (2 x - 4))}{x^{2} - 4 x + 8})$

Step 2.18.2

Combine $2$ and $\frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (2 x - 4) - (x^{2} - 4 x + 6) (\frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 x - 4))}{x^{2} - 4 x + 8}$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{2 ({(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (2 x - 4) - (x^{2} - 4 x + 6) (\frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot (2 x - 4)))}{x^{2} - 4 x + 8}$

Step 2.19

Simplify.

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Step 2.19.1

Apply the distributive property.

$f'' (x) = \frac{2 ({(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (2 x - 4) + (- x^{2} - (- 4 x) - 1 \cdot 6) (\frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot (2 x - 4)))}{x^{2} - 4 x + 8}$

Step 2.19.2

Apply the distributive property.

$f'' (x) = \frac{2 ({(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (2 x - 4)) + 2 ((- x^{2} - (- 4 x) - 1 \cdot 6) (\frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot (2 x - 4)))}{x^{2} - 4 x + 8}$

Step 2.19.3

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 2.19.3.1

Factor $2 (2 x - 4)$ out of $2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (2 x - 4) + 2 (- x^{2} - (- 4 x) - 1 \cdot 6) \frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 x - 4)$ .

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Step 2.19.3.1.1

Factor $2 (2 x - 4)$ out of $2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (2 x - 4)$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{2 (2 x - 4) ({(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}) + 2 (- x^{2} - (- 4 x) - 1 \cdot 6) (\frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}) \cdot (2 x - 4)}{x^{2} - 4 x + 8}$

Step 2.19.3.1.2

Factor $2 (2 x - 4)$ out of $2 (- x^{2} - (- 4 x) - 1 \cdot 6) \frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 x - 4)$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{2 (2 x - 4) ({(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}) + 2 (2 x - 4) ((- x^{2} - (- 4 x) - 1 \cdot 6) (\frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}))}{x^{2} - 4 x + 8}$

Step 2.19.3.1.3

Factor $2 (2 x - 4)$ out of $2 (2 x - 4) ({(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}) + 2 (2 x - 4) ((- x^{2} - (- 4 x) - 1 \cdot 6) \frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}})$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{2 (2 x - 4) ({(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} + (- x^{2} - (- 4 x) - 1 \cdot 6) (\frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}))}{x^{2} - 4 x + 8}$

Step 2.19.3.2

Combine exponents.

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Step 2.19.3.2.1

Multiply $- 4$ by $- 1$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{2 (2 x - 4) ({(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} + (- x^{2} + 4 x - 1 \cdot 6) (\frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}))}{x^{2} - 4 x + 8}$

Step 2.19.3.2.2

Multiply $- 1$ by $6$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{2 (2 x - 4) ({(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} + (- x^{2} + 4 x - 6) (\frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}))}{x^{2} - 4 x + 8}$

Step 2.19.3.3

Multiply $- x^{2} + 4 x - 6$ by $\frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{2 (2 x - 4) ({(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} + \frac{- x^{2} + 4 x - 6}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}})}{x^{2} - 4 x + 8}$

Step 2.19.3.4

To write ${(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{2 (2 x - 4) ({(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot \frac{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + \frac{- x^{2} + 4 x - 6}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}})}{x^{2} - 4 x + 8}$

Step 2.19.3.5

Combine ${(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ and $\frac{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{2 (2 x - 4) (\frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}})}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + \frac{- x^{2} + 4 x - 6}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}})}{x^{2} - 4 x + 8}$

Step 2.19.3.6

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$f'' (x) = \frac{2 (2 x - 4) (\frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}) - x^{2} + 4 x - 6}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}})}{x^{2} - 4 x + 8}$

Step 2.19.3.7

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 2.19.3.7.1

Multiply ${(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ by ${(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 2.19.3.7.1.1

Move ${(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{2 (2 x - 4) (\frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot 2 - x^{2} + 4 x - 6}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}})}{x^{2} - 4 x + 8}$

Step 2.19.3.7.1.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$f'' (x) = \frac{2 (2 x - 4) (\frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2}} \cdot 2 - x^{2} + 4 x - 6}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}})}{x^{2} - 4 x + 8}$

Step 2.19.3.7.1.3

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$f'' (x) = \frac{2 (2 x - 4) (\frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1 + 1}{2}} \cdot 2 - x^{2} + 4 x - 6}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}})}{x^{2} - 4 x + 8}$

Step 2.19.3.7.1.4

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{2 (2 x - 4) (\frac{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{2}{2}} \cdot 2 - x^{2} + 4 x - 6}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}})}{x^{2} - 4 x + 8}$

Step 2.19.3.7.1.5

Divide $2$ by $2$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{2 (2 x - 4) (\frac{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8) \cdot 2 - x^{2} + 4 x - 6}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}})}{x^{2} - 4 x + 8}$

Step 2.19.3.7.2

Simplify ${(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{1} \cdot 2$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{2 (2 x - 4) (\frac{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8) \cdot 2 - x^{2} + 4 x - 6}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}})}{x^{2} - 4 x + 8}$

Step 2.19.3.7.3

Apply the distributive property.

$f'' (x) = \frac{2 (2 x - 4) (\frac{x^{2} \cdot 2 - 4 x \cdot 2 + 8 \cdot 2 - x^{2} + 4 x - 6}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}})}{x^{2} - 4 x + 8}$

Step 2.19.3.7.4

Simplify.

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Step 2.19.3.7.4.1

Move $2$ to the left of $x^{2}$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{2 (2 x - 4) (\frac{2 \cdot x^{2} - 4 x \cdot 2 + 8 \cdot 2 - x^{2} + 4 x - 6}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}})}{x^{2} - 4 x + 8}$

Step 2.19.3.7.4.2

Multiply $2$ by $- 4$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{2 (2 x - 4) (\frac{2 \cdot x^{2} - 8 x + 8 \cdot 2 - x^{2} + 4 x - 6}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}})}{x^{2} - 4 x + 8}$

Step 2.19.3.7.4.3

Multiply $8$ by $2$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{2 (2 x - 4) (\frac{2 \cdot x^{2} - 8 x + 16 - x^{2} + 4 x - 6}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}})}{x^{2} - 4 x + 8}$

Step 2.19.3.7.5

Subtract $x^{2}$ from $2 x^{2}$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{2 (2 x - 4) (\frac{x^{2} - 8 x + 16 + 4 x - 6}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}})}{x^{2} - 4 x + 8}$

Step 2.19.3.7.6

Add $- 8 x$ and $4 x$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{2 (2 x - 4) (\frac{x^{2} - 4 x + 16 - 6}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}})}{x^{2} - 4 x + 8}$

Step 2.19.3.7.7

Subtract $6$ from $16$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{2 (2 x - 4) (\frac{x^{2} - 4 x + 10}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}})}{x^{2} - 4 x + 8}$

Step 2.19.3.8

Combine $\frac{x^{2} - 4 x + 10}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ and $2$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{\frac{(x^{2} - 4 x + 10) \cdot 2}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot (2 x - 4)}{x^{2} - 4 x + 8}$

Step 2.19.3.9

Factor $2$ out of $2 x - 4$ .

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Step 2.19.3.9.1

Factor $2$ out of $2 x$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{\frac{(x^{2} - 4 x + 10) \cdot 2}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot (2 (x) - 4)}{x^{2} - 4 x + 8}$

Step 2.19.3.9.2

Factor $2$ out of $- 4$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{\frac{(x^{2} - 4 x + 10) \cdot 2}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot (2 x + 2 \cdot - 2)}{x^{2} - 4 x + 8}$

Step 2.19.3.9.3

Factor $2$ out of $2 x + 2 \cdot - 2$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{\frac{(x^{2} - 4 x + 10) \cdot 2}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot (2 (x - 2))}{x^{2} - 4 x + 8}$

Step 2.19.3.10

Combine exponents.

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Step 2.19.3.10.1

Combine $\frac{(x^{2} - 4 x + 10) \cdot 2}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ and $2$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{\frac{(x^{2} - 4 x + 10) \cdot 2 \cdot 2}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot (x - 2)}{x^{2} - 4 x + 8}$

Step 2.19.3.10.2

Multiply $2$ by $2$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{\frac{(x^{2} - 4 x + 10) \cdot 4}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot (x - 2)}{x^{2} - 4 x + 8}$

Step 2.19.3.11

Reduce the expression $\frac{(x^{2} - 4 x + 10) \cdot 4}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ by cancelling the common factors.

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Step 2.19.3.11.1

Factor $2$ out of $(x^{2} - 4 x + 10) \cdot 4$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{\frac{2 ((x^{2} - 4 x + 10) \cdot 2)}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot (x - 2)}{x^{2} - 4 x + 8}$

Step 2.19.3.11.2

Factor $2$ out of $2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{\frac{2 ((x^{2} - 4 x + 10) \cdot 2)}{2 ({(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}})} \cdot (x - 2)}{x^{2} - 4 x + 8}$

Step 2.19.3.11.3

Cancel the common factor.

$f'' (x) = \frac{\frac{2 ((x^{2} - 4 x + 10) \cdot 2)}{2 {(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot (x - 2)}{x^{2} - 4 x + 8}$

Step 2.19.3.11.4

Rewrite the expression.

$f'' (x) = \frac{\frac{(x^{2} - 4 x + 10) \cdot 2}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot (x - 2)}{x^{2} - 4 x + 8}$

Step 2.19.3.12

Move $2$ to the left of $x^{2} - 4 x + 10$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{\frac{2 (x^{2} - 4 x + 10)}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot (x - 2)}{x^{2} - 4 x + 8}$

Step 2.19.4

Reorder terms.

$f'' (x) = \frac{(x - 2) (\frac{2 (x^{2} - 4 x + 10)}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}})}{x^{2} - 4 x + 8}$

Step 2.19.5

Factor $\frac{2 (x^{2} - 4 x + 10)}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ out of $\frac{(x - 2) \frac{2 (x^{2} - 4 x + 10)}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{x^{2} - 4 x + 8}$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{2 (x^{2} - 4 x + 10)}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{x - 2}{x^{2} - 4 x + 8}$

Step 2.19.6

Multiply $\frac{2 (x^{2} - 4 x + 10)}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{x - 2}{x^{2} - 4 x + 8}$ .

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Step 2.19.6.1

Multiply $\frac{2 (x^{2} - 4 x + 10)}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ by $\frac{x - 2}{x^{2} - 4 x + 8}$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{2 (x^{2} - 4 x + 10) (x - 2)}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}$

Step 2.19.6.2

Multiply ${(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ by $x^{2} - 4 x + 8$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 2.19.6.2.1

Multiply ${(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ by $x^{2} - 4 x + 8$ .

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Step 2.19.6.2.1.1

Raise $x^{2} - 4 x + 8$ to the power of $1$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{2 (x^{2} - 4 x + 10) (x - 2)}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}$

Step 2.19.6.2.1.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$f'' (x) = \frac{2 (x^{2} - 4 x + 10) (x - 2)}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2} + 1}}$

Step 2.19.6.2.2

Write $1$ as a fraction with a common denominator.

$f'' (x) = \frac{2 (x^{2} - 4 x + 10) (x - 2)}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{2}{2}}}$

Step 2.19.6.2.3

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$f'' (x) = \frac{2 (x^{2} - 4 x + 10) (x - 2)}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1 + 2}{2}}}$

Step 2.19.6.2.4

Add $1$ and $2$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{2 (x^{2} - 4 x + 10) (x - 2)}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{3}{2}}}$

Step 3

To find the local maximum and minimum values of the function, set the derivative equal to $0$ and solve.

$\frac{2 (x^{2} - 4 x + 6)}{{(x^{2} - 4 x + 8)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} = 0$

Step 4

Since there is no value of $x$ that makes the first derivative equal to $0$ , there are no local extrema.

No Local Extrema

Step 5

No Local Extrema

Step 6