Calculus Examples

$r (x) = \frac{x^{3} + 1 x^{2}}{x^{2} - 4}$

Step 1

Find the first derivative of the function.

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Step 1.1

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $1$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [\frac{x^{3} + x^{2}}{x^{2} - 4}]$

Step 1.2

Differentiate using the Quotient Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [\frac{f (x)}{g (x)}]$ is $\frac{g (x) \frac{d}{d x} [f (x)] - f (x) \frac{d}{d x} [g (x)]}{{g (x)}^{2}}$ where $f (x) = x^{3} + x^{2}$ and $g (x) = x^{2} - 4$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} - 4) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{3} + x^{2}] - (x^{3} + x^{2}) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 4]}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 1.3

Differentiate.

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Step 1.3.1

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $x^{3} + x^{2}$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{3}] + \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}]$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} - 4) (\frac{d}{d x} [x^{3}] + \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}]) - (x^{3} + x^{2}) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 4]}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 1.3.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 3$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} - 4) (3 x^{2} + \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}]) - (x^{3} + x^{2}) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 4]}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 1.3.3

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} - 4) (3 x^{2} + 2 x) - (x^{3} + x^{2}) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 4]}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 1.3.4

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $x^{2} - 4$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 4]$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} - 4) (3 x^{2} + 2 x) - (x^{3} + x^{2}) (\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 4])}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 1.3.5

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} - 4) (3 x^{2} + 2 x) - (x^{3} + x^{2}) (2 x + \frac{d}{d x} [- 4])}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 1.3.6

Since $- 4$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- 4$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} - 4) (3 x^{2} + 2 x) - (x^{3} + x^{2}) (2 x + 0)}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 1.3.7

Simplify the expression.

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Step 1.3.7.1

Add $2 x$ and $0$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} - 4) (3 x^{2} + 2 x) - (x^{3} + x^{2}) (2 x)}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 1.3.7.2

Multiply $2$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} - 4) (3 x^{2} + 2 x) - 2 (x^{3} + x^{2}) x}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 1.4

Simplify.

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Step 1.4.1

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{(x^{2} - 4) (3 x^{2} + 2 x) + (- 2 x^{3} - 2 x^{2}) x}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 1.4.2

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{(x^{2} - 4) (3 x^{2} + 2 x) - 2 x^{3} x - 2 x^{2} x}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 1.4.3

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 1.4.3.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 1.4.3.1.1

Expand $(x^{2} - 4) (3 x^{2} + 2 x)$ using the FOIL Method.

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Step 1.4.3.1.1.1

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{x^{2} (3 x^{2} + 2 x) - 4 (3 x^{2} + 2 x) - 2 x^{3} x - 2 x^{2} x}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 1.4.3.1.1.2

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{x^{2} (3 x^{2}) + x^{2} (2 x) - 4 (3 x^{2} + 2 x) - 2 x^{3} x - 2 x^{2} x}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 1.4.3.1.1.3

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{x^{2} (3 x^{2}) + x^{2} (2 x) - 4 (3 x^{2}) - 4 (2 x) - 2 x^{3} x - 2 x^{2} x}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 1.4.3.1.2

Simplify each term.

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Step 1.4.3.1.2.1

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$\frac{3 x^{2} x^{2} + x^{2} (2 x) - 4 (3 x^{2}) - 4 (2 x) - 2 x^{3} x - 2 x^{2} x}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 1.4.3.1.2.2

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $x^{2}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 1.4.3.1.2.2.1

Move $x^{2}$ .

$\frac{3 (x^{2} x^{2}) + x^{2} (2 x) - 4 (3 x^{2}) - 4 (2 x) - 2 x^{3} x - 2 x^{2} x}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 1.4.3.1.2.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{3 x^{2 + 2} + x^{2} (2 x) - 4 (3 x^{2}) - 4 (2 x) - 2 x^{3} x - 2 x^{2} x}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 1.4.3.1.2.2.3

Add $2$ and $2$ .

$\frac{3 x^{4} + x^{2} (2 x) - 4 (3 x^{2}) - 4 (2 x) - 2 x^{3} x - 2 x^{2} x}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 1.4.3.1.2.3

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$\frac{3 x^{4} + 2 x^{2} x - 4 (3 x^{2}) - 4 (2 x) - 2 x^{3} x - 2 x^{2} x}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 1.4.3.1.2.4

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 1.4.3.1.2.4.1

Move $x$ .

$\frac{3 x^{4} + 2 (x \cdot x^{2}) - 4 (3 x^{2}) - 4 (2 x) - 2 x^{3} x - 2 x^{2} x}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 1.4.3.1.2.4.2

Multiply $x$ by $x^{2}$ .

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Step 1.4.3.1.2.4.2.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{3 x^{4} + 2 (x^{1} x^{2}) - 4 (3 x^{2}) - 4 (2 x) - 2 x^{3} x - 2 x^{2} x}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 1.4.3.1.2.4.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{3 x^{4} + 2 x^{1 + 2} - 4 (3 x^{2}) - 4 (2 x) - 2 x^{3} x - 2 x^{2} x}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 1.4.3.1.2.4.3

Add $1$ and $2$ .

$\frac{3 x^{4} + 2 x^{3} - 4 (3 x^{2}) - 4 (2 x) - 2 x^{3} x - 2 x^{2} x}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 1.4.3.1.2.5

Multiply $3$ by $- 4$ .

$\frac{3 x^{4} + 2 x^{3} - 12 x^{2} - 4 (2 x) - 2 x^{3} x - 2 x^{2} x}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 1.4.3.1.2.6

Multiply $2$ by $- 4$ .

$\frac{3 x^{4} + 2 x^{3} - 12 x^{2} - 8 x - 2 x^{3} x - 2 x^{2} x}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 1.4.3.1.3

Multiply $x^{3}$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 1.4.3.1.3.1

Move $x$ .

$\frac{3 x^{4} + 2 x^{3} - 12 x^{2} - 8 x - 2 (x \cdot x^{3}) - 2 x^{2} x}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 1.4.3.1.3.2

Multiply $x$ by $x^{3}$ .

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Step 1.4.3.1.3.2.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{3 x^{4} + 2 x^{3} - 12 x^{2} - 8 x - 2 (x^{1} x^{3}) - 2 x^{2} x}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 1.4.3.1.3.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{3 x^{4} + 2 x^{3} - 12 x^{2} - 8 x - 2 x^{1 + 3} - 2 x^{2} x}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 1.4.3.1.3.3

Add $1$ and $3$ .

$\frac{3 x^{4} + 2 x^{3} - 12 x^{2} - 8 x - 2 x^{4} - 2 x^{2} x}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 1.4.3.1.4

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 1.4.3.1.4.1

Move $x$ .

$\frac{3 x^{4} + 2 x^{3} - 12 x^{2} - 8 x - 2 x^{4} - 2 (x \cdot x^{2})}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 1.4.3.1.4.2

Multiply $x$ by $x^{2}$ .

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Step 1.4.3.1.4.2.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{3 x^{4} + 2 x^{3} - 12 x^{2} - 8 x - 2 x^{4} - 2 (x^{1} x^{2})}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 1.4.3.1.4.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{3 x^{4} + 2 x^{3} - 12 x^{2} - 8 x - 2 x^{4} - 2 x^{1 + 2}}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 1.4.3.1.4.3

Add $1$ and $2$ .

$\frac{3 x^{4} + 2 x^{3} - 12 x^{2} - 8 x - 2 x^{4} - 2 x^{3}}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 1.4.3.2

Combine the opposite terms in $3 x^{4} + 2 x^{3} - 12 x^{2} - 8 x - 2 x^{4} - 2 x^{3}$ .

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Step 1.4.3.2.1

Subtract $2 x^{3}$ from $2 x^{3}$ .

$\frac{3 x^{4} - 12 x^{2} - 8 x - 2 x^{4} + 0}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 1.4.3.2.2

Add $3 x^{4} - 12 x^{2} - 8 x - 2 x^{4}$ and $0$ .

$\frac{3 x^{4} - 12 x^{2} - 8 x - 2 x^{4}}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 1.4.3.3

Subtract $2 x^{4}$ from $3 x^{4}$ .

$\frac{x^{4} - 12 x^{2} - 8 x}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 1.4.4

Factor $x$ out of $x^{4} - 12 x^{2} - 8 x$ .

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Step 1.4.4.1

Factor $x$ out of $x^{4}$ .

$\frac{x \cdot x^{3} - 12 x^{2} - 8 x}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 1.4.4.2

Factor $x$ out of $- 12 x^{2}$ .

$\frac{x \cdot x^{3} + x (- 12 x) - 8 x}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 1.4.4.3

Factor $x$ out of $- 8 x$ .

$\frac{x \cdot x^{3} + x (- 12 x) + x \cdot - 8}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 1.4.4.4

Factor $x$ out of $x \cdot x^{3} + x (- 12 x)$ .

$\frac{x (x^{3} - 12 x) + x \cdot - 8}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 1.4.4.5

Factor $x$ out of $x (x^{3} - 12 x) + x \cdot - 8$ .

$\frac{x (x^{3} - 12 x - 8)}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 1.4.5

Simplify the denominator.

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Step 1.4.5.1

Rewrite $4$ as $2^{2}$ .

$\frac{x (x^{3} - 12 x - 8)}{{(x^{2} - 2^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 1.4.5.2

Since both terms are perfect squares, factor using the difference of squares formula, $a^{2} - b^{2} = (a + b) (a - b)$ where $a = x$ and $b = 2$ .

$\frac{x (x^{3} - 12 x - 8)}{{((x + 2) (x - 2))}^{2}}$

Step 1.4.5.3

Apply the product rule to $(x + 2) (x - 2)$ .

$\frac{x (x^{3} - 12 x - 8)}{{(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2}}$

Step 2

Find the second derivative of the function.

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Step 2.1

$r'' (x) = \frac{{(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2} \frac{d}{d x} (x (x^{3} - 12 x - 8)) - x (x^{3} - 12 x - 8) \frac{d}{d x} ({(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2})}{{({(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.2

Differentiate using the Product Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (x) g (x)]$ is $f (x) \frac{d}{d x} [g (x)] + g (x) \frac{d}{d x} [f (x)]$ where $f (x) = x$ and $g (x) = x^{3} - 12 x - 8$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{{(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2} (x \frac{d}{d x} (x^{3} - 12 x - 8) + (x^{3} - 12 x - 8) \frac{d}{d x} (x)) - x (x^{3} - 12 x - 8) \frac{d}{d x} ({(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2})}{{({(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.3

Differentiate.

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Step 2.3.1

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $x^{3} - 12 x - 8$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{3}] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 12 x] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 8]$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{{(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2} (x (\frac{d}{d x} (x^{3}) + \frac{d}{d x} (- 12 x) + \frac{d}{d x} (- 8)) + (x^{3} - 12 x - 8) \frac{d}{d x} (x)) - x (x^{3} - 12 x - 8) \frac{d}{d x} ({(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2})}{{({(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.3.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 3$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{{(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2} (x (3 x^{2} + \frac{d}{d x} (- 12 x) + \frac{d}{d x} (- 8)) + (x^{3} - 12 x - 8) \frac{d}{d x} (x)) - x (x^{3} - 12 x - 8) \frac{d}{d x} ({(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2})}{{({(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.3.3

Since $- 12$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- 12 x$ with respect to $x$ is $- 12 \frac{d}{d x} [x]$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{{(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2} (x (3 x^{2} - 12 \frac{d}{d x} x + \frac{d}{d x} (- 8)) + (x^{3} - 12 x - 8) \frac{d}{d x} (x)) - x (x^{3} - 12 x - 8) \frac{d}{d x} ({(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2})}{{({(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.3.4

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{{(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2} (x (3 x^{2} - 12 \cdot 1 + \frac{d}{d x} (- 8)) + (x^{3} - 12 x - 8) \frac{d}{d x} (x)) - x (x^{3} - 12 x - 8) \frac{d}{d x} ({(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2})}{{({(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.3.5

Multiply $- 12$ by $1$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{{(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2} (x (3 x^{2} - 12 + \frac{d}{d x} (- 8)) + (x^{3} - 12 x - 8) \frac{d}{d x} (x)) - x (x^{3} - 12 x - 8) \frac{d}{d x} ({(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2})}{{({(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.3.6

Since $- 8$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- 8$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{{(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2} (x (3 x^{2} - 12 + 0) + (x^{3} - 12 x - 8) \frac{d}{d x} (x)) - x (x^{3} - 12 x - 8) \frac{d}{d x} ({(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2})}{{({(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.3.7

Add $3 x^{2} - 12$ and $0$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{{(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2} (x (3 x^{2} - 12) + (x^{3} - 12 x - 8) \frac{d}{d x} (x)) - x (x^{3} - 12 x - 8) \frac{d}{d x} ({(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2})}{{({(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.3.8

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{{(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2} (x (3 x^{2} - 12) + (x^{3} - 12 x - 8) \cdot 1) - x (x^{3} - 12 x - 8) \frac{d}{d x} ({(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2})}{{({(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.3.9

Multiply $x^{3} - 12 x - 8$ by $1$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{{(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2} (x (3 x^{2} - 12) + x^{3} - 12 x - 8) - x (x^{3} - 12 x - 8) \frac{d}{d x} ({(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2})}{{({(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.4

Differentiate using the Product Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (x) g (x)]$ is $f (x) \frac{d}{d x} [g (x)] + g (x) \frac{d}{d x} [f (x)]$ where $f (x) = {(x + 2)}^{2}$ and $g (x) = {(x - 2)}^{2}$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{{(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2} (x (3 x^{2} - 12) + x^{3} - 12 x - 8) - x (x^{3} - 12 x - 8) ({(x + 2)}^{2} \frac{d}{d x} ({(x - 2)}^{2}) + {(x - 2)}^{2} \frac{d}{d x} ({(x + 2)}^{2}))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.5

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = x^{2}$ and $g (x) = x - 2$ .

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Step 2.5.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u_{1}$ as $x - 2$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{{(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2} (x (3 x^{2} - 12) + x^{3} - 12 x - 8) - x (x^{3} - 12 x - 8) ({(x + 2)}^{2} (\frac{d}{d u (1)} ({u_{1}}^{2}) \frac{d}{d x} (x - 2)) + {(x - 2)}^{2} \frac{d}{d x} ({(x + 2)}^{2}))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.5.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u_{1}} [{u_{1}}^{n}]$ is $n {u_{1}}^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{{(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2} (x (3 x^{2} - 12) + x^{3} - 12 x - 8) - x (x^{3} - 12 x - 8) ({(x + 2)}^{2} (2 u_{1} \frac{d}{d x} (x - 2)) + {(x - 2)}^{2} \frac{d}{d x} ({(x + 2)}^{2}))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.5.3

Replace all occurrences of $u_{1}$ with $x - 2$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{{(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2} (x (3 x^{2} - 12) + x^{3} - 12 x - 8) - x (x^{3} - 12 x - 8) ({(x + 2)}^{2} (2 (x - 2) \frac{d}{d x} (x - 2)) + {(x - 2)}^{2} \frac{d}{d x} ({(x + 2)}^{2}))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.6

Differentiate.

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Step 2.6.1

Move $2$ to the left of ${(x + 2)}^{2}$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{{(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2} (x (3 x^{2} - 12) + x^{3} - 12 x - 8) - x (x^{3} - 12 x - 8) (2 \cdot ({(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2)) \frac{d}{d x} (x - 2) + {(x - 2)}^{2} \frac{d}{d x} ({(x + 2)}^{2}))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.6.2

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $x - 2$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2]$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{{(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2} (x (3 x^{2} - 12) + x^{3} - 12 x - 8) - x (x^{3} - 12 x - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) (\frac{d}{d x} (x) + \frac{d}{d x} (- 2)) + {(x - 2)}^{2} \frac{d}{d x} ({(x + 2)}^{2}))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.6.3

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{{(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2} (x (3 x^{2} - 12) + x^{3} - 12 x - 8) - x (x^{3} - 12 x - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) (1 + \frac{d}{d x} (- 2)) + {(x - 2)}^{2} \frac{d}{d x} ({(x + 2)}^{2}))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.6.4

Since $- 2$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- 2$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{{(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2} (x (3 x^{2} - 12) + x^{3} - 12 x - 8) - x (x^{3} - 12 x - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) (1 + 0) + {(x - 2)}^{2} \frac{d}{d x} ({(x + 2)}^{2}))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.6.5

Simplify the expression.

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Step 2.6.5.1

Add $1$ and $0$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{{(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2} (x (3 x^{2} - 12) + x^{3} - 12 x - 8) - x (x^{3} - 12 x - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) \cdot 1 + {(x - 2)}^{2} \frac{d}{d x} ({(x + 2)}^{2}))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.6.5.2

Multiply $2$ by $1$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{{(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2} (x (3 x^{2} - 12) + x^{3} - 12 x - 8) - x (x^{3} - 12 x - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + {(x - 2)}^{2} \frac{d}{d x} ({(x + 2)}^{2}))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.7

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = x^{2}$ and $g (x) = x + 2$ .

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Step 2.7.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u_{2}$ as $x + 2$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{{(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2} (x (3 x^{2} - 12) + x^{3} - 12 x - 8) - x (x^{3} - 12 x - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + {(x - 2)}^{2} (\frac{d}{d u (2)} ({u_{2}}^{2}) \frac{d}{d x} (x + 2)))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.7.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u_{2}} [{u_{2}}^{n}]$ is $n {u_{2}}^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{{(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2} (x (3 x^{2} - 12) + x^{3} - 12 x - 8) - x (x^{3} - 12 x - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + {(x - 2)}^{2} (2 u_{2} \frac{d}{d x} (x + 2)))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.7.3

Replace all occurrences of $u_{2}$ with $x + 2$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{{(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2} (x (3 x^{2} - 12) + x^{3} - 12 x - 8) - x (x^{3} - 12 x - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + {(x - 2)}^{2} (2 (x + 2) \frac{d}{d x} (x + 2)))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.8

Differentiate.

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Step 2.8.1

Move $2$ to the left of ${(x - 2)}^{2}$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{{(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2} (x (3 x^{2} - 12) + x^{3} - 12 x - 8) - x (x^{3} - 12 x - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 \cdot ({(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2)) \frac{d}{d x} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.8.2

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $x + 2$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [2]$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{{(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2} (x (3 x^{2} - 12) + x^{3} - 12 x - 8) - x (x^{3} - 12 x - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2) (\frac{d}{d x} (x) + \frac{d}{d x} (2)))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.8.3

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{{(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2} (x (3 x^{2} - 12) + x^{3} - 12 x - 8) - x (x^{3} - 12 x - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2) (1 + \frac{d}{d x} (2)))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.8.4

Since $2$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $2$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{{(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2} (x (3 x^{2} - 12) + x^{3} - 12 x - 8) - x (x^{3} - 12 x - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2) (1 + 0))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.8.5

Simplify the expression.

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Step 2.8.5.1

Add $1$ and $0$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{{(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2} (x (3 x^{2} - 12) + x^{3} - 12 x - 8) - x (x^{3} - 12 x - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2) \cdot 1)}{{({(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.8.5.2

Multiply $2$ by $1$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{{(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2} (x (3 x^{2} - 12) + x^{3} - 12 x - 8) - x (x^{3} - 12 x - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9

Simplify.

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Step 2.9.1

Apply the product rule to ${(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2}$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{{(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2} (x (3 x^{2} - 12) + x^{3} - 12 x - 8) - x (x^{3} - 12 x - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.2

Apply the distributive property.

$r'' (x) = \frac{{(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2} (x (3 x^{2}) + x \cdot - 12 + x^{3} - 12 x - 8) - x (x^{3} - 12 x - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.3

Apply the distributive property.

$r'' (x) = \frac{{(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2} (x (3 x^{2}) + x \cdot - 12 + x^{3} - 12 x - 8) + (- x \cdot x^{3} - x (- 12 x) - x \cdot - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 2.9.4.1

Rewrite ${(x + 2)}^{2}$ as $(x + 2) (x + 2)$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{(x + 2) (x + 2) {(x - 2)}^{2} (x (3 x^{2}) + x \cdot - 12 + x^{3} - 12 x - 8) + (- x \cdot x^{3} - x (- 12 x) - x \cdot - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.2

Expand $(x + 2) (x + 2)$ using the FOIL Method.

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Step 2.9.4.2.1

Apply the distributive property.

$r'' (x) = \frac{(x (x + 2) + 2 (x + 2)) {(x - 2)}^{2} (x (3 x^{2}) + x \cdot - 12 + x^{3} - 12 x - 8) + (- x \cdot x^{3} - x (- 12 x) - x \cdot - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.2.2

Apply the distributive property.

$r'' (x) = \frac{(x \cdot x + x \cdot 2 + 2 (x + 2)) {(x - 2)}^{2} (x (3 x^{2}) + x \cdot - 12 + x^{3} - 12 x - 8) + (- x \cdot x^{3} - x (- 12 x) - x \cdot - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.2.3

Apply the distributive property.

$r'' (x) = \frac{(x \cdot x + x \cdot 2 + 2 x + 2 \cdot 2) {(x - 2)}^{2} (x (3 x^{2}) + x \cdot - 12 + x^{3} - 12 x - 8) + (- x \cdot x^{3} - x (- 12 x) - x \cdot - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.3

Simplify and combine like terms.

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Step 2.9.4.3.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 2.9.4.3.1.1

Multiply $x$ by $x$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{(x^{2} + x \cdot 2 + 2 x + 2 \cdot 2) {(x - 2)}^{2} (x (3 x^{2}) + x \cdot - 12 + x^{3} - 12 x - 8) + (- x \cdot x^{3} - x (- 12 x) - x \cdot - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.3.1.2

Move $2$ to the left of $x$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{(x^{2} + 2 \cdot x + 2 x + 2 \cdot 2) {(x - 2)}^{2} (x (3 x^{2}) + x \cdot - 12 + x^{3} - 12 x - 8) + (- x \cdot x^{3} - x (- 12 x) - x \cdot - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.3.1.3

Multiply $2$ by $2$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{(x^{2} + 2 x + 2 x + 4) {(x - 2)}^{2} (x (3 x^{2}) + x \cdot - 12 + x^{3} - 12 x - 8) + (- x \cdot x^{3} - x (- 12 x) - x \cdot - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.3.2

Add $2 x$ and $2 x$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{(x^{2} + 4 x + 4) {(x - 2)}^{2} (x (3 x^{2}) + x \cdot - 12 + x^{3} - 12 x - 8) + (- x \cdot x^{3} - x (- 12 x) - x \cdot - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.4

Rewrite ${(x - 2)}^{2}$ as $(x - 2) (x - 2)$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{(x^{2} + 4 x + 4) ((x - 2) (x - 2)) (x (3 x^{2}) + x \cdot - 12 + x^{3} - 12 x - 8) + (- x \cdot x^{3} - x (- 12 x) - x \cdot - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.5

Expand $(x - 2) (x - 2)$ using the FOIL Method.

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Step 2.9.4.5.1

Apply the distributive property.

$r'' (x) = \frac{(x^{2} + 4 x + 4) (x (x - 2) - 2 (x - 2)) (x (3 x^{2}) + x \cdot - 12 + x^{3} - 12 x - 8) + (- x \cdot x^{3} - x (- 12 x) - x \cdot - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.5.2

Apply the distributive property.

$r'' (x) = \frac{(x^{2} + 4 x + 4) (x \cdot x + x \cdot - 2 - 2 (x - 2)) (x (3 x^{2}) + x \cdot - 12 + x^{3} - 12 x - 8) + (- x \cdot x^{3} - x (- 12 x) - x \cdot - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.5.3

Apply the distributive property.

$r'' (x) = \frac{(x^{2} + 4 x + 4) (x \cdot x + x \cdot - 2 - 2 x - 2 \cdot - 2) (x (3 x^{2}) + x \cdot - 12 + x^{3} - 12 x - 8) + (- x \cdot x^{3} - x (- 12 x) - x \cdot - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.6

Simplify and combine like terms.

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Step 2.9.4.6.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 2.9.4.6.1.1

Multiply $x$ by $x$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{(x^{2} + 4 x + 4) (x^{2} + x \cdot - 2 - 2 x - 2 \cdot - 2) (x (3 x^{2}) + x \cdot - 12 + x^{3} - 12 x - 8) + (- x \cdot x^{3} - x (- 12 x) - x \cdot - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.6.1.2

Move $- 2$ to the left of $x$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{(x^{2} + 4 x + 4) (x^{2} - 2 \cdot x - 2 x - 2 \cdot - 2) (x (3 x^{2}) + x \cdot - 12 + x^{3} - 12 x - 8) + (- x \cdot x^{3} - x (- 12 x) - x \cdot - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.6.1.3

Multiply $- 2$ by $- 2$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{(x^{2} + 4 x + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2 x + 4) (x (3 x^{2}) + x \cdot - 12 + x^{3} - 12 x - 8) + (- x \cdot x^{3} - x (- 12 x) - x \cdot - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.6.2

Subtract $2 x$ from $- 2 x$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{(x^{2} + 4 x + 4) (x^{2} - 4 x + 4) (x (3 x^{2}) + x \cdot - 12 + x^{3} - 12 x - 8) + (- x \cdot x^{3} - x (- 12 x) - x \cdot - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.7

Expand $(x^{2} + 4 x + 4) (x^{2} - 4 x + 4)$ by multiplying each term in the first expression by each term in the second expression.

$r'' (x) = \frac{(x^{2} x^{2} + x^{2} (- 4 x) + x^{2} \cdot 4 + 4 x \cdot x^{2} + 4 x (- 4 x) + 4 x \cdot 4 + 4 x^{2} + 4 (- 4 x) + 4 \cdot 4) (x (3 x^{2}) + x \cdot - 12 + x^{3} - 12 x - 8) + (- x \cdot x^{3} - x (- 12 x) - x \cdot - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.8

Combine the opposite terms in $x^{2} x^{2} + x^{2} (- 4 x) + x^{2} \cdot 4 + 4 x \cdot x^{2} + 4 x (- 4 x) + 4 x \cdot 4 + 4 x^{2} + 4 (- 4 x) + 4 \cdot 4$ .

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Step 2.9.4.8.1

Reorder the factors in the terms $x^{2} (- 4 x)$ and $4 x \cdot x^{2}$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{(x^{2} x^{2} - 4 x^{2} x + x^{2} \cdot 4 + 4 x^{2} x + 4 x (- 4 x) + 4 x \cdot 4 + 4 x^{2} + 4 (- 4 x) + 4 \cdot 4) (x (3 x^{2}) + x \cdot - 12 + x^{3} - 12 x - 8) + (- x \cdot x^{3} - x (- 12 x) - x \cdot - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.8.2

Add $- 4 x^{2} x$ and $4 x^{2} x$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{(x^{2} x^{2} + x^{2} \cdot 4 + 0 + 4 x (- 4 x) + 4 x \cdot 4 + 4 x^{2} + 4 (- 4 x) + 4 \cdot 4) (x (3 x^{2}) + x \cdot - 12 + x^{3} - 12 x - 8) + (- x \cdot x^{3} - x (- 12 x) - x \cdot - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.8.3

Add $x^{2} x^{2} + x^{2} \cdot 4$ and $0$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{(x^{2} x^{2} + x^{2} \cdot 4 + 4 x (- 4 x) + 4 x \cdot 4 + 4 x^{2} + 4 (- 4 x) + 4 \cdot 4) (x (3 x^{2}) + x \cdot - 12 + x^{3} - 12 x - 8) + (- x \cdot x^{3} - x (- 12 x) - x \cdot - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.8.4

Reorder the factors in the terms $4 x \cdot 4$ and $4 (- 4 x)$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{(x^{2} x^{2} + x^{2} \cdot 4 + 4 x (- 4 x) + 4 \cdot (4 x) + 4 x^{2} - 4 \cdot (4 x) + 4 \cdot 4) (x (3 x^{2}) + x \cdot - 12 + x^{3} - 12 x - 8) + (- x \cdot x^{3} - x (- 12 x) - x \cdot - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.8.5

Subtract $4 \cdot 4 x$ from $4 \cdot 4 x$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{(x^{2} x^{2} + x^{2} \cdot 4 + 4 x (- 4 x) + 4 x^{2} + 0 + 4 \cdot 4) (x (3 x^{2}) + x \cdot - 12 + x^{3} - 12 x - 8) + (- x \cdot x^{3} - x (- 12 x) - x \cdot - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.8.6

Add $x^{2} x^{2} + x^{2} \cdot 4 + 4 x (- 4 x) + 4 x^{2}$ and $0$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{(x^{2} x^{2} + x^{2} \cdot 4 + 4 x (- 4 x) + 4 x^{2} + 4 \cdot 4) (x (3 x^{2}) + x \cdot - 12 + x^{3} - 12 x - 8) + (- x \cdot x^{3} - x (- 12 x) - x \cdot - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.9

Simplify each term.

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Step 2.9.4.9.1

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $x^{2}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 2.9.4.9.1.1

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$r'' (x) = \frac{(x^{2 + 2} + x^{2} \cdot 4 + 4 x (- 4 x) + 4 x^{2} + 4 \cdot 4) (x (3 x^{2}) + x \cdot - 12 + x^{3} - 12 x - 8) + (- x \cdot x^{3} - x (- 12 x) - x \cdot - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.9.1.2

Add $2$ and $2$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{(x^{4} + x^{2} \cdot 4 + 4 x (- 4 x) + 4 x^{2} + 4 \cdot 4) (x (3 x^{2}) + x \cdot - 12 + x^{3} - 12 x - 8) + (- x \cdot x^{3} - x (- 12 x) - x \cdot - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.9.2

Move $4$ to the left of $x^{2}$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{(x^{4} + 4 \cdot x^{2} + 4 x (- 4 x) + 4 x^{2} + 4 \cdot 4) (x (3 x^{2}) + x \cdot - 12 + x^{3} - 12 x - 8) + (- x \cdot x^{3} - x (- 12 x) - x \cdot - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.9.3

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$r'' (x) = \frac{(x^{4} + 4 x^{2} + 4 \cdot (- 4 x \cdot x) + 4 x^{2} + 4 \cdot 4) (x (3 x^{2}) + x \cdot - 12 + x^{3} - 12 x - 8) + (- x \cdot x^{3} - x (- 12 x) - x \cdot - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.9.4

Multiply $x$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 2.9.4.9.4.1

Move $x$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{(x^{4} + 4 x^{2} + 4 \cdot (- 4 (x \cdot x)) + 4 x^{2} + 4 \cdot 4) (x (3 x^{2}) + x \cdot - 12 + x^{3} - 12 x - 8) + (- x \cdot x^{3} - x (- 12 x) - x \cdot - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.9.4.2

Multiply $x$ by $x$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{(x^{4} + 4 x^{2} + 4 \cdot (- 4 x^{2}) + 4 x^{2} + 4 \cdot 4) (x (3 x^{2}) + x \cdot - 12 + x^{3} - 12 x - 8) + (- x \cdot x^{3} - x (- 12 x) - x \cdot - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.9.5

Multiply $4$ by $- 4$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{(x^{4} + 4 x^{2} - 16 x^{2} + 4 x^{2} + 4 \cdot 4) (x (3 x^{2}) + x \cdot - 12 + x^{3} - 12 x - 8) + (- x \cdot x^{3} - x (- 12 x) - x \cdot - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.9.6

Multiply $4$ by $4$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{(x^{4} + 4 x^{2} - 16 x^{2} + 4 x^{2} + 16) (x (3 x^{2}) + x \cdot - 12 + x^{3} - 12 x - 8) + (- x \cdot x^{3} - x (- 12 x) - x \cdot - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.10

Subtract $16 x^{2}$ from $4 x^{2}$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{(x^{4} - 12 x^{2} + 4 x^{2} + 16) (x (3 x^{2}) + x \cdot - 12 + x^{3} - 12 x - 8) + (- x \cdot x^{3} - x (- 12 x) - x \cdot - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.11

Add $- 12 x^{2}$ and $4 x^{2}$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{(x^{4} - 8 x^{2} + 16) (x (3 x^{2}) + x \cdot - 12 + x^{3} - 12 x - 8) + (- x \cdot x^{3} - x (- 12 x) - x \cdot - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.12

Simplify each term.

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Step 2.9.4.12.1

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$r'' (x) = \frac{(x^{4} - 8 x^{2} + 16) (3 x \cdot x^{2} + x \cdot - 12 + x^{3} - 12 x - 8) + (- x \cdot x^{3} - x (- 12 x) - x \cdot - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.12.2

Multiply $x$ by $x^{2}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 2.9.4.12.2.1

Move $x^{2}$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{(x^{4} - 8 x^{2} + 16) (3 (x^{2} x) + x \cdot - 12 + x^{3} - 12 x - 8) + (- x \cdot x^{3} - x (- 12 x) - x \cdot - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.12.2.2

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $x$ .

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Step 2.9.4.12.2.2.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

Step 2.9.4.12.2.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$r'' (x) = \frac{(x^{4} - 8 x^{2} + 16) (3 x^{2 + 1} + x \cdot - 12 + x^{3} - 12 x - 8) + (- x \cdot x^{3} - x (- 12 x) - x \cdot - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.12.2.3

Add $2$ and $1$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{(x^{4} - 8 x^{2} + 16) (3 x^{3} + x \cdot - 12 + x^{3} - 12 x - 8) + (- x \cdot x^{3} - x (- 12 x) - x \cdot - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.12.3

Move $- 12$ to the left of $x$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{(x^{4} - 8 x^{2} + 16) (3 x^{3} - 12 x + x^{3} - 12 x - 8) + (- x \cdot x^{3} - x (- 12 x) - x \cdot - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.13

Add $3 x^{3}$ and $x^{3}$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{(x^{4} - 8 x^{2} + 16) (4 x^{3} - 12 x - 12 x - 8) + (- x \cdot x^{3} - x (- 12 x) - x \cdot - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.14

Subtract $12 x$ from $- 12 x$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{(x^{4} - 8 x^{2} + 16) (4 x^{3} - 24 x - 8) + (- x \cdot x^{3} - x (- 12 x) - x \cdot - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.15

Expand $(x^{4} - 8 x^{2} + 16) (4 x^{3} - 24 x - 8)$ by multiplying each term in the first expression by each term in the second expression.

$r'' (x) = \frac{x^{4} (4 x^{3}) + x^{4} (- 24 x) + x^{4} \cdot - 8 - 8 x^{2} (4 x^{3}) - 8 x^{2} (- 24 x) - 8 x^{2} \cdot - 8 + 16 (4 x^{3}) + 16 (- 24 x) + 16 \cdot - 8 + (- x \cdot x^{3} - x (- 12 x) - x \cdot - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.16

Simplify each term.

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Step 2.9.4.16.1

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{4} x^{3} + x^{4} (- 24 x) + x^{4} \cdot - 8 - 8 x^{2} (4 x^{3}) - 8 x^{2} (- 24 x) - 8 x^{2} \cdot - 8 + 16 (4 x^{3}) + 16 (- 24 x) + 16 \cdot - 8 + (- x \cdot x^{3} - x (- 12 x) - x \cdot - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.16.2

Multiply $x^{4}$ by $x^{3}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 2.9.4.16.2.1

Move $x^{3}$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 (x^{3} x^{4}) + x^{4} (- 24 x) + x^{4} \cdot - 8 - 8 x^{2} (4 x^{3}) - 8 x^{2} (- 24 x) - 8 x^{2} \cdot - 8 + 16 (4 x^{3}) + 16 (- 24 x) + 16 \cdot - 8 + (- x \cdot x^{3} - x (- 12 x) - x \cdot - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.16.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{3 + 4} + x^{4} (- 24 x) + x^{4} \cdot - 8 - 8 x^{2} (4 x^{3}) - 8 x^{2} (- 24 x) - 8 x^{2} \cdot - 8 + 16 (4 x^{3}) + 16 (- 24 x) + 16 \cdot - 8 + (- x \cdot x^{3} - x (- 12 x) - x \cdot - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.16.2.3

Add $3$ and $4$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} + x^{4} (- 24 x) + x^{4} \cdot - 8 - 8 x^{2} (4 x^{3}) - 8 x^{2} (- 24 x) - 8 x^{2} \cdot - 8 + 16 (4 x^{3}) + 16 (- 24 x) + 16 \cdot - 8 + (- x \cdot x^{3} - x (- 12 x) - x \cdot - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.16.3

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 24 x^{4} x + x^{4} \cdot - 8 - 8 x^{2} (4 x^{3}) - 8 x^{2} (- 24 x) - 8 x^{2} \cdot - 8 + 16 (4 x^{3}) + 16 (- 24 x) + 16 \cdot - 8 + (- x \cdot x^{3} - x (- 12 x) - x \cdot - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.16.4

Multiply $x^{4}$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 2.9.4.16.4.1

Move $x$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 24 (x \cdot x^{4}) + x^{4} \cdot - 8 - 8 x^{2} (4 x^{3}) - 8 x^{2} (- 24 x) - 8 x^{2} \cdot - 8 + 16 (4 x^{3}) + 16 (- 24 x) + 16 \cdot - 8 + (- x \cdot x^{3} - x (- 12 x) - x \cdot - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.16.4.2

Multiply $x$ by $x^{4}$ .

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Step 2.9.4.16.4.2.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

Step 2.9.4.16.4.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 24 x^{1 + 4} + x^{4} \cdot - 8 - 8 x^{2} (4 x^{3}) - 8 x^{2} (- 24 x) - 8 x^{2} \cdot - 8 + 16 (4 x^{3}) + 16 (- 24 x) + 16 \cdot - 8 + (- x \cdot x^{3} - x (- 12 x) - x \cdot - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.16.4.3

Add $1$ and $4$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 24 x^{5} + x^{4} \cdot - 8 - 8 x^{2} (4 x^{3}) - 8 x^{2} (- 24 x) - 8 x^{2} \cdot - 8 + 16 (4 x^{3}) + 16 (- 24 x) + 16 \cdot - 8 + (- x \cdot x^{3} - x (- 12 x) - x \cdot - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.16.5

Move $- 8$ to the left of $x^{4}$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 24 x^{5} - 8 \cdot x^{4} - 8 x^{2} (4 x^{3}) - 8 x^{2} (- 24 x) - 8 x^{2} \cdot - 8 + 16 (4 x^{3}) + 16 (- 24 x) + 16 \cdot - 8 + (- x \cdot x^{3} - x (- 12 x) - x \cdot - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.16.6

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 24 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} - 8 \cdot (4 x^{2} x^{3}) - 8 x^{2} (- 24 x) - 8 x^{2} \cdot - 8 + 16 (4 x^{3}) + 16 (- 24 x) + 16 \cdot - 8 + (- x \cdot x^{3} - x (- 12 x) - x \cdot - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.16.7

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $x^{3}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 2.9.4.16.7.1

Move $x^{3}$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 24 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} - 8 \cdot (4 (x^{3} x^{2})) - 8 x^{2} (- 24 x) - 8 x^{2} \cdot - 8 + 16 (4 x^{3}) + 16 (- 24 x) + 16 \cdot - 8 + (- x \cdot x^{3} - x (- 12 x) - x \cdot - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.16.7.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 24 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} - 8 \cdot (4 x^{3 + 2}) - 8 x^{2} (- 24 x) - 8 x^{2} \cdot - 8 + 16 (4 x^{3}) + 16 (- 24 x) + 16 \cdot - 8 + (- x \cdot x^{3} - x (- 12 x) - x \cdot - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.16.7.3

Add $3$ and $2$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 24 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} - 8 \cdot (4 x^{5}) - 8 x^{2} (- 24 x) - 8 x^{2} \cdot - 8 + 16 (4 x^{3}) + 16 (- 24 x) + 16 \cdot - 8 + (- x \cdot x^{3} - x (- 12 x) - x \cdot - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.16.8

Multiply $- 8$ by $4$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 24 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} - 32 x^{5} - 8 x^{2} (- 24 x) - 8 x^{2} \cdot - 8 + 16 (4 x^{3}) + 16 (- 24 x) + 16 \cdot - 8 + (- x \cdot x^{3} - x (- 12 x) - x \cdot - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.16.9

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 24 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} - 32 x^{5} - 8 \cdot (- 24 x^{2} x) - 8 x^{2} \cdot - 8 + 16 (4 x^{3}) + 16 (- 24 x) + 16 \cdot - 8 + (- x \cdot x^{3} - x (- 12 x) - x \cdot - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.16.10

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 2.9.4.16.10.1

Move $x$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 24 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} - 32 x^{5} - 8 \cdot (- 24 (x \cdot x^{2})) - 8 x^{2} \cdot - 8 + 16 (4 x^{3}) + 16 (- 24 x) + 16 \cdot - 8 + (- x \cdot x^{3} - x (- 12 x) - x \cdot - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.16.10.2

Multiply $x$ by $x^{2}$ .

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Step 2.9.4.16.10.2.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

Step 2.9.4.16.10.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 24 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} - 32 x^{5} - 8 \cdot (- 24 x^{1 + 2}) - 8 x^{2} \cdot - 8 + 16 (4 x^{3}) + 16 (- 24 x) + 16 \cdot - 8 + (- x \cdot x^{3} - x (- 12 x) - x \cdot - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.16.10.3

Add $1$ and $2$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 24 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} - 32 x^{5} - 8 \cdot (- 24 x^{3}) - 8 x^{2} \cdot - 8 + 16 (4 x^{3}) + 16 (- 24 x) + 16 \cdot - 8 + (- x \cdot x^{3} - x (- 12 x) - x \cdot - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.16.11

Multiply $- 8$ by $- 24$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 24 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} - 32 x^{5} + 192 x^{3} - 8 x^{2} \cdot - 8 + 16 (4 x^{3}) + 16 (- 24 x) + 16 \cdot - 8 + (- x \cdot x^{3} - x (- 12 x) - x \cdot - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.16.12

Multiply $- 8$ by $- 8$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 24 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} - 32 x^{5} + 192 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} + 16 (4 x^{3}) + 16 (- 24 x) + 16 \cdot - 8 + (- x \cdot x^{3} - x (- 12 x) - x \cdot - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.16.13

Multiply $4$ by $16$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 24 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} - 32 x^{5} + 192 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} + 64 x^{3} + 16 (- 24 x) + 16 \cdot - 8 + (- x \cdot x^{3} - x (- 12 x) - x \cdot - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.16.14

Multiply $- 24$ by $16$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 24 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} - 32 x^{5} + 192 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} + 64 x^{3} - 384 x + 16 \cdot - 8 + (- x \cdot x^{3} - x (- 12 x) - x \cdot - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.16.15

Multiply $16$ by $- 8$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 24 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} - 32 x^{5} + 192 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} + 64 x^{3} - 384 x - 128 + (- x \cdot x^{3} - x (- 12 x) - x \cdot - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.17

Subtract $32 x^{5}$ from $- 24 x^{5}$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 192 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} + 64 x^{3} - 384 x - 128 + (- x \cdot x^{3} - x (- 12 x) - x \cdot - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.18

Add $192 x^{3}$ and $64 x^{3}$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 + (- x \cdot x^{3} - x (- 12 x) - x \cdot - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.19

Simplify each term.

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Step 2.9.4.19.1

Multiply $x$ by $x^{3}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 2.9.4.19.1.1

Move $x^{3}$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 + (- (x^{3} x) - x (- 12 x) - x \cdot - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.19.1.2

Multiply $x^{3}$ by $x$ .

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Step 2.9.4.19.1.2.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

Step 2.9.4.19.1.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 + (- x^{3 + 1} - x (- 12 x) - x \cdot - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.19.1.3

Add $3$ and $1$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 + (- x^{4} - x (- 12 x) - x \cdot - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.19.2

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 + (- x^{4} - 1 \cdot (- 12 x \cdot x) - x \cdot - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.19.3

Multiply $x$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 2.9.4.19.3.1

Move $x$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 + (- x^{4} - 1 \cdot (- 12 (x \cdot x)) - x \cdot - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.19.3.2

Multiply $x$ by $x$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 + (- x^{4} - 1 \cdot (- 12 x^{2}) - x \cdot - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.19.4

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 12$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 + (- x^{4} + 12 x^{2} - x \cdot - 8) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.19.5

Multiply $- 8$ by $- 1$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 + (- x^{4} + 12 x^{2} + 8 x) (2 {(x + 2)}^{2} (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.20

Simplify each term.

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Step 2.9.4.20.1

Rewrite ${(x + 2)}^{2}$ as $(x + 2) (x + 2)$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 + (- x^{4} + 12 x^{2} + 8 x) (2 ((x + 2) (x + 2)) (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.20.2

Expand $(x + 2) (x + 2)$ using the FOIL Method.

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Step 2.9.4.20.2.1

Apply the distributive property.

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 + (- x^{4} + 12 x^{2} + 8 x) (2 (x (x + 2) + 2 (x + 2)) (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.20.2.2

Apply the distributive property.

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 + (- x^{4} + 12 x^{2} + 8 x) (2 (x \cdot x + x \cdot 2 + 2 (x + 2)) (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.20.2.3

Apply the distributive property.

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 + (- x^{4} + 12 x^{2} + 8 x) (2 (x \cdot x + x \cdot 2 + 2 x + 2 \cdot 2) (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.20.3

Simplify and combine like terms.

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Step 2.9.4.20.3.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 2.9.4.20.3.1.1

Multiply $x$ by $x$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 + (- x^{4} + 12 x^{2} + 8 x) (2 (x^{2} + x \cdot 2 + 2 x + 2 \cdot 2) (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.20.3.1.2

Move $2$ to the left of $x$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 + (- x^{4} + 12 x^{2} + 8 x) (2 (x^{2} + 2 \cdot x + 2 x + 2 \cdot 2) (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.20.3.1.3

Multiply $2$ by $2$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 + (- x^{4} + 12 x^{2} + 8 x) (2 (x^{2} + 2 x + 2 x + 4) (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.20.3.2

Add $2 x$ and $2 x$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 + (- x^{4} + 12 x^{2} + 8 x) (2 (x^{2} + 4 x + 4) (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.20.4

Apply the distributive property.

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 + (- x^{4} + 12 x^{2} + 8 x) ((2 x^{2} + 2 (4 x) + 2 \cdot 4) (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.20.5

Simplify.

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Step 2.9.4.20.5.1

Multiply $4$ by $2$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 + (- x^{4} + 12 x^{2} + 8 x) ((2 x^{2} + 8 x + 2 \cdot 4) (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.20.5.2

Multiply $2$ by $4$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 + (- x^{4} + 12 x^{2} + 8 x) ((2 x^{2} + 8 x + 8) (x - 2) + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.20.6

Expand $(2 x^{2} + 8 x + 8) (x - 2)$ by multiplying each term in the first expression by each term in the second expression.

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 + (- x^{4} + 12 x^{2} + 8 x) (2 x^{2} x + 2 x^{2} \cdot - 2 + 8 x \cdot x + 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x + 8 \cdot - 2 + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.20.7

Simplify each term.

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Step 2.9.4.20.7.1

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 2.9.4.20.7.1.1

Move $x$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 + (- x^{4} + 12 x^{2} + 8 x) (2 (x \cdot x^{2}) + 2 x^{2} \cdot - 2 + 8 x \cdot x + 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x + 8 \cdot - 2 + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.20.7.1.2

Multiply $x$ by $x^{2}$ .

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Step 2.9.4.20.7.1.2.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

Step 2.9.4.20.7.1.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 + (- x^{4} + 12 x^{2} + 8 x) (2 x^{1 + 2} + 2 x^{2} \cdot - 2 + 8 x \cdot x + 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x + 8 \cdot - 2 + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.20.7.1.3

Add $1$ and $2$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 + (- x^{4} + 12 x^{2} + 8 x) (2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} \cdot - 2 + 8 x \cdot x + 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x + 8 \cdot - 2 + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.20.7.2

Multiply $- 2$ by $2$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 + (- x^{4} + 12 x^{2} + 8 x) (2 x^{3} - 4 x^{2} + 8 x \cdot x + 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x + 8 \cdot - 2 + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.20.7.3

Multiply $x$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 2.9.4.20.7.3.1

Move $x$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 + (- x^{4} + 12 x^{2} + 8 x) (2 x^{3} - 4 x^{2} + 8 (x \cdot x) + 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x + 8 \cdot - 2 + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.20.7.3.2

Multiply $x$ by $x$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 + (- x^{4} + 12 x^{2} + 8 x) (2 x^{3} - 4 x^{2} + 8 x^{2} + 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x + 8 \cdot - 2 + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.20.7.4

Multiply $- 2$ by $8$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 + (- x^{4} + 12 x^{2} + 8 x) (2 x^{3} - 4 x^{2} + 8 x^{2} - 16 x + 8 x + 8 \cdot - 2 + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.20.7.5

Multiply $8$ by $- 2$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 + (- x^{4} + 12 x^{2} + 8 x) (2 x^{3} - 4 x^{2} + 8 x^{2} - 16 x + 8 x - 16 + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.20.8

Add $- 4 x^{2}$ and $8 x^{2}$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 + (- x^{4} + 12 x^{2} + 8 x) (2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 16 x + 8 x - 16 + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.20.9

Add $- 16 x$ and $8 x$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 + (- x^{4} + 12 x^{2} + 8 x) (2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 16 + 2 {(x - 2)}^{2} (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.20.10

Rewrite ${(x - 2)}^{2}$ as $(x - 2) (x - 2)$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 + (- x^{4} + 12 x^{2} + 8 x) (2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 16 + 2 ((x - 2) (x - 2)) (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.20.11

Expand $(x - 2) (x - 2)$ using the FOIL Method.

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Step 2.9.4.20.11.1

Apply the distributive property.

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 + (- x^{4} + 12 x^{2} + 8 x) (2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 16 + 2 (x (x - 2) - 2 (x - 2)) (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.20.11.2

Apply the distributive property.

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 + (- x^{4} + 12 x^{2} + 8 x) (2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 16 + 2 (x \cdot x + x \cdot - 2 - 2 (x - 2)) (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.20.11.3

Apply the distributive property.

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 + (- x^{4} + 12 x^{2} + 8 x) (2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 16 + 2 (x \cdot x + x \cdot - 2 - 2 x - 2 \cdot - 2) (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.20.12

Simplify and combine like terms.

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Step 2.9.4.20.12.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 2.9.4.20.12.1.1

Multiply $x$ by $x$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 + (- x^{4} + 12 x^{2} + 8 x) (2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 16 + 2 (x^{2} + x \cdot - 2 - 2 x - 2 \cdot - 2) (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.20.12.1.2

Move $- 2$ to the left of $x$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 + (- x^{4} + 12 x^{2} + 8 x) (2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 16 + 2 (x^{2} - 2 \cdot x - 2 x - 2 \cdot - 2) (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.20.12.1.3

Multiply $- 2$ by $- 2$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 + (- x^{4} + 12 x^{2} + 8 x) (2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 16 + 2 (x^{2} - 2 x - 2 x + 4) (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.20.12.2

Subtract $2 x$ from $- 2 x$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 + (- x^{4} + 12 x^{2} + 8 x) (2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 16 + 2 (x^{2} - 4 x + 4) (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.20.13

Apply the distributive property.

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 + (- x^{4} + 12 x^{2} + 8 x) (2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 16 + (2 x^{2} + 2 (- 4 x) + 2 \cdot 4) (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.20.14

Simplify.

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Step 2.9.4.20.14.1

Multiply $- 4$ by $2$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 + (- x^{4} + 12 x^{2} + 8 x) (2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 16 + (2 x^{2} - 8 x + 2 \cdot 4) (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.20.14.2

Multiply $2$ by $4$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 + (- x^{4} + 12 x^{2} + 8 x) (2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 16 + (2 x^{2} - 8 x + 8) (x + 2))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.20.15

Expand $(2 x^{2} - 8 x + 8) (x + 2)$ by multiplying each term in the first expression by each term in the second expression.

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 + (- x^{4} + 12 x^{2} + 8 x) (2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 16 + 2 x^{2} x + 2 x^{2} \cdot 2 - 8 x \cdot x - 8 x \cdot 2 + 8 x + 8 \cdot 2)}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.20.16

Simplify each term.

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Step 2.9.4.20.16.1

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 2.9.4.20.16.1.1

Move $x$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 + (- x^{4} + 12 x^{2} + 8 x) (2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 16 + 2 (x \cdot x^{2}) + 2 x^{2} \cdot 2 - 8 x \cdot x - 8 x \cdot 2 + 8 x + 8 \cdot 2)}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.20.16.1.2

Multiply $x$ by $x^{2}$ .

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Step 2.9.4.20.16.1.2.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

Step 2.9.4.20.16.1.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 + (- x^{4} + 12 x^{2} + 8 x) (2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 16 + 2 x^{1 + 2} + 2 x^{2} \cdot 2 - 8 x \cdot x - 8 x \cdot 2 + 8 x + 8 \cdot 2)}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.20.16.1.3

Add $1$ and $2$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 + (- x^{4} + 12 x^{2} + 8 x) (2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 16 + 2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} \cdot 2 - 8 x \cdot x - 8 x \cdot 2 + 8 x + 8 \cdot 2)}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.20.16.2

Multiply $2$ by $2$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 + (- x^{4} + 12 x^{2} + 8 x) (2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 16 + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 8 x \cdot x - 8 x \cdot 2 + 8 x + 8 \cdot 2)}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.20.16.3

Multiply $x$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 2.9.4.20.16.3.1

Move $x$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 + (- x^{4} + 12 x^{2} + 8 x) (2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 16 + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 8 (x \cdot x) - 8 x \cdot 2 + 8 x + 8 \cdot 2)}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.20.16.3.2

Multiply $x$ by $x$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 + (- x^{4} + 12 x^{2} + 8 x) (2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 16 + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 8 x^{2} - 8 x \cdot 2 + 8 x + 8 \cdot 2)}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.20.16.4

Multiply $2$ by $- 8$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 + (- x^{4} + 12 x^{2} + 8 x) (2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 16 + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 8 x^{2} - 16 x + 8 x + 8 \cdot 2)}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.20.16.5

Multiply $8$ by $2$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 + (- x^{4} + 12 x^{2} + 8 x) (2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 16 + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 8 x^{2} - 16 x + 8 x + 16)}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.20.17

Subtract $8 x^{2}$ from $4 x^{2}$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 + (- x^{4} + 12 x^{2} + 8 x) (2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 16 + 2 x^{3} - 4 x^{2} - 16 x + 8 x + 16)}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.20.18

Add $- 16 x$ and $8 x$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 + (- x^{4} + 12 x^{2} + 8 x) (2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 16 + 2 x^{3} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x + 16)}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.21

Combine the opposite terms in $2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 16 + 2 x^{3} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x + 16$ .

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Step 2.9.4.21.1

Subtract $4 x^{2}$ from $4 x^{2}$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 + (- x^{4} + 12 x^{2} + 8 x) (2 x^{3} - 8 x - 16 + 2 x^{3} + 0 - 8 x + 16)}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.21.2

Add $2 x^{3} - 8 x - 16 + 2 x^{3}$ and $0$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 + (- x^{4} + 12 x^{2} + 8 x) (2 x^{3} - 8 x - 16 + 2 x^{3} - 8 x + 16)}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.21.3

Add $- 16$ and $16$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 + (- x^{4} + 12 x^{2} + 8 x) (2 x^{3} - 8 x + 2 x^{3} - 8 x + 0)}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.21.4

Add $2 x^{3} - 8 x + 2 x^{3} - 8 x$ and $0$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 + (- x^{4} + 12 x^{2} + 8 x) (2 x^{3} - 8 x + 2 x^{3} - 8 x)}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.22

Add $2 x^{3}$ and $2 x^{3}$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 + (- x^{4} + 12 x^{2} + 8 x) (4 x^{3} - 8 x - 8 x)}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.23

Subtract $8 x$ from $- 8 x$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 + (- x^{4} + 12 x^{2} + 8 x) (4 x^{3} - 16 x)}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.24

Expand $(- x^{4} + 12 x^{2} + 8 x) (4 x^{3} - 16 x)$ by multiplying each term in the first expression by each term in the second expression.

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 - x^{4} (4 x^{3}) - x^{4} (- 16 x) + 12 x^{2} (4 x^{3}) + 12 x^{2} (- 16 x) + 8 x (4 x^{3}) + 8 x (- 16 x)}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.25

Simplify each term.

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Step 2.9.4.25.1

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 - 1 \cdot (4 x^{4} x^{3}) - x^{4} (- 16 x) + 12 x^{2} (4 x^{3}) + 12 x^{2} (- 16 x) + 8 x (4 x^{3}) + 8 x (- 16 x)}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.25.2

Multiply $x^{4}$ by $x^{3}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 2.9.4.25.2.1

Move $x^{3}$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 - 1 \cdot (4 (x^{3} x^{4})) - x^{4} (- 16 x) + 12 x^{2} (4 x^{3}) + 12 x^{2} (- 16 x) + 8 x (4 x^{3}) + 8 x (- 16 x)}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.25.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 - 1 \cdot (4 x^{3 + 4}) - x^{4} (- 16 x) + 12 x^{2} (4 x^{3}) + 12 x^{2} (- 16 x) + 8 x (4 x^{3}) + 8 x (- 16 x)}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.25.2.3

Add $3$ and $4$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 - 1 \cdot (4 x^{7}) - x^{4} (- 16 x) + 12 x^{2} (4 x^{3}) + 12 x^{2} (- 16 x) + 8 x (4 x^{3}) + 8 x (- 16 x)}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.25.3

Multiply $- 1$ by $4$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 - 4 x^{7} - x^{4} (- 16 x) + 12 x^{2} (4 x^{3}) + 12 x^{2} (- 16 x) + 8 x (4 x^{3}) + 8 x (- 16 x)}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.25.4

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 - 4 x^{7} - 1 \cdot (- 16 x^{4} x) + 12 x^{2} (4 x^{3}) + 12 x^{2} (- 16 x) + 8 x (4 x^{3}) + 8 x (- 16 x)}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.25.5

Multiply $x^{4}$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 2.9.4.25.5.1

Move $x$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 - 4 x^{7} - 1 \cdot (- 16 (x \cdot x^{4})) + 12 x^{2} (4 x^{3}) + 12 x^{2} (- 16 x) + 8 x (4 x^{3}) + 8 x (- 16 x)}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.25.5.2

Multiply $x$ by $x^{4}$ .

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Step 2.9.4.25.5.2.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

Step 2.9.4.25.5.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 - 4 x^{7} - 1 \cdot (- 16 x^{1 + 4}) + 12 x^{2} (4 x^{3}) + 12 x^{2} (- 16 x) + 8 x (4 x^{3}) + 8 x (- 16 x)}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.25.5.3

Add $1$ and $4$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 - 4 x^{7} - 1 \cdot (- 16 x^{5}) + 12 x^{2} (4 x^{3}) + 12 x^{2} (- 16 x) + 8 x (4 x^{3}) + 8 x (- 16 x)}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.25.6

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 16$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 - 4 x^{7} + 16 x^{5} + 12 x^{2} (4 x^{3}) + 12 x^{2} (- 16 x) + 8 x (4 x^{3}) + 8 x (- 16 x)}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.25.7

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 - 4 x^{7} + 16 x^{5} + 12 \cdot (4 x^{2} x^{3}) + 12 x^{2} (- 16 x) + 8 x (4 x^{3}) + 8 x (- 16 x)}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.25.8

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $x^{3}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 2.9.4.25.8.1

Move $x^{3}$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 - 4 x^{7} + 16 x^{5} + 12 \cdot (4 (x^{3} x^{2})) + 12 x^{2} (- 16 x) + 8 x (4 x^{3}) + 8 x (- 16 x)}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.25.8.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 - 4 x^{7} + 16 x^{5} + 12 \cdot (4 x^{3 + 2}) + 12 x^{2} (- 16 x) + 8 x (4 x^{3}) + 8 x (- 16 x)}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.25.8.3

Add $3$ and $2$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 - 4 x^{7} + 16 x^{5} + 12 \cdot (4 x^{5}) + 12 x^{2} (- 16 x) + 8 x (4 x^{3}) + 8 x (- 16 x)}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.25.9

Multiply $12$ by $4$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 - 4 x^{7} + 16 x^{5} + 48 x^{5} + 12 x^{2} (- 16 x) + 8 x (4 x^{3}) + 8 x (- 16 x)}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.25.10

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 - 4 x^{7} + 16 x^{5} + 48 x^{5} + 12 \cdot (- 16 x^{2} x) + 8 x (4 x^{3}) + 8 x (- 16 x)}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.25.11

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 2.9.4.25.11.1

Move $x$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 - 4 x^{7} + 16 x^{5} + 48 x^{5} + 12 \cdot (- 16 (x \cdot x^{2})) + 8 x (4 x^{3}) + 8 x (- 16 x)}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.25.11.2

Multiply $x$ by $x^{2}$ .

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Step 2.9.4.25.11.2.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

Step 2.9.4.25.11.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 - 4 x^{7} + 16 x^{5} + 48 x^{5} + 12 \cdot (- 16 x^{1 + 2}) + 8 x (4 x^{3}) + 8 x (- 16 x)}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.25.11.3

Add $1$ and $2$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 - 4 x^{7} + 16 x^{5} + 48 x^{5} + 12 \cdot (- 16 x^{3}) + 8 x (4 x^{3}) + 8 x (- 16 x)}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.25.12

Multiply $12$ by $- 16$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 - 4 x^{7} + 16 x^{5} + 48 x^{5} - 192 x^{3} + 8 x (4 x^{3}) + 8 x (- 16 x)}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.25.13

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 - 4 x^{7} + 16 x^{5} + 48 x^{5} - 192 x^{3} + 8 \cdot (4 x \cdot x^{3}) + 8 x (- 16 x)}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.25.14

Multiply $x$ by $x^{3}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 2.9.4.25.14.1

Move $x^{3}$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 - 4 x^{7} + 16 x^{5} + 48 x^{5} - 192 x^{3} + 8 \cdot (4 (x^{3} x)) + 8 x (- 16 x)}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.25.14.2

Multiply $x^{3}$ by $x$ .

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Step 2.9.4.25.14.2.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

Step 2.9.4.25.14.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 - 4 x^{7} + 16 x^{5} + 48 x^{5} - 192 x^{3} + 8 \cdot (4 x^{3 + 1}) + 8 x (- 16 x)}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.25.14.3

Add $3$ and $1$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 - 4 x^{7} + 16 x^{5} + 48 x^{5} - 192 x^{3} + 8 \cdot (4 x^{4}) + 8 x (- 16 x)}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.25.15

Multiply $8$ by $4$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 - 4 x^{7} + 16 x^{5} + 48 x^{5} - 192 x^{3} + 32 x^{4} + 8 x (- 16 x)}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.25.16

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 - 4 x^{7} + 16 x^{5} + 48 x^{5} - 192 x^{3} + 32 x^{4} + 8 \cdot (- 16 x \cdot x)}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.25.17

Multiply $x$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 2.9.4.25.17.1

Move $x$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 - 4 x^{7} + 16 x^{5} + 48 x^{5} - 192 x^{3} + 32 x^{4} + 8 \cdot (- 16 (x \cdot x))}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.25.17.2

Multiply $x$ by $x$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 - 4 x^{7} + 16 x^{5} + 48 x^{5} - 192 x^{3} + 32 x^{4} + 8 \cdot (- 16 x^{2})}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.25.18

Multiply $8$ by $- 16$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 - 4 x^{7} + 16 x^{5} + 48 x^{5} - 192 x^{3} + 32 x^{4} - 128 x^{2}}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.26

Add $16 x^{5}$ and $48 x^{5}$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{4 x^{7} - 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 - 4 x^{7} + 64 x^{5} - 192 x^{3} + 32 x^{4} - 128 x^{2}}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.27

Subtract $4 x^{7}$ from $4 x^{7}$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{- 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 + 0 + 64 x^{5} - 192 x^{3} + 32 x^{4} - 128 x^{2}}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.28

Add $- 56 x^{5}$ and $0$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{- 56 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 + 64 x^{5} - 192 x^{3} + 32 x^{4} - 128 x^{2}}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.29

Add $- 56 x^{5}$ and $64 x^{5}$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{8 x^{5} - 8 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 - 192 x^{3} + 32 x^{4} - 128 x^{2}}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.30

Add $- 8 x^{4}$ and $32 x^{4}$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{8 x^{5} + 24 x^{4} + 256 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 - 192 x^{3} - 128 x^{2}}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.31

Subtract $192 x^{3}$ from $256 x^{3}$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{8 x^{5} + 24 x^{4} + 64 x^{3} + 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128 - 128 x^{2}}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.32

Subtract $128 x^{2}$ from $64 x^{2}$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{8 x^{5} + 24 x^{4} + 64 x^{3} - 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.33

Factor $8$ out of $8 x^{5} + 24 x^{4} + 64 x^{3} - 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128$ .

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Step 2.9.4.33.1

Factor $8$ out of $8 x^{5}$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{8 (x^{5}) + 24 x^{4} + 64 x^{3} - 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.33.2

Factor $8$ out of $24 x^{4}$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{8 (x^{5}) + 8 (3 x^{4}) + 64 x^{3} - 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.33.3

Factor $8$ out of $64 x^{3}$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{8 (x^{5}) + 8 (3 x^{4}) + 8 (8 x^{3}) - 64 x^{2} - 384 x - 128}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.33.4

Factor $8$ out of $- 64 x^{2}$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{8 (x^{5}) + 8 (3 x^{4}) + 8 (8 x^{3}) + 8 (- 8 x^{2}) - 384 x - 128}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.33.5

Factor $8$ out of $- 384 x$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{8 (x^{5}) + 8 (3 x^{4}) + 8 (8 x^{3}) + 8 (- 8 x^{2}) + 8 (- 48 x) - 128}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.33.6

Factor $8$ out of $- 128$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{8 x^{5} + 8 (3 x^{4}) + 8 (8 x^{3}) + 8 (- 8 x^{2}) + 8 (- 48 x) + 8 \cdot - 16}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.33.7

Factor $8$ out of $8 x^{5} + 8 (3 x^{4})$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{8 (x^{5} + 3 x^{4}) + 8 (8 x^{3}) + 8 (- 8 x^{2}) + 8 (- 48 x) + 8 \cdot - 16}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.33.8

Factor $8$ out of $8 (x^{5} + 3 x^{4}) + 8 (8 x^{3})$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{8 (x^{5} + 3 x^{4} + 8 x^{3}) + 8 (- 8 x^{2}) + 8 (- 48 x) + 8 \cdot - 16}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.33.9

Factor $8$ out of $8 (x^{5} + 3 x^{4} + 8 x^{3}) + 8 (- 8 x^{2})$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{8 (x^{5} + 3 x^{4} + 8 x^{3} - 8 x^{2}) + 8 (- 48 x) + 8 \cdot - 16}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.33.10

Factor $8$ out of $8 (x^{5} + 3 x^{4} + 8 x^{3} - 8 x^{2}) + 8 (- 48 x)$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{8 (x^{5} + 3 x^{4} + 8 x^{3} - 8 x^{2} - 48 x) + 8 \cdot - 16}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.4.33.11

Factor $8$ out of $8 (x^{5} + 3 x^{4} + 8 x^{3} - 8 x^{2} - 48 x) + 8 \cdot - 16$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{8 (x^{5} + 3 x^{4} + 8 x^{3} - 8 x^{2} - 48 x - 16)}{{({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.5

Combine terms.

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Step 2.9.5.1

Multiply the exponents in ${({(x + 2)}^{2})}^{2}$ .

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Step 2.9.5.1.1

Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, ${(a^{m})}^{n} = a^{m n}$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{8 (x^{5} + 3 x^{4} + 8 x^{3} - 8 x^{2} - 48 x - 16)}{{(x + 2)}^{2 \cdot 2} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.5.1.2

Multiply $2$ by $2$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{8 (x^{5} + 3 x^{4} + 8 x^{3} - 8 x^{2} - 48 x - 16)}{{(x + 2)}^{4} {({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 2.9.5.2

Multiply the exponents in ${({(x - 2)}^{2})}^{2}$ .

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Step 2.9.5.2.1

Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, ${(a^{m})}^{n} = a^{m n}$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{8 (x^{5} + 3 x^{4} + 8 x^{3} - 8 x^{2} - 48 x - 16)}{{(x + 2)}^{4} {(x - 2)}^{2 \cdot 2}}$

Step 2.9.5.2.2

Multiply $2$ by $2$ .

$r'' (x) = \frac{8 (x^{5} + 3 x^{4} + 8 x^{3} - 8 x^{2} - 48 x - 16)}{{(x + 2)}^{4} {(x - 2)}^{4}}$

Step 3

To find the local maximum and minimum values of the function, set the derivative equal to $0$ and solve.

$\frac{x (x^{3} - 12 x - 8)}{{(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2}} = 0$

Step 4

Find the first derivative.

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Step 4.1

Find the first derivative.

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Step 4.1.1

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $1$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [\frac{x^{3} + x^{2}}{x^{2} - 4}]$

Step 4.1.2

$\frac{(x^{2} - 4) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{3} + x^{2}] - (x^{3} + x^{2}) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 4]}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 4.1.3

Differentiate.

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Step 4.1.3.1

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $x^{3} + x^{2}$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{3}] + \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}]$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} - 4) (\frac{d}{d x} [x^{3}] + \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}]) - (x^{3} + x^{2}) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 4]}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 4.1.3.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 3$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} - 4) (3 x^{2} + \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}]) - (x^{3} + x^{2}) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 4]}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 4.1.3.3

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} - 4) (3 x^{2} + 2 x) - (x^{3} + x^{2}) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 4]}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 4.1.3.4

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $x^{2} - 4$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 4]$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} - 4) (3 x^{2} + 2 x) - (x^{3} + x^{2}) (\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 4])}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 4.1.3.5

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} - 4) (3 x^{2} + 2 x) - (x^{3} + x^{2}) (2 x + \frac{d}{d x} [- 4])}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 4.1.3.6

Since $- 4$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- 4$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} - 4) (3 x^{2} + 2 x) - (x^{3} + x^{2}) (2 x + 0)}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 4.1.3.7

Simplify the expression.

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Step 4.1.3.7.1

Add $2 x$ and $0$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} - 4) (3 x^{2} + 2 x) - (x^{3} + x^{2}) (2 x)}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 4.1.3.7.2

Multiply $2$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} - 4) (3 x^{2} + 2 x) - 2 (x^{3} + x^{2}) x}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 4.1.4

Simplify.

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Step 4.1.4.1

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{(x^{2} - 4) (3 x^{2} + 2 x) + (- 2 x^{3} - 2 x^{2}) x}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 4.1.4.2

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{(x^{2} - 4) (3 x^{2} + 2 x) - 2 x^{3} x - 2 x^{2} x}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 4.1.4.3

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 4.1.4.3.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 4.1.4.3.1.1

Expand $(x^{2} - 4) (3 x^{2} + 2 x)$ using the FOIL Method.

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Step 4.1.4.3.1.1.1

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{x^{2} (3 x^{2} + 2 x) - 4 (3 x^{2} + 2 x) - 2 x^{3} x - 2 x^{2} x}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 4.1.4.3.1.1.2

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{x^{2} (3 x^{2}) + x^{2} (2 x) - 4 (3 x^{2} + 2 x) - 2 x^{3} x - 2 x^{2} x}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 4.1.4.3.1.1.3

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{x^{2} (3 x^{2}) + x^{2} (2 x) - 4 (3 x^{2}) - 4 (2 x) - 2 x^{3} x - 2 x^{2} x}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 4.1.4.3.1.2

Simplify each term.

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Step 4.1.4.3.1.2.1

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$\frac{3 x^{2} x^{2} + x^{2} (2 x) - 4 (3 x^{2}) - 4 (2 x) - 2 x^{3} x - 2 x^{2} x}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 4.1.4.3.1.2.2

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $x^{2}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 4.1.4.3.1.2.2.1

Move $x^{2}$ .

$\frac{3 (x^{2} x^{2}) + x^{2} (2 x) - 4 (3 x^{2}) - 4 (2 x) - 2 x^{3} x - 2 x^{2} x}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 4.1.4.3.1.2.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{3 x^{2 + 2} + x^{2} (2 x) - 4 (3 x^{2}) - 4 (2 x) - 2 x^{3} x - 2 x^{2} x}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 4.1.4.3.1.2.2.3

Add $2$ and $2$ .

$\frac{3 x^{4} + x^{2} (2 x) - 4 (3 x^{2}) - 4 (2 x) - 2 x^{3} x - 2 x^{2} x}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 4.1.4.3.1.2.3

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$\frac{3 x^{4} + 2 x^{2} x - 4 (3 x^{2}) - 4 (2 x) - 2 x^{3} x - 2 x^{2} x}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 4.1.4.3.1.2.4

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 4.1.4.3.1.2.4.1

Move $x$ .

$\frac{3 x^{4} + 2 (x \cdot x^{2}) - 4 (3 x^{2}) - 4 (2 x) - 2 x^{3} x - 2 x^{2} x}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 4.1.4.3.1.2.4.2

Multiply $x$ by $x^{2}$ .

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Step 4.1.4.3.1.2.4.2.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{3 x^{4} + 2 (x^{1} x^{2}) - 4 (3 x^{2}) - 4 (2 x) - 2 x^{3} x - 2 x^{2} x}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 4.1.4.3.1.2.4.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{3 x^{4} + 2 x^{1 + 2} - 4 (3 x^{2}) - 4 (2 x) - 2 x^{3} x - 2 x^{2} x}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 4.1.4.3.1.2.4.3

Add $1$ and $2$ .

$\frac{3 x^{4} + 2 x^{3} - 4 (3 x^{2}) - 4 (2 x) - 2 x^{3} x - 2 x^{2} x}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 4.1.4.3.1.2.5

Multiply $3$ by $- 4$ .

$\frac{3 x^{4} + 2 x^{3} - 12 x^{2} - 4 (2 x) - 2 x^{3} x - 2 x^{2} x}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 4.1.4.3.1.2.6

Multiply $2$ by $- 4$ .

$\frac{3 x^{4} + 2 x^{3} - 12 x^{2} - 8 x - 2 x^{3} x - 2 x^{2} x}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 4.1.4.3.1.3

Multiply $x^{3}$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 4.1.4.3.1.3.1

Move $x$ .

$\frac{3 x^{4} + 2 x^{3} - 12 x^{2} - 8 x - 2 (x \cdot x^{3}) - 2 x^{2} x}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 4.1.4.3.1.3.2

Multiply $x$ by $x^{3}$ .

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Step 4.1.4.3.1.3.2.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{3 x^{4} + 2 x^{3} - 12 x^{2} - 8 x - 2 (x^{1} x^{3}) - 2 x^{2} x}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 4.1.4.3.1.3.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{3 x^{4} + 2 x^{3} - 12 x^{2} - 8 x - 2 x^{1 + 3} - 2 x^{2} x}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 4.1.4.3.1.3.3

Add $1$ and $3$ .

$\frac{3 x^{4} + 2 x^{3} - 12 x^{2} - 8 x - 2 x^{4} - 2 x^{2} x}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 4.1.4.3.1.4

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 4.1.4.3.1.4.1

Move $x$ .

$\frac{3 x^{4} + 2 x^{3} - 12 x^{2} - 8 x - 2 x^{4} - 2 (x \cdot x^{2})}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 4.1.4.3.1.4.2

Multiply $x$ by $x^{2}$ .

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Step 4.1.4.3.1.4.2.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{3 x^{4} + 2 x^{3} - 12 x^{2} - 8 x - 2 x^{4} - 2 (x^{1} x^{2})}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 4.1.4.3.1.4.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{3 x^{4} + 2 x^{3} - 12 x^{2} - 8 x - 2 x^{4} - 2 x^{1 + 2}}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 4.1.4.3.1.4.3

Add $1$ and $2$ .

$\frac{3 x^{4} + 2 x^{3} - 12 x^{2} - 8 x - 2 x^{4} - 2 x^{3}}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 4.1.4.3.2

Combine the opposite terms in $3 x^{4} + 2 x^{3} - 12 x^{2} - 8 x - 2 x^{4} - 2 x^{3}$ .

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Step 4.1.4.3.2.1

Subtract $2 x^{3}$ from $2 x^{3}$ .

$\frac{3 x^{4} - 12 x^{2} - 8 x - 2 x^{4} + 0}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 4.1.4.3.2.2

Add $3 x^{4} - 12 x^{2} - 8 x - 2 x^{4}$ and $0$ .

$\frac{3 x^{4} - 12 x^{2} - 8 x - 2 x^{4}}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 4.1.4.3.3

Subtract $2 x^{4}$ from $3 x^{4}$ .

$\frac{x^{4} - 12 x^{2} - 8 x}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 4.1.4.4

Factor $x$ out of $x^{4} - 12 x^{2} - 8 x$ .

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Step 4.1.4.4.1

Factor $x$ out of $x^{4}$ .

$\frac{x \cdot x^{3} - 12 x^{2} - 8 x}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 4.1.4.4.2

Factor $x$ out of $- 12 x^{2}$ .

$\frac{x \cdot x^{3} + x (- 12 x) - 8 x}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 4.1.4.4.3

Factor $x$ out of $- 8 x$ .

$\frac{x \cdot x^{3} + x (- 12 x) + x \cdot - 8}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 4.1.4.4.4

Factor $x$ out of $x \cdot x^{3} + x (- 12 x)$ .

$\frac{x (x^{3} - 12 x) + x \cdot - 8}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 4.1.4.4.5

Factor $x$ out of $x (x^{3} - 12 x) + x \cdot - 8$ .

$\frac{x (x^{3} - 12 x - 8)}{{(x^{2} - 4)}^{2}}$

Step 4.1.4.5

Simplify the denominator.

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Step 4.1.4.5.1

Rewrite $4$ as $2^{2}$ .

$\frac{x (x^{3} - 12 x - 8)}{{(x^{2} - 2^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 4.1.4.5.2

Since both terms are perfect squares, factor using the difference of squares formula, $a^{2} - b^{2} = (a + b) (a - b)$ where $a = x$ and $b = 2$ .

$\frac{x (x^{3} - 12 x - 8)}{{((x + 2) (x - 2))}^{2}}$

Step 4.1.4.5.3

Apply the product rule to $(x + 2) (x - 2)$ .

$f' (x) = \frac{x (x^{3} - 12 x - 8)}{{(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2}}$

Step 4.2

The first derivative of $r (x)$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{x (x^{3} - 12 x - 8)}{{(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2}}$ .

$\frac{x (x^{3} - 12 x - 8)}{{(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2}}$

Step 5

Set the first derivative equal to $0$ then solve the equation $\frac{x (x^{3} - 12 x - 8)}{{(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2}} = 0$ .

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Step 5.1

Set the first derivative equal to $0$ .

$\frac{x (x^{3} - 12 x - 8)}{{(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2}} = 0$

Step 5.2

Graph each side of the equation. The solution is the x-value of the point of intersection.

$x \approx - 3.06417777, - 0.69459271, 0, 3.75877048$

Step 6

Find the values where the derivative is undefined.

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Step 6.1

Set the denominator in $\frac{x (x^{3} - 12 x - 8)}{{(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2}}$ equal to $0$ to find where the expression is undefined.

${(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2} = 0$

Step 6.2

Solve for $x$ .

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Step 6.2.1

If any individual factor on the left side of the equation is equal to $0$ , the entire expression will be equal to $0$ .

${(x + 2)}^{2} = 0$

${(x - 2)}^{2} = 0$

Step 6.2.2

Set ${(x + 2)}^{2}$ equal to $0$ and solve for $x$ .

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Step 6.2.2.1

Set ${(x + 2)}^{2}$ equal to $0$ .

${(x + 2)}^{2} = 0$

Step 6.2.2.2

Solve ${(x + 2)}^{2} = 0$ for $x$ .

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Step 6.2.2.2.1

Set the $x + 2$ equal to $0$ .

$x + 2 = 0$

Step 6.2.2.2.2

Subtract $2$ from both sides of the equation.

$x = - 2$

Step 6.2.3

Set ${(x - 2)}^{2}$ equal to $0$ and solve for $x$ .

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Step 6.2.3.1

Set ${(x - 2)}^{2}$ equal to $0$ .

${(x - 2)}^{2} = 0$

Step 6.2.3.2

Solve ${(x - 2)}^{2} = 0$ for $x$ .

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Step 6.2.3.2.1

Set the $x - 2$ equal to $0$ .

$x - 2 = 0$

Step 6.2.3.2.2

Add $2$ to both sides of the equation.

$x = 2$

Step 6.2.4

The final solution is all the values that make ${(x + 2)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2} = 0$ true.

$x = - 2, 2$

Step 6.3

The equation is undefined where the denominator equals $0$ , the argument of a square root is less than $0$ , or the argument of a logarithm is less than or equal to $0$ .

$x = - 2, x = 2$

Step 7

Critical points to evaluate.

$x = - 3.06417777, - 0.69459271, 0, 3.75877048$

Step 8

Evaluate the second derivative at $x = - 3.06417777$ . If the second derivative is positive, then this is a local minimum. If it is negative, then this is a local maximum.

$\frac{8 ({(- 3.06417777)}^{5} + 3 {(- 3.06417777)}^{4} + 8 {(- 3.06417777)}^{3} - 8 {(- 3.06417777)}^{2} - 48 \cdot - 3.06417777 - 16)}{{((- 3.06417777) + 2)}^{4} {((- 3.06417777) - 2)}^{4}}$

Step 9

Evaluate the second derivative.

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Step 9.1

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 9.1.1

Raise $- 3.06417777$ to the power of $5$ .

$\frac{8 (- 270.12811583 + 3 {(- 3.06417777)}^{4} + 8 {(- 3.06417777)}^{3} - 8 {(- 3.06417777)}^{2} - 48 \cdot - 3.06417777 - 16)}{{(- 3.06417777 + 2)}^{4} {(- 3.06417777 - 2)}^{4}}$

Step 9.1.2

Raise $- 3.06417777$ to the power of $4$ .

$\frac{8 (- 270.12811583 + 3 \cdot 88.15680286 + 8 {(- 3.06417777)}^{3} - 8 {(- 3.06417777)}^{2} - 48 \cdot - 3.06417777 - 16)}{{(- 3.06417777 + 2)}^{4} {(- 3.06417777 - 2)}^{4}}$

Step 9.1.3

Multiply $3$ by $88.15680286$ .

$\frac{8 (- 270.12811583 + 264.4704086 + 8 {(- 3.06417777)}^{3} - 8 {(- 3.06417777)}^{2} - 48 \cdot - 3.06417777 - 16)}{{(- 3.06417777 + 2)}^{4} {(- 3.06417777 - 2)}^{4}}$

Step 9.1.4

Raise $- 3.06417777$ to the power of $3$ .

$\frac{8 (- 270.12811583 + 264.4704086 + 8 \cdot - 28.77013326 - 8 {(- 3.06417777)}^{2} - 48 \cdot - 3.06417777 - 16)}{{(- 3.06417777 + 2)}^{4} {(- 3.06417777 - 2)}^{4}}$

Step 9.1.5

Multiply $8$ by $- 28.77013326$ .

$\frac{8 (- 270.12811583 + 264.4704086 - 230.16106614 - 8 {(- 3.06417777)}^{2} - 48 \cdot - 3.06417777 - 16)}{{(- 3.06417777 + 2)}^{4} {(- 3.06417777 - 2)}^{4}}$

Step 9.1.6

Raise $- 3.06417777$ to the power of $2$ .

$\frac{8 (- 270.12811583 + 264.4704086 - 230.16106614 - 8 \cdot 9.38918542 - 48 \cdot - 3.06417777 - 16)}{{(- 3.06417777 + 2)}^{4} {(- 3.06417777 - 2)}^{4}}$

Step 9.1.7

Multiply $- 8$ by $9.38918542$ .

$\frac{8 (- 270.12811583 + 264.4704086 - 230.16106614 - 75.11348336 - 48 \cdot - 3.06417777 - 16)}{{(- 3.06417777 + 2)}^{4} {(- 3.06417777 - 2)}^{4}}$

Step 9.1.8

Multiply $- 48$ by $- 3.06417777$ .

$\frac{8 (- 270.12811583 + 264.4704086 - 230.16106614 - 75.11348336 + 147.08053307 - 16)}{{(- 3.06417777 + 2)}^{4} {(- 3.06417777 - 2)}^{4}}$

Step 9.1.9

Add $- 270.12811583$ and $264.4704086$ .

$\frac{8 (- 5.65770723 - 230.16106614 - 75.11348336 + 147.08053307 - 16)}{{(- 3.06417777 + 2)}^{4} {(- 3.06417777 - 2)}^{4}}$

Step 9.1.10

Subtract $230.16106614$ from $- 5.65770723$ .

$\frac{8 (- 235.81877337 - 75.11348336 + 147.08053307 - 16)}{{(- 3.06417777 + 2)}^{4} {(- 3.06417777 - 2)}^{4}}$

Step 9.1.11

Subtract $75.11348336$ from $- 235.81877337$ .

$\frac{8 (- 310.93225673 + 147.08053307 - 16)}{{(- 3.06417777 + 2)}^{4} {(- 3.06417777 - 2)}^{4}}$

Step 9.1.12

Add $- 310.93225673$ and $147.08053307$ .

$\frac{8 (- 163.85172366 - 16)}{{(- 3.06417777 + 2)}^{4} {(- 3.06417777 - 2)}^{4}}$

Step 9.1.13

Subtract $16$ from $- 163.85172366$ .

$\frac{8 \cdot - 179.85172366}{{(- 3.06417777 + 2)}^{4} {(- 3.06417777 - 2)}^{4}}$

Step 9.2

Simplify the denominator.

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Step 9.2.1

Add $- 3.06417777$ and $2$ .

$\frac{8 \cdot - 179.85172366}{{(- 1.06417777)}^{4} {(- 3.06417777 - 2)}^{4}}$

Step 9.2.2

Subtract $2$ from $- 3.06417777$ .

$\frac{8 \cdot - 179.85172366}{{(- 1.06417777)}^{4} {(- 5.06417777)}^{4}}$

Step 9.2.3

Raise $- 1.06417777$ to the power of $4$ .

$\frac{8 \cdot - 179.85172366}{1.28249811 {(- 5.06417777)}^{4}}$

Step 9.2.4

Raise $- 5.06417777$ to the power of $4$ .

$\frac{8 \cdot - 179.85172366}{1.28249811 \cdot 657.71200782}$

Step 9.3

Simplify the expression.

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Step 9.3.1

Multiply $8$ by $- 179.85172366$ .

$\frac{- 1438.8137893}{1.28249811 \cdot 657.71200782}$

Step 9.3.2

Multiply $1.28249811$ by $657.71200782$ .

$\frac{- 1438.8137893}{843.51440761}$

Step 9.3.3

Divide $- 1438.8137893$ by $843.51440761$ .

$- 1.70573706$

Step 10

$x = - 3.06417777$ is a local maximum because the value of the second derivative is negative. This is referred to as the second derivative test.

$x = - 3.06417777$ is a local maximum

Step 11

Find the y-value when $x = - 3.06417777$ .

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Step 11.1

Replace the variable $x$ with $- 3.06417777$ in the expression.

$r (- 3.06417777) = \frac{{(- 3.06417777)}^{3} + 1 {(- 3.06417777)}^{2}}{{(- 3.06417777)}^{2} - 4}$

Step 11.2

Simplify the result.

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Step 11.2.1

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 11.2.1.1

Raise $- 3.06417777$ to the power of $3$ .

$r (- 3.06417777) = \frac{- 28.77013326 + 1 {(- 3.06417777)}^{2}}{{(- 3.06417777)}^{2} - 4}$

Step 11.2.1.2

Multiply ${(- 3.06417777)}^{2}$ by $1$ .

$r (- 3.06417777) = \frac{- 28.77013326 + {(- 3.06417777)}^{2}}{{(- 3.06417777)}^{2} - 4}$

Step 11.2.1.3

Raise $- 3.06417777$ to the power of $2$ .

$r (- 3.06417777) = \frac{- 28.77013326 + 9.38918542}{{(- 3.06417777)}^{2} - 4}$

Step 11.2.1.4

Add $- 28.77013326$ and $9.38918542$ .

$r (- 3.06417777) = \frac{- 19.38094784}{{(- 3.06417777)}^{2} - 4}$

Step 11.2.2

Simplify the denominator.

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Step 11.2.2.1

Raise $- 3.06417777$ to the power of $2$ .

$r (- 3.06417777) = \frac{- 19.38094784}{9.38918542 - 4}$

Step 11.2.2.2

Subtract $4$ from $9.38918542$ .

$r (- 3.06417777) = \frac{- 19.38094784}{5.38918542}$

Step 11.2.3

Divide $- 19.38094784$ by $5.38918542$ .

$r (- 3.06417777) = - 3.59626665$

Step 11.2.4

The final answer is $- 3.59626665$ .

$y = - 3.59626665$

Step 12

Evaluate the second derivative at $x = - 0.69459271$ . If the second derivative is positive, then this is a local minimum. If it is negative, then this is a local maximum.

$\frac{8 ({(- 0.69459271)}^{5} + 3 {(- 0.69459271)}^{4} + 8 {(- 0.69459271)}^{3} - 8 {(- 0.69459271)}^{2} - 48 \cdot - 0.69459271 - 16)}{{((- 0.69459271) + 2)}^{4} {((- 0.69459271) - 2)}^{4}}$

Step 13

Evaluate the second derivative.

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Step 13.1

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 13.1.1

Raise $- 0.69459271$ to the power of $5$ .

$\frac{8 (- 0.16167806 + 3 {(- 0.69459271)}^{4} + 8 {(- 0.69459271)}^{3} - 8 {(- 0.69459271)}^{2} - 48 \cdot - 0.69459271 - 16)}{{(- 0.69459271 + 2)}^{4} {(- 0.69459271 - 2)}^{4}}$

Step 13.1.2

Raise $- 0.69459271$ to the power of $4$ .

$\frac{8 (- 0.16167806 + 3 \cdot 0.23276672 + 8 {(- 0.69459271)}^{3} - 8 {(- 0.69459271)}^{2} - 48 \cdot - 0.69459271 - 16)}{{(- 0.69459271 + 2)}^{4} {(- 0.69459271 - 2)}^{4}}$

Step 13.1.3

Multiply $3$ by $0.23276672$ .

$\frac{8 (- 0.16167806 + 0.69830016 + 8 {(- 0.69459271)}^{3} - 8 {(- 0.69459271)}^{2} - 48 \cdot - 0.69459271 - 16)}{{(- 0.69459271 + 2)}^{4} {(- 0.69459271 - 2)}^{4}}$

Step 13.1.4

Raise $- 0.69459271$ to the power of $3$ .

$\frac{8 (- 0.16167806 + 0.69830016 + 8 \cdot - 0.33511252 - 8 {(- 0.69459271)}^{2} - 48 \cdot - 0.69459271 - 16)}{{(- 0.69459271 + 2)}^{4} {(- 0.69459271 - 2)}^{4}}$

Step 13.1.5

Multiply $8$ by $- 0.33511252$ .

$\frac{8 (- 0.16167806 + 0.69830016 - 2.68090023 - 8 {(- 0.69459271)}^{2} - 48 \cdot - 0.69459271 - 16)}{{(- 0.69459271 + 2)}^{4} {(- 0.69459271 - 2)}^{4}}$

Step 13.1.6

Raise $- 0.69459271$ to the power of $2$ .

$\frac{8 (- 0.16167806 + 0.69830016 - 2.68090023 - 8 \cdot 0.48245903 - 48 \cdot - 0.69459271 - 16)}{{(- 0.69459271 + 2)}^{4} {(- 0.69459271 - 2)}^{4}}$

Step 13.1.7

Multiply $- 8$ by $0.48245903$ .

$\frac{8 (- 0.16167806 + 0.69830016 - 2.68090023 - 3.85967227 - 48 \cdot - 0.69459271 - 16)}{{(- 0.69459271 + 2)}^{4} {(- 0.69459271 - 2)}^{4}}$

Step 13.1.8

Multiply $- 48$ by $- 0.69459271$ .

$\frac{8 (- 0.16167806 + 0.69830016 - 2.68090023 - 3.85967227 + 33.34045014 - 16)}{{(- 0.69459271 + 2)}^{4} {(- 0.69459271 - 2)}^{4}}$

Step 13.1.9

Add $- 0.16167806$ and $0.69830016$ .

$\frac{8 (0.53662209 - 2.68090023 - 3.85967227 + 33.34045014 - 16)}{{(- 0.69459271 + 2)}^{4} {(- 0.69459271 - 2)}^{4}}$

Step 13.1.10

Subtract $2.68090023$ from $0.53662209$ .

$\frac{8 (- 2.14427813 - 3.85967227 + 33.34045014 - 16)}{{(- 0.69459271 + 2)}^{4} {(- 0.69459271 - 2)}^{4}}$

Step 13.1.11

Subtract $3.85967227$ from $- 2.14427813$ .

$\frac{8 (- 6.00395041 + 33.34045014 - 16)}{{(- 0.69459271 + 2)}^{4} {(- 0.69459271 - 2)}^{4}}$

Step 13.1.12

Add $- 6.00395041$ and $33.34045014$ .

$\frac{8 (27.33649972 - 16)}{{(- 0.69459271 + 2)}^{4} {(- 0.69459271 - 2)}^{4}}$

Step 13.1.13

Subtract $16$ from $27.33649972$ .

$\frac{8 \cdot 11.33649972}{{(- 0.69459271 + 2)}^{4} {(- 0.69459271 - 2)}^{4}}$

Step 13.2

Simplify the denominator.

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Step 13.2.1

Add $- 0.69459271$ and $2$ .

$\frac{8 \cdot 11.33649972}{{1.30540728}^{4} {(- 0.69459271 - 2)}^{4}}$

Step 13.2.2

Subtract $2$ from $- 0.69459271$ .

$\frac{8 \cdot 11.33649972}{{1.30540728}^{4} {(- 2.69459271)}^{4}}$

Step 13.2.3

Raise $1.30540728$ to the power of $4$ .

$\frac{8 \cdot 11.33649972}{2.90391655 {(- 2.69459271)}^{4}}$

Step 13.2.4

Raise $- 2.69459271$ to the power of $4$ .

$\frac{8 \cdot 11.33649972}{2.90391655 \cdot 52.71965054}$

Step 13.3

Simplify the expression.

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Step 13.3.1

Multiply $8$ by $11.33649972$ .

$\frac{90.69199782}{2.90391655 \cdot 52.71965054}$

Step 13.3.2

Multiply $2.90391655$ by $52.71965054$ .

$\frac{90.69199782}{153.09346609}$

Step 13.3.3

Divide $90.69199782$ by $153.09346609$ .

$0.59239626$

Step 14

$x = - 0.69459271$ is a local minimum because the value of the second derivative is positive. This is referred to as the second derivative test.

$x = - 0.69459271$ is a local minimum

Step 15

Find the y-value when $x = - 0.69459271$ .

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Step 15.1

Replace the variable $x$ with $- 0.69459271$ in the expression.

$r (- 0.69459271) = \frac{{(- 0.69459271)}^{3} + 1 {(- 0.69459271)}^{2}}{{(- 0.69459271)}^{2} - 4}$

Step 15.2

Simplify the result.

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Step 15.2.1

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 15.2.1.1

Raise $- 0.69459271$ to the power of $3$ .

$r (- 0.69459271) = \frac{- 0.33511252 + 1 {(- 0.69459271)}^{2}}{{(- 0.69459271)}^{2} - 4}$

Step 15.2.1.2

Multiply ${(- 0.69459271)}^{2}$ by $1$ .

$r (- 0.69459271) = \frac{- 0.33511252 + {(- 0.69459271)}^{2}}{{(- 0.69459271)}^{2} - 4}$

Step 15.2.1.3

Raise $- 0.69459271$ to the power of $2$ .

$r (- 0.69459271) = \frac{- 0.33511252 + 0.48245903}{{(- 0.69459271)}^{2} - 4}$

Step 15.2.1.4

Add $- 0.33511252$ and $0.48245903$ .

$r (- 0.69459271) = \frac{0.1473465}{{(- 0.69459271)}^{2} - 4}$

Step 15.2.2

Simplify the denominator.

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Step 15.2.2.1

Raise $- 0.69459271$ to the power of $2$ .

$r (- 0.69459271) = \frac{0.1473465}{0.48245903 - 4}$

Step 15.2.2.2

Subtract $4$ from $0.48245903$ .

$r (- 0.69459271) = \frac{0.1473465}{- 3.51754096}$

Step 15.2.3

Divide $0.1473465$ by $- 3.51754096$ .

$r (- 0.69459271) = - 0.04188906$

Step 15.2.4

The final answer is $- 0.04188906$ .

$y = - 0.04188906$

Step 16

Evaluate the second derivative at $x = 0$ . If the second derivative is positive, then this is a local minimum. If it is negative, then this is a local maximum.

$\frac{8 ({(0)}^{5} + 3 {(0)}^{4} + 8 {(0)}^{3} - 8 {(0)}^{2} - 48 \cdot 0 - 16)}{{((0) + 2)}^{4} {((0) - 2)}^{4}}$

Step 17

Evaluate the second derivative.

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Step 17.1

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 17.1.1

Raising $0$ to any positive power yields $0$ .

$\frac{8 (0 + 3 \cdot 0^{4} + 8 \cdot 0^{3} - 8 \cdot 0^{2} - 48 \cdot 0 - 16)}{{(0 + 2)}^{4} {(0 - 2)}^{4}}$

Step 17.1.2

Raising $0$ to any positive power yields $0$ .

$\frac{8 (0 + 3 \cdot 0 + 8 \cdot 0^{3} - 8 \cdot 0^{2} - 48 \cdot 0 - 16)}{{(0 + 2)}^{4} {(0 - 2)}^{4}}$

Step 17.1.3

Multiply $3$ by $0$ .

$\frac{8 (0 + 0 + 8 \cdot 0^{3} - 8 \cdot 0^{2} - 48 \cdot 0 - 16)}{{(0 + 2)}^{4} {(0 - 2)}^{4}}$

Step 17.1.4

Raising $0$ to any positive power yields $0$ .

$\frac{8 (0 + 0 + 8 \cdot 0 - 8 \cdot 0^{2} - 48 \cdot 0 - 16)}{{(0 + 2)}^{4} {(0 - 2)}^{4}}$

Step 17.1.5

Multiply $8$ by $0$ .

$\frac{8 (0 + 0 + 0 - 8 \cdot 0^{2} - 48 \cdot 0 - 16)}{{(0 + 2)}^{4} {(0 - 2)}^{4}}$

Step 17.1.6

Raising $0$ to any positive power yields $0$ .

$\frac{8 (0 + 0 + 0 - 8 \cdot 0 - 48 \cdot 0 - 16)}{{(0 + 2)}^{4} {(0 - 2)}^{4}}$

Step 17.1.7

Multiply $- 8$ by $0$ .

$\frac{8 (0 + 0 + 0 + 0 - 48 \cdot 0 - 16)}{{(0 + 2)}^{4} {(0 - 2)}^{4}}$

Step 17.1.8

Multiply $- 48$ by $0$ .

$\frac{8 (0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 - 16)}{{(0 + 2)}^{4} {(0 - 2)}^{4}}$

Step 17.1.9

Add $0$ and $0$ .

$\frac{8 (0 + 0 + 0 + 0 - 16)}{{(0 + 2)}^{4} {(0 - 2)}^{4}}$

Step 17.1.10

Add $0$ and $0$ .

$\frac{8 (0 + 0 + 0 - 16)}{{(0 + 2)}^{4} {(0 - 2)}^{4}}$

Step 17.1.11

Add $0$ and $0$ .

$\frac{8 (0 + 0 - 16)}{{(0 + 2)}^{4} {(0 - 2)}^{4}}$

Step 17.1.12

Add $0$ and $0$ .

$\frac{8 (0 - 16)}{{(0 + 2)}^{4} {(0 - 2)}^{4}}$

Step 17.1.13

Subtract $16$ from $0$ .

$\frac{8 \cdot - 16}{{(0 + 2)}^{4} {(0 - 2)}^{4}}$

Step 17.2

Simplify the denominator.

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Step 17.2.1

Rewrite $0$ as $- 1 (0)$ .

$\frac{8 \cdot - 16}{{(- 1 (0) + 2)}^{4} {(0 - 2)}^{4}}$

Step 17.2.2

Rewrite $2$ as $- 1 (- 2)$ .

$\frac{8 \cdot - 16}{{(- 1 \cdot 0 - 1 \cdot - 2)}^{4} {(0 - 2)}^{4}}$

Step 17.2.3

Factor $- 1$ out of $- 1 \cdot 0 - 1 \cdot - 2$ .

$\frac{8 \cdot - 16}{{(- 1 \cdot (0 - 2))}^{4} {(0 - 2)}^{4}}$

Step 17.2.4

Apply the product rule to $- 1 \cdot (0 - 2)$ .

$\frac{8 \cdot - 16}{{(- 1)}^{4} \cdot {(0 - 2)}^{4} {(0 - 2)}^{4}}$

Step 17.2.5

Raise $- 1$ to the power of $4$ .

$\frac{8 \cdot - 16}{1 \cdot {(0 - 2)}^{4} {(0 - 2)}^{4}}$

Step 17.2.6

Multiply ${(0 - 2)}^{4}$ by $1$ .

$\frac{8 \cdot - 16}{{(0 - 2)}^{4} {(0 - 2)}^{4}}$

Step 17.2.7

Multiply ${(0 - 2)}^{4}$ by ${(0 - 2)}^{4}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 17.2.7.1

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{8 \cdot - 16}{{(0 - 2)}^{4 + 4}}$

Step 17.2.7.2

Add $4$ and $4$ .

$\frac{8 \cdot - 16}{{(0 - 2)}^{8}}$

Step 17.3

Multiply $8$ by $- 16$ .

$\frac{- 128}{{(0 - 2)}^{8}}$

Step 17.4

Simplify the denominator.

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Step 17.4.1

Subtract $2$ from $0$ .

$\frac{- 128}{{(- 2)}^{8}}$

Step 17.4.2

Raise $- 2$ to the power of $8$ .

$\frac{- 128}{256}$

Step 17.5

Reduce the expression by cancelling the common factors.

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Step 17.5.1

Cancel the common factor of $- 128$ and $256$ .

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Step 17.5.1.1

Factor $128$ out of $- 128$ .

$\frac{128 (- 1)}{256}$

Step 17.5.1.2

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 17.5.1.2.1

Factor $128$ out of $256$ .

$\frac{128 \cdot - 1}{128 \cdot 2}$

Step 17.5.1.2.2

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{128 \cdot - 1}{128 \cdot 2}$

Step 17.5.1.2.3

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{- 1}{2}$

Step 17.5.2

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$- \frac{1}{2}$

Step 18

$x = 0$ is a local maximum because the value of the second derivative is negative. This is referred to as the second derivative test.

$x = 0$ is a local maximum

Step 19

Find the y-value when $x = 0$ .

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Step 19.1

Replace the variable $x$ with $0$ in the expression.

$r (0) = \frac{{(0)}^{3} + 1 {(0)}^{2}}{{(0)}^{2} - 4}$

Step 19.2

Simplify the result.

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Step 19.2.1

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 19.2.1.1

Raising $0$ to any positive power yields $0$ .

$r (0) = \frac{0 + 1 \cdot 0^{2}}{0^{2} - 4}$

Step 19.2.1.2

Multiply $0^{2}$ by $1$ .

$r (0) = \frac{0 + 0^{2}}{0^{2} - 4}$

Step 19.2.1.3

Raising $0$ to any positive power yields $0$ .

$r (0) = \frac{0 + 0}{0^{2} - 4}$

Step 19.2.1.4

Add $0$ and $0$ .

$r (0) = \frac{0}{0^{2} - 4}$

Step 19.2.2

Simplify the denominator.

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Step 19.2.2.1

Raising $0$ to any positive power yields $0$ .

$r (0) = \frac{0}{0 - 4}$

Step 19.2.2.2

Subtract $4$ from $0$ .

$r (0) = \frac{0}{- 4}$

Step 19.2.3

Divide $0$ by $- 4$ .

$r (0) = 0$

Step 19.2.4

The final answer is $0$ .

$y = 0$

Step 20

Evaluate the second derivative at $x = 3.75877048$ . If the second derivative is positive, then this is a local minimum. If it is negative, then this is a local maximum.

$\frac{8 ({(3.75877048)}^{5} + 3 {(3.75877048)}^{4} + 8 {(3.75877048)}^{3} - 8 {(3.75877048)}^{2} - 48 \cdot 3.75877048 - 16)}{{((3.75877048) + 2)}^{4} {((3.75877048) - 2)}^{4}}$

Step 21

Evaluate the second derivative.

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Step 21.1

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 21.1.1

Raise $3.75877048$ to the power of $5$ .

$\frac{8 (750.28979452 + 3 \cdot {3.75877048}^{4} + 8 \cdot {3.75877048}^{3} - 8 \cdot {3.75877048}^{2} - 48 \cdot 3.75877048 - 16)}{{(3.75877048 + 2)}^{4} {(3.75877048 - 2)}^{4}}$

Step 21.1.2

Raise $3.75877048$ to the power of $4$ .

$\frac{8 (750.28979452 + 3 \cdot 199.61043052 + 8 \cdot {3.75877048}^{3} - 8 \cdot {3.75877048}^{2} - 48 \cdot 3.75877048 - 16)}{{(3.75877048 + 2)}^{4} {(3.75877048 - 2)}^{4}}$

Step 21.1.3

Multiply $3$ by $199.61043052$ .

$\frac{8 (750.28979452 + 598.83129158 + 8 \cdot {3.75877048}^{3} - 8 \cdot {3.75877048}^{2} - 48 \cdot 3.75877048 - 16)}{{(3.75877048 + 2)}^{4} {(3.75877048 - 2)}^{4}}$

Step 21.1.4

Raise $3.75877048$ to the power of $3$ .

$\frac{8 (750.28979452 + 598.83129158 + 8 \cdot 53.10524582 - 8 \cdot {3.75877048}^{2} - 48 \cdot 3.75877048 - 16)}{{(3.75877048 + 2)}^{4} {(3.75877048 - 2)}^{4}}$

Step 21.1.5

Multiply $8$ by $53.10524582$ .

$\frac{8 (750.28979452 + 598.83129158 + 424.84196658 - 8 \cdot {3.75877048}^{2} - 48 \cdot 3.75877048 - 16)}{{(3.75877048 + 2)}^{4} {(3.75877048 - 2)}^{4}}$

Step 21.1.6

Raise $3.75877048$ to the power of $2$ .

$\frac{8 (750.28979452 + 598.83129158 + 424.84196658 - 8 \cdot 14.12835554 - 48 \cdot 3.75877048 - 16)}{{(3.75877048 + 2)}^{4} {(3.75877048 - 2)}^{4}}$

Step 21.1.7

Multiply $- 8$ by $14.12835554$ .

$\frac{8 (750.28979452 + 598.83129158 + 424.84196658 - 113.02684439 - 48 \cdot 3.75877048 - 16)}{{(3.75877048 + 2)}^{4} {(3.75877048 - 2)}^{4}}$

Step 21.1.8

Multiply $- 48$ by $3.75877048$ .

$\frac{8 (750.28979452 + 598.83129158 + 424.84196658 - 113.02684439 - 180.42098321 - 16)}{{(3.75877048 + 2)}^{4} {(3.75877048 - 2)}^{4}}$

Step 21.1.9

Add $750.28979452$ and $598.83129158$ .

$\frac{8 (1349.1210861 + 424.84196658 - 113.02684439 - 180.42098321 - 16)}{{(3.75877048 + 2)}^{4} {(3.75877048 - 2)}^{4}}$

Step 21.1.10

Add $1349.1210861$ and $424.84196658$ .

$\frac{8 (1773.96305269 - 113.02684439 - 180.42098321 - 16)}{{(3.75877048 + 2)}^{4} {(3.75877048 - 2)}^{4}}$

Step 21.1.11

Subtract $113.02684439$ from $1773.96305269$ .

$\frac{8 (1660.93620829 - 180.42098321 - 16)}{{(3.75877048 + 2)}^{4} {(3.75877048 - 2)}^{4}}$

Step 21.1.12

Subtract $180.42098321$ from $1660.93620829$ .

$\frac{8 (1480.51522507 - 16)}{{(3.75877048 + 2)}^{4} {(3.75877048 - 2)}^{4}}$

Step 21.1.13

Subtract $16$ from $1480.51522507$ .

$\frac{8 \cdot 1464.51522507}{{(3.75877048 + 2)}^{4} {(3.75877048 - 2)}^{4}}$

Step 21.2

Simplify the denominator.

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Step 21.2.1

Add $3.75877048$ and $2$ .

$\frac{8 \cdot 1464.51522507}{{5.75877048}^{4} {(3.75877048 - 2)}^{4}}$

Step 21.2.2

Subtract $2$ from $3.75877048$ .

$\frac{8 \cdot 1464.51522507}{{5.75877048}^{4} \cdot {1.75877048}^{4}}$

Step 21.2.3

Raise $5.75877048$ to the power of $4$ .

$\frac{8 \cdot 1464.51522507}{1099.81358577 \cdot {1.75877048}^{4}}$

Step 21.2.4

Raise $1.75877048$ to the power of $4$ .

$\frac{8 \cdot 1464.51522507}{1099.81358577 \cdot 9.56834165}$

Step 21.3

Simplify the expression.

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Step 21.3.1

Multiply $8$ by $1464.51522507$ .

$\frac{11716.12180061}{1099.81358577 \cdot 9.56834165}$

Step 21.3.2

Multiply $1099.81358577$ by $9.56834165$ .

$\frac{11716.12180061}{10523.39214424}$

Step 21.3.3

Divide $11716.12180061$ by $10523.39214424$ .

$1.11334079$

Step 22

$x = 3.75877048$ is a local minimum because the value of the second derivative is positive. This is referred to as the second derivative test.

$x = 3.75877048$ is a local minimum

Step 23

Find the y-value when $x = 3.75877048$ .

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Step 23.1

Replace the variable $x$ with $3.75877048$ in the expression.

$r (3.75877048) = \frac{{(3.75877048)}^{3} + 1 {(3.75877048)}^{2}}{{(3.75877048)}^{2} - 4}$

Step 23.2

Simplify the result.

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Step 23.2.1

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 23.2.1.1

Raise $3.75877048$ to the power of $3$ .

$r (3.75877048) = \frac{53.10524582 + 1 \cdot {3.75877048}^{2}}{{3.75877048}^{2} - 4}$

Step 23.2.1.2

Multiply ${3.75877048}^{2}$ by $1$ .

$r (3.75877048) = \frac{53.10524582 + {3.75877048}^{2}}{{3.75877048}^{2} - 4}$

Step 23.2.1.3

Raise $3.75877048$ to the power of $2$ .

$r (3.75877048) = \frac{53.10524582 + 14.12835554}{{3.75877048}^{2} - 4}$

Step 23.2.1.4

Add $53.10524582$ and $14.12835554$ .

$r (3.75877048) = \frac{67.23360137}{{3.75877048}^{2} - 4}$

Step 23.2.2

Simplify the denominator.

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Step 23.2.2.1

Raise $3.75877048$ to the power of $2$ .

$r (3.75877048) = \frac{67.23360137}{14.12835554 - 4}$

Step 23.2.2.2

Subtract $4$ from $14.12835554$ .

$r (3.75877048) = \frac{67.23360137}{10.12835554}$

Step 23.2.3

Divide $67.23360137$ by $10.12835554$ .

$r (3.75877048) = 6.63815572$

Step 23.2.4

The final answer is $6.63815572$ .

$y = 6.63815572$

Step 24

These are the local extrema for $r (x) = \frac{x^{3} + 1 x^{2}}{x^{2} - 4}$ .

$(- 3.06417777, - 3.59626665)$ is a local maxima

$(- 0.69459271, - 0.04188906)$ is a local minima

$(0, 0)$ is a local maxima

$(3.75877048, 6.63815572)$ is a local minima

Step 25