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Calculus Examples
Step 1
Step 1.1
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 1.2
Differentiate using the Quotient Rule which states that is where and .
Step 1.3
Multiply the exponents in .
Step 1.3.1
Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, .
Step 1.3.2
Multiply by .
Step 1.4
Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that is where and .
Step 1.4.1
To apply the Chain Rule, set as .
Step 1.4.2
Differentiate using the Exponential Rule which states that is where =.
Step 1.4.3
Replace all occurrences of with .
Step 1.5
Differentiate.
Step 1.5.1
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 1.5.2
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 1.5.3
Simplify the expression.
Step 1.5.3.1
Multiply by .
Step 1.5.3.2
Move to the left of .
Step 1.5.3.3
Rewrite as .
Step 1.6
Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that is where and .
Step 1.6.1
To apply the Chain Rule, set as .
Step 1.6.2
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 1.6.3
Replace all occurrences of with .
Step 1.7
Differentiate.
Step 1.7.1
Multiply by .
Step 1.7.2
By the Sum Rule, the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 1.7.3
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 1.7.4
Add and .
Step 1.7.5
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 1.7.6
Simplify the expression.
Step 1.7.6.1
Move to the left of .
Step 1.7.6.2
Multiply by .
Step 1.8
Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that is where and .
Step 1.8.1
To apply the Chain Rule, set as .
Step 1.8.2
Differentiate using the Exponential Rule which states that is where =.
Step 1.8.3
Replace all occurrences of with .
Step 1.9
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 1.10
Subtract from .
Step 1.11
Factor out of .
Step 1.11.1
Factor out of .
Step 1.11.2
Factor out of .
Step 1.11.3
Factor out of .
Step 1.12
Cancel the common factors.
Step 1.12.1
Factor out of .
Step 1.12.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 1.12.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 1.13
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 1.14
Multiply by .
Step 1.15
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 1.16
Combine fractions.
Step 1.16.1
Multiply by .
Step 1.16.2
Combine and .
Step 1.17
Simplify.
Step 1.17.1
Apply the distributive property.
Step 1.17.2
Apply the distributive property.
Step 1.17.3
Apply the distributive property.
Step 1.17.4
Simplify the numerator.
Step 1.17.4.1
Simplify each term.
Step 1.17.4.1.1
Multiply by .
Step 1.17.4.1.2
Rewrite as .
Step 1.17.4.1.3
Multiply by .
Step 1.17.4.1.4
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 1.17.4.1.4.1
Move .
Step 1.17.4.1.4.2
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 1.17.4.1.4.3
Subtract from .
Step 1.17.4.1.5
Multiply by .
Step 1.17.4.1.6
Multiply by .
Step 1.17.4.1.7
Multiply by .
Step 1.17.4.2
Add and .
Step 1.17.5
Reorder terms.
Step 1.17.6
Simplify the numerator.
Step 1.17.6.1
Factor out of .
Step 1.17.6.1.1
Factor out of .
Step 1.17.6.1.2
Factor out of .
Step 1.17.6.1.3
Factor out of .
Step 1.17.6.2
Rewrite as .
Step 1.17.6.3
Let . Substitute for all occurrences of .
Step 1.17.6.4
Factor out of .
Step 1.17.6.4.1
Factor out of .
Step 1.17.6.4.2
Factor out of .
Step 1.17.6.4.3
Factor out of .
Step 1.17.6.5
Replace all occurrences of with .
Step 2
Step 2.1
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2.2
Differentiate using the Quotient Rule which states that is where and .
Step 2.3
Multiply the exponents in .
Step 2.3.1
Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, .
Step 2.3.2
Multiply by .
Step 2.4
Differentiate using the Product Rule which states that is where and .
Step 2.5
Differentiate.
Step 2.5.1
By the Sum Rule, the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2.5.2
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2.6
Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that is where and .
Step 2.6.1
To apply the Chain Rule, set as .
Step 2.6.2
Differentiate using the Exponential Rule which states that is where =.
Step 2.6.3
Replace all occurrences of with .
Step 2.7
Differentiate.
Step 2.7.1
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2.7.2
Multiply by .
Step 2.7.3
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 2.7.4
Multiply by .
Step 2.7.5
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2.7.6
Add and .
Step 2.8
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 2.8.1
Move .
Step 2.8.2
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 2.8.3
Subtract from .
Step 2.9
Move to the left of .
Step 2.10
Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that is where and .
Step 2.10.1
To apply the Chain Rule, set as .
Step 2.10.2
Differentiate using the Exponential Rule which states that is where =.
Step 2.10.3
Replace all occurrences of with .
Step 2.11
Differentiate.
Step 2.11.1
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2.11.2
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 2.11.3
Simplify the expression.
Step 2.11.3.1
Multiply by .
Step 2.11.3.2
Move to the left of .
Step 2.11.3.3
Rewrite as .
Step 2.12
Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that is where and .
Step 2.12.1
To apply the Chain Rule, set as .
Step 2.12.2
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 2.12.3
Replace all occurrences of with .
Step 2.13
Simplify with factoring out.
Step 2.13.1
Multiply by .
Step 2.13.2
Factor out of .
Step 2.13.2.1
Factor out of .
Step 2.13.2.2
Factor out of .
Step 2.13.2.3
Factor out of .
Step 2.14
Cancel the common factors.
Step 2.14.1
Factor out of .
Step 2.14.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 2.14.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 2.15
Differentiate.
Step 2.15.1
By the Sum Rule, the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2.15.2
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2.16
Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that is where and .
Step 2.16.1
To apply the Chain Rule, set as .
Step 2.16.2
Differentiate using the Exponential Rule which states that is where =.
Step 2.16.3
Replace all occurrences of with .
Step 2.17
Differentiate.
Step 2.17.1
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2.17.2
Multiply by .
Step 2.17.3
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 2.17.4
Multiply by .
Step 2.17.5
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2.17.6
Simplify the expression.
Step 2.17.6.1
Add and .
Step 2.17.6.2
Multiply by .
Step 2.18
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 2.18.1
Move .
Step 2.18.2
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 2.18.3
Subtract from .
Step 2.19
Combine and .
Step 2.20
Simplify.
Step 2.20.1
Apply the distributive property.
Step 2.20.2
Apply the distributive property.
Step 2.20.3
Apply the distributive property.
Step 2.20.4
Apply the distributive property.
Step 2.20.5
Simplify the numerator.
Step 2.20.5.1
Simplify each term.
Step 2.20.5.1.1
Simplify each term.
Step 2.20.5.1.1.1
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 2.20.5.1.1.1.1
Move .
Step 2.20.5.1.1.1.2
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 2.20.5.1.1.1.3
Subtract from .
Step 2.20.5.1.1.2
Multiply by .
Step 2.20.5.1.1.3
Multiply by .
Step 2.20.5.1.1.4
Multiply by .
Step 2.20.5.1.2
Subtract from .
Step 2.20.5.1.3
Expand using the FOIL Method.
Step 2.20.5.1.3.1
Apply the distributive property.
Step 2.20.5.1.3.2
Apply the distributive property.
Step 2.20.5.1.3.3
Apply the distributive property.
Step 2.20.5.1.4
Simplify and combine like terms.
Step 2.20.5.1.4.1
Simplify each term.
Step 2.20.5.1.4.1.1
Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.
Step 2.20.5.1.4.1.2
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 2.20.5.1.4.1.2.1
Move .
Step 2.20.5.1.4.1.2.2
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 2.20.5.1.4.1.2.3
Subtract from .
Step 2.20.5.1.4.1.3
Multiply by .
Step 2.20.5.1.4.1.4
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 2.20.5.1.4.1.4.1
Move .
Step 2.20.5.1.4.1.4.2
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 2.20.5.1.4.1.4.3
Subtract from .
Step 2.20.5.1.4.1.5
Multiply by .
Step 2.20.5.1.4.1.6
Multiply by .
Step 2.20.5.1.4.2
Subtract from .
Step 2.20.5.1.5
Apply the distributive property.
Step 2.20.5.1.6
Simplify.
Step 2.20.5.1.6.1
Multiply by .
Step 2.20.5.1.6.2
Multiply by .
Step 2.20.5.1.7
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 2.20.5.1.7.1
Move .
Step 2.20.5.1.7.2
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 2.20.5.1.7.3
Subtract from .
Step 2.20.5.1.8
Multiply by .
Step 2.20.5.1.9
Multiply by .
Step 2.20.5.1.10
Multiply by .
Step 2.20.5.1.11
Multiply by .
Step 2.20.5.2
Add and .
Step 2.20.5.3
Subtract from .
Step 2.20.6
Factor out of .
Step 2.20.6.1
Factor out of .
Step 2.20.6.2
Factor out of .
Step 2.20.6.3
Factor out of .
Step 2.20.6.4
Factor out of .
Step 2.20.6.5
Factor out of .
Step 3
To find the local maximum and minimum values of the function, set the derivative equal to and solve.
Step 4
Step 4.1
Find the first derivative.
Step 4.1.1
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 4.1.2
Differentiate using the Quotient Rule which states that is where and .
Step 4.1.3
Multiply the exponents in .
Step 4.1.3.1
Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, .
Step 4.1.3.2
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.4
Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that is where and .
Step 4.1.4.1
To apply the Chain Rule, set as .
Step 4.1.4.2
Differentiate using the Exponential Rule which states that is where =.
Step 4.1.4.3
Replace all occurrences of with .
Step 4.1.5
Differentiate.
Step 4.1.5.1
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 4.1.5.2
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 4.1.5.3
Simplify the expression.
Step 4.1.5.3.1
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.5.3.2
Move to the left of .
Step 4.1.5.3.3
Rewrite as .
Step 4.1.6
Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that is where and .
Step 4.1.6.1
To apply the Chain Rule, set as .
Step 4.1.6.2
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 4.1.6.3
Replace all occurrences of with .
Step 4.1.7
Differentiate.
Step 4.1.7.1
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.7.2
By the Sum Rule, the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 4.1.7.3
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 4.1.7.4
Add and .
Step 4.1.7.5
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 4.1.7.6
Simplify the expression.
Step 4.1.7.6.1
Move to the left of .
Step 4.1.7.6.2
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.8
Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that is where and .
Step 4.1.8.1
To apply the Chain Rule, set as .
Step 4.1.8.2
Differentiate using the Exponential Rule which states that is where =.
Step 4.1.8.3
Replace all occurrences of with .
Step 4.1.9
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 4.1.10
Subtract from .
Step 4.1.11
Factor out of .
Step 4.1.11.1
Factor out of .
Step 4.1.11.2
Factor out of .
Step 4.1.11.3
Factor out of .
Step 4.1.12
Cancel the common factors.
Step 4.1.12.1
Factor out of .
Step 4.1.12.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 4.1.12.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 4.1.13
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 4.1.14
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.15
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 4.1.16
Combine fractions.
Step 4.1.16.1
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.16.2
Combine and .
Step 4.1.17
Simplify.
Step 4.1.17.1
Apply the distributive property.
Step 4.1.17.2
Apply the distributive property.
Step 4.1.17.3
Apply the distributive property.
Step 4.1.17.4
Simplify the numerator.
Step 4.1.17.4.1
Simplify each term.
Step 4.1.17.4.1.1
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.17.4.1.2
Rewrite as .
Step 4.1.17.4.1.3
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.17.4.1.4
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 4.1.17.4.1.4.1
Move .
Step 4.1.17.4.1.4.2
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 4.1.17.4.1.4.3
Subtract from .
Step 4.1.17.4.1.5
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.17.4.1.6
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.17.4.1.7
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.17.4.2
Add and .
Step 4.1.17.5
Reorder terms.
Step 4.1.17.6
Simplify the numerator.
Step 4.1.17.6.1
Factor out of .
Step 4.1.17.6.1.1
Factor out of .
Step 4.1.17.6.1.2
Factor out of .
Step 4.1.17.6.1.3
Factor out of .
Step 4.1.17.6.2
Rewrite as .
Step 4.1.17.6.3
Let . Substitute for all occurrences of .
Step 4.1.17.6.4
Factor out of .
Step 4.1.17.6.4.1
Factor out of .
Step 4.1.17.6.4.2
Factor out of .
Step 4.1.17.6.4.3
Factor out of .
Step 4.1.17.6.5
Replace all occurrences of with .
Step 4.2
The first derivative of with respect to is .
Step 5
Step 5.1
Set the first derivative equal to .
Step 5.2
Set the numerator equal to zero.
Step 5.3
Solve the equation for .
Step 5.3.1
If any individual factor on the left side of the equation is equal to , the entire expression will be equal to .
Step 5.3.2
Set equal to and solve for .
Step 5.3.2.1
Set equal to .
Step 5.3.2.2
Solve for .
Step 5.3.2.2.1
Take the natural logarithm of both sides of the equation to remove the variable from the exponent.
Step 5.3.2.2.2
The equation cannot be solved because is undefined.
Undefined
Step 5.3.2.2.3
There is no solution for
No solution
No solution
No solution
Step 5.3.3
Set equal to and solve for .
Step 5.3.3.1
Set equal to .
Step 5.3.3.2
Solve for .
Step 5.3.3.2.1
Add to both sides of the equation.
Step 5.3.3.2.2
Divide each term in by and simplify.
Step 5.3.3.2.2.1
Divide each term in by .
Step 5.3.3.2.2.2
Simplify the left side.
Step 5.3.3.2.2.2.1
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 5.3.3.2.2.2.1.1
Cancel the common factor.
Step 5.3.3.2.2.2.1.2
Divide by .
Step 5.3.3.2.3
Take the natural logarithm of both sides of the equation to remove the variable from the exponent.
Step 5.3.3.2.4
Expand the left side.
Step 5.3.3.2.4.1
Expand by moving outside the logarithm.
Step 5.3.3.2.4.2
The natural logarithm of is .
Step 5.3.3.2.4.3
Multiply by .
Step 5.3.3.2.5
Divide each term in by and simplify.
Step 5.3.3.2.5.1
Divide each term in by .
Step 5.3.3.2.5.2
Simplify the left side.
Step 5.3.3.2.5.2.1
Dividing two negative values results in a positive value.
Step 5.3.3.2.5.2.2
Divide by .
Step 5.3.3.2.5.3
Simplify the right side.
Step 5.3.3.2.5.3.1
Move the negative one from the denominator of .
Step 5.3.3.2.5.3.2
Rewrite as .
Step 5.3.4
The final solution is all the values that make true.
Step 6
Step 6.1
The domain of the expression is all real numbers except where the expression is undefined. In this case, there is no real number that makes the expression undefined.
Step 7
Critical points to evaluate.
Step 8
Evaluate the second derivative at . If the second derivative is positive, then this is a local minimum. If it is negative, then this is a local maximum.
Step 9
Step 9.1
Simplify the numerator.
Step 9.1.1
Multiply .
Step 9.1.1.1
Multiply by .
Step 9.1.1.2
Simplify by moving inside the logarithm.
Step 9.1.2
Exponentiation and log are inverse functions.
Step 9.1.3
Apply the product rule to .
Step 9.1.4
One to any power is one.
Step 9.1.5
Raise to the power of .
Step 9.1.6
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 9.1.6.1
Factor out of .
Step 9.1.6.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 9.1.6.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 9.1.7
Multiply .
Step 9.1.7.1
Multiply by .
Step 9.1.7.2
Multiply by .
Step 9.1.8
Exponentiation and log are inverse functions.
Step 9.1.9
Multiply .
Step 9.1.9.1
Multiply by .
Step 9.1.9.2
Simplify by moving inside the logarithm.
Step 9.1.10
Exponentiation and log are inverse functions.
Step 9.1.11
Apply the product rule to .
Step 9.1.12
One to any power is one.
Step 9.1.13
Raise to the power of .
Step 9.1.14
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 9.1.14.1
Factor out of .
Step 9.1.14.2
Factor out of .
Step 9.1.14.3
Cancel the common factor.
Step 9.1.14.4
Rewrite the expression.
Step 9.1.15
Combine and .
Step 9.1.16
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 9.1.17
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 9.1.18
Add and .
Step 9.1.19
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 9.1.20
Subtract from .
Step 9.1.21
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 9.1.22
Combine exponents.
Step 9.1.22.1
Factor out negative.
Step 9.1.22.2
Combine and .
Step 9.1.22.3
Multiply by .
Step 9.1.23
Divide by .
Step 9.2
Simplify the denominator.
Step 9.2.1
Multiply .
Step 9.2.1.1
Multiply by .
Step 9.2.1.2
Multiply by .
Step 9.2.2
Exponentiation and log are inverse functions.
Step 9.2.3
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 9.2.3.1
Cancel the common factor.
Step 9.2.3.2
Rewrite the expression.
Step 9.2.4
Add and .
Step 9.2.5
Raise to the power of .
Step 9.3
Simplify the expression.
Step 9.3.1
Multiply by .
Step 9.3.2
Divide by .
Step 10
is a local maximum because the value of the second derivative is negative. This is referred to as the second derivative test.
is a local maximum
Step 11
Step 11.1
Replace the variable with in the expression.
Step 11.2
Simplify the result.
Step 11.2.1
Move to the denominator using the negative exponent rule .
Step 11.2.2
Simplify the denominator.
Step 11.2.2.1
Multiply .
Step 11.2.2.1.1
Multiply by .
Step 11.2.2.1.2
Multiply by .
Step 11.2.2.2
Exponentiation and log are inverse functions.
Step 11.2.2.3
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 11.2.2.3.1
Cancel the common factor.
Step 11.2.2.3.2
Rewrite the expression.
Step 11.2.2.4
Add and .
Step 11.2.2.5
Raise to the power of .
Step 11.2.2.6
Simplify by moving inside the logarithm.
Step 11.2.2.7
Exponentiation and log are inverse functions.
Step 11.2.2.8
Change the sign of the exponent by rewriting the base as its reciprocal.
Step 11.2.3
Simplify the expression.
Step 11.2.3.1
Multiply by .
Step 11.2.3.2
Divide by .
Step 11.2.4
The final answer is .
Step 12
These are the local extrema for .
is a local maxima
Step 13