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Calculus Examples
Step 1
Write as a function.
Step 2
Step 2.1
Use to rewrite as .
Step 2.2
Differentiate using the Product Rule which states that is where and .
Step 2.3
Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that is where and .
Step 2.3.1
To apply the Chain Rule, set as .
Step 2.3.2
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 2.3.3
Replace all occurrences of with .
Step 2.4
To write as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by .
Step 2.5
Combine and .
Step 2.6
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 2.7
Simplify the numerator.
Step 2.7.1
Multiply by .
Step 2.7.2
Subtract from .
Step 2.8
Combine fractions.
Step 2.8.1
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 2.8.2
Combine and .
Step 2.8.3
Move to the denominator using the negative exponent rule .
Step 2.8.4
Combine and .
Step 2.9
By the Sum Rule, the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2.10
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 2.11
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2.12
Simplify the expression.
Step 2.12.1
Add and .
Step 2.12.2
Multiply by .
Step 2.13
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 2.14
Multiply by .
Step 2.15
To write as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by .
Step 2.16
Combine and .
Step 2.17
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 2.18
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 2.18.1
Move .
Step 2.18.2
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 2.18.3
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 2.18.4
Add and .
Step 2.18.5
Divide by .
Step 2.19
Simplify .
Step 2.20
Move to the left of .
Step 2.21
Simplify.
Step 2.21.1
Apply the distributive property.
Step 2.21.2
Simplify the numerator.
Step 2.21.2.1
Multiply by .
Step 2.21.2.2
Add and .
Step 2.21.3
Factor out of .
Step 2.21.3.1
Factor out of .
Step 2.21.3.2
Factor out of .
Step 2.21.3.3
Factor out of .
Step 3
Step 3.1
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 3.2
Differentiate using the Quotient Rule which states that is where and .
Step 3.3
Differentiate.
Step 3.3.1
Multiply the exponents in .
Step 3.3.1.1
Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, .
Step 3.3.1.2
Multiply .
Step 3.3.1.2.1
Combine and .
Step 3.3.1.2.2
Multiply by .
Step 3.3.2
By the Sum Rule, the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 3.3.3
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 3.3.4
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 3.3.5
Multiply by .
Step 3.3.6
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 3.3.7
Simplify the expression.
Step 3.3.7.1
Add and .
Step 3.3.7.2
Move to the left of .
Step 3.4
Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that is where and .
Step 3.4.1
To apply the Chain Rule, set as .
Step 3.4.2
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 3.4.3
Replace all occurrences of with .
Step 3.5
To write as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by .
Step 3.6
Combine and .
Step 3.7
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 3.8
Simplify the numerator.
Step 3.8.1
Multiply by .
Step 3.8.2
Subtract from .
Step 3.9
Combine fractions.
Step 3.9.1
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 3.9.2
Combine and .
Step 3.9.3
Move to the denominator using the negative exponent rule .
Step 3.10
By the Sum Rule, the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 3.11
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 3.12
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 3.13
Combine fractions.
Step 3.13.1
Add and .
Step 3.13.2
Multiply by .
Step 3.13.3
Multiply by .
Step 3.14
Simplify.
Step 3.14.1
Apply the distributive property.
Step 3.14.2
Apply the distributive property.
Step 3.14.3
Simplify the numerator.
Step 3.14.3.1
Multiply by .
Step 3.14.3.2
Simplify each term.
Step 3.14.3.2.1
Multiply by .
Step 3.14.3.2.2
Multiply by .
Step 3.14.3.3
Multiply by .
Step 3.14.3.4
Move to the left of .
Step 3.14.3.5
Multiply .
Step 3.14.3.5.1
Combine and .
Step 3.14.3.5.2
Multiply by .
Step 3.14.3.6
To write as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by .
Step 3.14.3.7
Combine and .
Step 3.14.3.8
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 3.14.3.9
Rewrite in a factored form.
Step 3.14.3.9.1
Factor out of .
Step 3.14.3.9.1.1
Factor out of .
Step 3.14.3.9.1.2
Factor out of .
Step 3.14.3.9.2
Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.
Step 3.14.3.9.3
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 3.14.3.9.3.1
Move .
Step 3.14.3.9.3.2
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 3.14.3.9.3.3
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 3.14.3.9.3.4
Add and .
Step 3.14.3.9.3.5
Divide by .
Step 3.14.3.9.4
Simplify .
Step 3.14.3.9.5
Apply the distributive property.
Step 3.14.3.9.6
Multiply by .
Step 3.14.3.9.7
Subtract from .
Step 3.14.3.9.8
Add and .
Step 3.14.4
Combine terms.
Step 3.14.4.1
Rewrite as a product.
Step 3.14.4.2
Multiply by .
Step 3.14.4.3
Multiply by .
Step 3.14.4.4
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 3.14.4.4.1
Move .
Step 3.14.4.4.2
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 3.14.4.4.3
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 3.14.4.4.4
Add and .
Step 4
To find the local maximum and minimum values of the function, set the derivative equal to and solve.
Step 5
Step 5.1
Find the first derivative.
Step 5.1.1
Use to rewrite as .
Step 5.1.2
Differentiate using the Product Rule which states that is where and .
Step 5.1.3
Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that is where and .
Step 5.1.3.1
To apply the Chain Rule, set as .
Step 5.1.3.2
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 5.1.3.3
Replace all occurrences of with .
Step 5.1.4
To write as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by .
Step 5.1.5
Combine and .
Step 5.1.6
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 5.1.7
Simplify the numerator.
Step 5.1.7.1
Multiply by .
Step 5.1.7.2
Subtract from .
Step 5.1.8
Combine fractions.
Step 5.1.8.1
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 5.1.8.2
Combine and .
Step 5.1.8.3
Move to the denominator using the negative exponent rule .
Step 5.1.8.4
Combine and .
Step 5.1.9
By the Sum Rule, the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 5.1.10
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 5.1.11
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 5.1.12
Simplify the expression.
Step 5.1.12.1
Add and .
Step 5.1.12.2
Multiply by .
Step 5.1.13
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 5.1.14
Multiply by .
Step 5.1.15
To write as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by .
Step 5.1.16
Combine and .
Step 5.1.17
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 5.1.18
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 5.1.18.1
Move .
Step 5.1.18.2
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 5.1.18.3
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 5.1.18.4
Add and .
Step 5.1.18.5
Divide by .
Step 5.1.19
Simplify .
Step 5.1.20
Move to the left of .
Step 5.1.21
Simplify.
Step 5.1.21.1
Apply the distributive property.
Step 5.1.21.2
Simplify the numerator.
Step 5.1.21.2.1
Multiply by .
Step 5.1.21.2.2
Add and .
Step 5.1.21.3
Factor out of .
Step 5.1.21.3.1
Factor out of .
Step 5.1.21.3.2
Factor out of .
Step 5.1.21.3.3
Factor out of .
Step 5.2
The first derivative of with respect to is .
Step 6
Step 6.1
Set the first derivative equal to .
Step 6.2
Set the numerator equal to zero.
Step 6.3
Solve the equation for .
Step 6.3.1
Divide each term in by and simplify.
Step 6.3.1.1
Divide each term in by .
Step 6.3.1.2
Simplify the left side.
Step 6.3.1.2.1
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 6.3.1.2.1.1
Cancel the common factor.
Step 6.3.1.2.1.2
Divide by .
Step 6.3.1.3
Simplify the right side.
Step 6.3.1.3.1
Divide by .
Step 6.3.2
Add to both sides of the equation.
Step 6.3.3
Divide each term in by and simplify.
Step 6.3.3.1
Divide each term in by .
Step 6.3.3.2
Simplify the left side.
Step 6.3.3.2.1
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 6.3.3.2.1.1
Cancel the common factor.
Step 6.3.3.2.1.2
Divide by .
Step 7
Step 7.1
Apply the rule to rewrite the exponentiation as a radical.
Step 7.2
Set the denominator in equal to to find where the expression is undefined.
Step 7.3
Solve for .
Step 7.3.1
To remove the radical on the left side of the equation, cube both sides of the equation.
Step 7.3.2
Simplify each side of the equation.
Step 7.3.2.1
Use to rewrite as .
Step 7.3.2.2
Simplify the left side.
Step 7.3.2.2.1
Simplify .
Step 7.3.2.2.1.1
Apply the product rule to .
Step 7.3.2.2.1.2
Raise to the power of .
Step 7.3.2.2.1.3
Multiply the exponents in .
Step 7.3.2.2.1.3.1
Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, .
Step 7.3.2.2.1.3.2
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 7.3.2.2.1.3.2.1
Cancel the common factor.
Step 7.3.2.2.1.3.2.2
Rewrite the expression.
Step 7.3.2.3
Simplify the right side.
Step 7.3.2.3.1
Raising to any positive power yields .
Step 7.3.3
Solve for .
Step 7.3.3.1
Divide each term in by and simplify.
Step 7.3.3.1.1
Divide each term in by .
Step 7.3.3.1.2
Simplify the left side.
Step 7.3.3.1.2.1
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 7.3.3.1.2.1.1
Cancel the common factor.
Step 7.3.3.1.2.1.2
Divide by .
Step 7.3.3.1.3
Simplify the right side.
Step 7.3.3.1.3.1
Divide by .
Step 7.3.3.2
Set the equal to .
Step 7.3.3.3
Add to both sides of the equation.
Step 8
Critical points to evaluate.
Step 9
Evaluate the second derivative at . If the second derivative is positive, then this is a local minimum. If it is negative, then this is a local maximum.
Step 10
Step 10.1
Factor out of .
Step 10.2
Cancel the common factors.
Step 10.2.1
Factor out of .
Step 10.2.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 10.2.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 10.3
Simplify the numerator.
Step 10.3.1
To write as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by .
Step 10.3.2
Combine and .
Step 10.3.3
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 10.3.4
Simplify the numerator.
Step 10.3.4.1
Multiply by .
Step 10.3.4.2
Subtract from .
Step 10.3.5
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 10.3.6
Combine exponents.
Step 10.3.6.1
Factor out negative.
Step 10.3.6.2
Combine and .
Step 10.3.7
Divide by .
Step 10.4
Simplify the denominator.
Step 10.4.1
To write as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by .
Step 10.4.2
Combine and .
Step 10.4.3
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 10.4.4
Simplify the numerator.
Step 10.4.4.1
Multiply by .
Step 10.4.4.2
Subtract from .
Step 10.4.5
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 10.4.6
Use the power rule to distribute the exponent.
Step 10.4.6.1
Apply the product rule to .
Step 10.4.6.2
Apply the product rule to .
Step 10.4.7
Rewrite as .
Step 10.4.8
Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, .
Step 10.4.9
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 10.4.9.1
Cancel the common factor.
Step 10.4.9.2
Rewrite the expression.
Step 10.4.10
Raise to the power of .
Step 10.5
Multiply by .
Step 10.6
Multiply the numerator by the reciprocal of the denominator.
Step 10.7
Multiply .
Step 10.7.1
Multiply by .
Step 10.7.2
Combine and .
Step 10.7.3
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 10.7.3.1
Multiply by .
Step 10.7.3.1.1
Raise to the power of .
Step 10.7.3.1.2
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 10.7.3.2
Write as a fraction with a common denominator.
Step 10.7.3.3
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 10.7.3.4
Add and .
Step 11
is a local minimum because the value of the second derivative is positive. This is referred to as the second derivative test.
is a local minimum
Step 12
Step 12.1
Replace the variable with in the expression.
Step 12.2
Simplify the result.
Step 12.2.1
To write as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by .
Step 12.2.2
Combine and .
Step 12.2.3
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 12.2.4
Simplify the numerator.
Step 12.2.4.1
Multiply by .
Step 12.2.4.2
Subtract from .
Step 12.2.5
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 12.2.6
Rewrite as .
Step 12.2.6.1
Rewrite as .
Step 12.2.6.2
Rewrite as .
Step 12.2.7
Pull terms out from under the radical.
Step 12.2.8
Raise to the power of .
Step 12.2.9
Rewrite as .
Step 12.2.10
Multiply by .
Step 12.2.11
Combine and simplify the denominator.
Step 12.2.11.1
Multiply by .
Step 12.2.11.2
Raise to the power of .
Step 12.2.11.3
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 12.2.11.4
Add and .
Step 12.2.11.5
Rewrite as .
Step 12.2.11.5.1
Use to rewrite as .
Step 12.2.11.5.2
Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, .
Step 12.2.11.5.3
Combine and .
Step 12.2.11.5.4
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 12.2.11.5.4.1
Cancel the common factor.
Step 12.2.11.5.4.2
Rewrite the expression.
Step 12.2.11.5.5
Evaluate the exponent.
Step 12.2.12
Simplify the numerator.
Step 12.2.12.1
Rewrite as .
Step 12.2.12.2
Raise to the power of .
Step 12.2.13
Simplify the numerator.
Step 12.2.13.1
Combine using the product rule for radicals.
Step 12.2.13.2
Multiply by .
Step 12.2.14
Multiply .
Step 12.2.14.1
Multiply by .
Step 12.2.14.2
Multiply by .
Step 12.2.15
The final answer is .
Step 13
Evaluate the second derivative at . If the second derivative is positive, then this is a local minimum. If it is negative, then this is a local maximum.
Step 14
Step 14.1
Simplify the expression.
Step 14.1.1
Subtract from .
Step 14.1.2
Rewrite as .
Step 14.1.3
Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, .
Step 14.2
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 14.2.1
Cancel the common factor.
Step 14.2.2
Rewrite the expression.
Step 14.3
Simplify the expression.
Step 14.3.1
Raising to any positive power yields .
Step 14.3.2
Multiply by .
Step 14.3.3
The expression contains a division by . The expression is undefined.
Undefined
Step 14.4
The expression contains a division by . The expression is undefined.
Undefined
Undefined
Step 15
Step 15.1
Split into separate intervals around the values that make the first derivative or undefined.
Step 15.2
Substitute any number, such as , from the interval in the first derivative to check if the result is negative or positive.
Step 15.2.1
Replace the variable with in the expression.
Step 15.2.2
Simplify the result.
Step 15.2.2.1
Factor out of .
Step 15.2.2.2
Cancel the common factors.
Step 15.2.2.2.1
Factor out of .
Step 15.2.2.2.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 15.2.2.2.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 15.2.2.3
Simplify the numerator.
Step 15.2.2.3.1
Multiply by .
Step 15.2.2.3.2
Subtract from .
Step 15.2.2.4
Simplify the expression.
Step 15.2.2.4.1
Subtract from .
Step 15.2.2.4.2
Multiply by .
Step 15.2.2.5
Move to the numerator using the negative exponent rule .
Step 15.2.2.6
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 15.2.2.6.1
Multiply by .
Step 15.2.2.6.1.1
Raise to the power of .
Step 15.2.2.6.1.2
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 15.2.2.6.2
Write as a fraction with a common denominator.
Step 15.2.2.6.3
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 15.2.2.6.4
Subtract from .
Step 15.2.2.7
The final answer is .
Step 15.3
Substitute any number, such as , from the interval in the first derivative to check if the result is negative or positive.
Step 15.3.1
Replace the variable with in the expression.
Step 15.3.2
Simplify the result.
Step 15.3.2.1
Simplify the numerator.
Step 15.3.2.1.1
Multiply by .
Step 15.3.2.1.2
Subtract from .
Step 15.3.2.2
Simplify the denominator.
Step 15.3.2.2.1
Subtract from .
Step 15.3.2.2.2
Rewrite as .
Step 15.3.2.2.3
Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, .
Step 15.3.2.2.4
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 15.3.2.2.4.1
Cancel the common factor.
Step 15.3.2.2.4.2
Rewrite the expression.
Step 15.3.2.2.5
Raise to the power of .
Step 15.3.2.3
Simplify.
Step 15.3.2.3.1
Multiply by .
Step 15.3.2.3.2
Multiply by .
Step 15.3.2.4
The final answer is .
Step 15.4
Substitute any number, such as , from the interval in the first derivative to check if the result is negative or positive.
Step 15.4.1
Replace the variable with in the expression.
Step 15.4.2
Simplify the result.
Step 15.4.2.1
Simplify the numerator.
Step 15.4.2.1.1
Multiply by .
Step 15.4.2.1.2
Subtract from .
Step 15.4.2.2
Simplify the expression.
Step 15.4.2.2.1
Subtract from .
Step 15.4.2.2.2
Multiply by .
Step 15.4.2.3
The final answer is .
Step 15.5
Since the first derivative changed signs from negative to positive around , then is a local minimum.
is a local minimum
Step 15.6
Since the first derivative did not change signs around , this is not a local maximum or minimum.
Not a local maximum or minimum
Step 15.7
These are the local extrema for .
is a local minimum
is a local minimum
Step 16