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Calculus Examples
Step 1
Write as a function.
Step 2
Step 2.1
By the Sum Rule, the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2.2
Evaluate .
Step 2.2.1
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2.2.2
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 2.2.3
Combine and .
Step 2.2.4
Multiply by .
Step 2.2.5
Combine and .
Step 2.2.6
Cancel the common factor of and .
Step 2.2.6.1
Factor out of .
Step 2.2.6.2
Cancel the common factors.
Step 2.2.6.2.1
Factor out of .
Step 2.2.6.2.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 2.2.6.2.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 2.2.6.2.4
Divide by .
Step 2.3
Evaluate .
Step 2.3.1
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2.3.2
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 2.3.3
Multiply by .
Step 2.3.4
Combine and .
Step 2.3.5
Multiply by .
Step 2.3.6
Combine and .
Step 2.3.7
Cancel the common factor of and .
Step 2.3.7.1
Factor out of .
Step 2.3.7.2
Cancel the common factors.
Step 2.3.7.2.1
Factor out of .
Step 2.3.7.2.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 2.3.7.2.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 2.3.7.2.4
Divide by .
Step 2.4
Evaluate .
Step 2.4.1
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2.4.2
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 2.4.3
Multiply by .
Step 3
Step 3.1
By the Sum Rule, the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 3.2
Evaluate .
Step 3.2.1
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 3.2.2
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 3.2.3
Multiply by .
Step 3.3
Evaluate .
Step 3.3.1
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 3.3.2
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 3.3.3
Multiply by .
Step 3.4
Differentiate using the Constant Rule.
Step 3.4.1
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 3.4.2
Add and .
Step 4
To find the local maximum and minimum values of the function, set the derivative equal to and solve.
Step 5
Step 5.1
Find the first derivative.
Step 5.1.1
By the Sum Rule, the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 5.1.2
Evaluate .
Step 5.1.2.1
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 5.1.2.2
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 5.1.2.3
Combine and .
Step 5.1.2.4
Multiply by .
Step 5.1.2.5
Combine and .
Step 5.1.2.6
Cancel the common factor of and .
Step 5.1.2.6.1
Factor out of .
Step 5.1.2.6.2
Cancel the common factors.
Step 5.1.2.6.2.1
Factor out of .
Step 5.1.2.6.2.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 5.1.2.6.2.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 5.1.2.6.2.4
Divide by .
Step 5.1.3
Evaluate .
Step 5.1.3.1
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 5.1.3.2
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 5.1.3.3
Multiply by .
Step 5.1.3.4
Combine and .
Step 5.1.3.5
Multiply by .
Step 5.1.3.6
Combine and .
Step 5.1.3.7
Cancel the common factor of and .
Step 5.1.3.7.1
Factor out of .
Step 5.1.3.7.2
Cancel the common factors.
Step 5.1.3.7.2.1
Factor out of .
Step 5.1.3.7.2.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 5.1.3.7.2.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 5.1.3.7.2.4
Divide by .
Step 5.1.4
Evaluate .
Step 5.1.4.1
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 5.1.4.2
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 5.1.4.3
Multiply by .
Step 5.2
The first derivative of with respect to is .
Step 6
Step 6.1
Set the first derivative equal to .
Step 6.2
Substitute into the equation. This will make the quadratic formula easy to use.
Step 6.3
Factor by grouping.
Step 6.3.1
For a polynomial of the form , rewrite the middle term as a sum of two terms whose product is and whose sum is .
Step 6.3.1.1
Factor out of .
Step 6.3.1.2
Rewrite as plus
Step 6.3.1.3
Apply the distributive property.
Step 6.3.2
Factor out the greatest common factor from each group.
Step 6.3.2.1
Group the first two terms and the last two terms.
Step 6.3.2.2
Factor out the greatest common factor (GCF) from each group.
Step 6.3.3
Factor the polynomial by factoring out the greatest common factor, .
Step 6.4
If any individual factor on the left side of the equation is equal to , the entire expression will be equal to .
Step 6.5
Set equal to and solve for .
Step 6.5.1
Set equal to .
Step 6.5.2
Solve for .
Step 6.5.2.1
Add to both sides of the equation.
Step 6.5.2.2
Divide each term in by and simplify.
Step 6.5.2.2.1
Divide each term in by .
Step 6.5.2.2.2
Simplify the left side.
Step 6.5.2.2.2.1
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 6.5.2.2.2.1.1
Cancel the common factor.
Step 6.5.2.2.2.1.2
Divide by .
Step 6.6
Set equal to and solve for .
Step 6.6.1
Set equal to .
Step 6.6.2
Add to both sides of the equation.
Step 6.7
The final solution is all the values that make true.
Step 6.8
Substitute the real value of back into the solved equation.
Step 6.9
Solve the first equation for .
Step 6.10
Solve the equation for .
Step 6.10.1
Take the specified root of both sides of the equation to eliminate the exponent on the left side.
Step 6.10.2
Simplify .
Step 6.10.2.1
Rewrite as .
Step 6.10.2.2
Simplify the denominator.
Step 6.10.2.2.1
Rewrite as .
Step 6.10.2.2.2
Pull terms out from under the radical, assuming positive real numbers.
Step 6.10.3
The complete solution is the result of both the positive and negative portions of the solution.
Step 6.10.3.1
First, use the positive value of the to find the first solution.
Step 6.10.3.2
Next, use the negative value of the to find the second solution.
Step 6.10.3.3
The complete solution is the result of both the positive and negative portions of the solution.
Step 6.11
Solve the second equation for .
Step 6.12
Solve the equation for .
Step 6.12.1
Remove parentheses.
Step 6.12.2
Take the specified root of both sides of the equation to eliminate the exponent on the left side.
Step 6.12.3
The complete solution is the result of both the positive and negative portions of the solution.
Step 6.12.3.1
First, use the positive value of the to find the first solution.
Step 6.12.3.2
Next, use the negative value of the to find the second solution.
Step 6.12.3.3
The complete solution is the result of both the positive and negative portions of the solution.
Step 6.13
The solution to is .
Step 7
Step 7.1
The domain of the expression is all real numbers except where the expression is undefined. In this case, there is no real number that makes the expression undefined.
Step 8
Critical points to evaluate.
Step 9
Evaluate the second derivative at . If the second derivative is positive, then this is a local minimum. If it is negative, then this is a local maximum.
Step 10
Step 10.1
Simplify each term.
Step 10.1.1
Apply the product rule to .
Step 10.1.2
Simplify the numerator.
Step 10.1.2.1
Rewrite as .
Step 10.1.2.2
Raise to the power of .
Step 10.1.2.3
Rewrite as .
Step 10.1.2.3.1
Factor out of .
Step 10.1.2.3.2
Rewrite as .
Step 10.1.2.4
Pull terms out from under the radical.
Step 10.1.3
Raise to the power of .
Step 10.1.4
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 10.1.4.1
Factor out of .
Step 10.1.4.2
Factor out of .
Step 10.1.4.3
Cancel the common factor.
Step 10.1.4.4
Rewrite the expression.
Step 10.1.5
Combine and .
Step 10.1.6
Multiply by .
Step 10.1.7
Combine and .
Step 10.1.8
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 10.2
Simplify terms.
Step 10.2.1
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 10.2.2
Subtract from .
Step 10.2.3
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 11
is a local maximum because the value of the second derivative is negative. This is referred to as the second derivative test.
is a local maximum
Step 12
Step 12.1
Replace the variable with in the expression.
Step 12.2
Simplify the result.
Step 12.2.1
Simplify each term.
Step 12.2.1.1
Apply the product rule to .
Step 12.2.1.2
Combine.
Step 12.2.1.3
Simplify the numerator.
Step 12.2.1.3.1
Rewrite as .
Step 12.2.1.3.2
Raise to the power of .
Step 12.2.1.3.3
Rewrite as .
Step 12.2.1.3.3.1
Factor out of .
Step 12.2.1.3.3.2
Rewrite as .
Step 12.2.1.3.4
Pull terms out from under the radical.
Step 12.2.1.3.5
Multiply by .
Step 12.2.1.4
Raise to the power of .
Step 12.2.1.5
Multiply by .
Step 12.2.1.6
Cancel the common factor of and .
Step 12.2.1.6.1
Factor out of .
Step 12.2.1.6.2
Cancel the common factors.
Step 12.2.1.6.2.1
Factor out of .
Step 12.2.1.6.2.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 12.2.1.6.2.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 12.2.1.7
Apply the product rule to .
Step 12.2.1.8
Simplify the numerator.
Step 12.2.1.8.1
Rewrite as .
Step 12.2.1.8.2
Raise to the power of .
Step 12.2.1.8.3
Rewrite as .
Step 12.2.1.8.3.1
Factor out of .
Step 12.2.1.8.3.2
Rewrite as .
Step 12.2.1.8.4
Pull terms out from under the radical.
Step 12.2.1.9
Raise to the power of .
Step 12.2.1.10
Multiply .
Step 12.2.1.10.1
Multiply by .
Step 12.2.1.10.2
Multiply by .
Step 12.2.1.10.3
Multiply by .
Step 12.2.1.11
Combine and .
Step 12.2.2
Find the common denominator.
Step 12.2.2.1
Multiply by .
Step 12.2.2.2
Multiply by .
Step 12.2.2.3
Multiply by .
Step 12.2.2.4
Multiply by .
Step 12.2.2.5
Multiply by .
Step 12.2.2.6
Multiply by .
Step 12.2.2.7
Reorder the factors of .
Step 12.2.2.8
Multiply by .
Step 12.2.2.9
Reorder the factors of .
Step 12.2.2.10
Multiply by .
Step 12.2.2.11
Multiply by .
Step 12.2.3
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 12.2.4
Simplify each term.
Step 12.2.4.1
Multiply by .
Step 12.2.4.2
Multiply by .
Step 12.2.4.3
Multiply by .
Step 12.2.5
Simplify by adding terms.
Step 12.2.5.1
Subtract from .
Step 12.2.5.2
Add and .
Step 12.2.6
The final answer is .
Step 13
Evaluate the second derivative at . If the second derivative is positive, then this is a local minimum. If it is negative, then this is a local maximum.
Step 14
Step 14.1
Simplify each term.
Step 14.1.1
Use the power rule to distribute the exponent.
Step 14.1.1.1
Apply the product rule to .
Step 14.1.1.2
Apply the product rule to .
Step 14.1.2
Raise to the power of .
Step 14.1.3
Simplify the numerator.
Step 14.1.3.1
Rewrite as .
Step 14.1.3.2
Raise to the power of .
Step 14.1.3.3
Rewrite as .
Step 14.1.3.3.1
Factor out of .
Step 14.1.3.3.2
Rewrite as .
Step 14.1.3.4
Pull terms out from under the radical.
Step 14.1.4
Raise to the power of .
Step 14.1.5
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 14.1.5.1
Move the leading negative in into the numerator.
Step 14.1.5.2
Factor out of .
Step 14.1.5.3
Factor out of .
Step 14.1.5.4
Cancel the common factor.
Step 14.1.5.5
Rewrite the expression.
Step 14.1.6
Combine and .
Step 14.1.7
Multiply by .
Step 14.1.8
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 14.1.9
Multiply .
Step 14.1.9.1
Multiply by .
Step 14.1.9.2
Combine and .
Step 14.2
Simplify terms.
Step 14.2.1
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 14.2.2
Add and .
Step 15
is a local minimum because the value of the second derivative is positive. This is referred to as the second derivative test.
is a local minimum
Step 16
Step 16.1
Replace the variable with in the expression.
Step 16.2
Simplify the result.
Step 16.2.1
Simplify each term.
Step 16.2.1.1
Use the power rule to distribute the exponent.
Step 16.2.1.1.1
Apply the product rule to .
Step 16.2.1.1.2
Apply the product rule to .
Step 16.2.1.2
Raise to the power of .
Step 16.2.1.3
Simplify the numerator.
Step 16.2.1.3.1
Rewrite as .
Step 16.2.1.3.2
Raise to the power of .
Step 16.2.1.3.3
Rewrite as .
Step 16.2.1.3.3.1
Factor out of .
Step 16.2.1.3.3.2
Rewrite as .
Step 16.2.1.3.4
Pull terms out from under the radical.
Step 16.2.1.4
Raise to the power of .
Step 16.2.1.5
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 16.2.1.5.1
Move the leading negative in into the numerator.
Step 16.2.1.5.2
Factor out of .
Step 16.2.1.5.3
Cancel the common factor.
Step 16.2.1.5.4
Rewrite the expression.
Step 16.2.1.6
Multiply by .
Step 16.2.1.7
Multiply by .
Step 16.2.1.8
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 16.2.1.9
Use the power rule to distribute the exponent.
Step 16.2.1.9.1
Apply the product rule to .
Step 16.2.1.9.2
Apply the product rule to .
Step 16.2.1.10
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 16.2.1.10.1
Move .
Step 16.2.1.10.2
Multiply by .
Step 16.2.1.10.2.1
Raise to the power of .
Step 16.2.1.10.2.2
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 16.2.1.10.3
Add and .
Step 16.2.1.11
Simplify the numerator.
Step 16.2.1.11.1
Rewrite as .
Step 16.2.1.11.2
Raise to the power of .
Step 16.2.1.11.3
Rewrite as .
Step 16.2.1.11.3.1
Factor out of .
Step 16.2.1.11.3.2
Rewrite as .
Step 16.2.1.11.4
Pull terms out from under the radical.
Step 16.2.1.12
Raise to the power of .
Step 16.2.1.13
Raise to the power of .
Step 16.2.1.14
Multiply by .
Step 16.2.1.15
Multiply .
Step 16.2.1.15.1
Multiply by .
Step 16.2.1.15.2
Multiply by .
Step 16.2.1.15.3
Multiply by .
Step 16.2.1.16
Multiply .
Step 16.2.1.16.1
Multiply by .
Step 16.2.1.16.2
Combine and .
Step 16.2.1.17
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 16.2.2
Find the common denominator.
Step 16.2.2.1
Multiply by .
Step 16.2.2.2
Multiply by .
Step 16.2.2.3
Multiply by .
Step 16.2.2.4
Multiply by .
Step 16.2.2.5
Multiply by .
Step 16.2.2.6
Multiply by .
Step 16.2.2.7
Reorder the factors of .
Step 16.2.2.8
Multiply by .
Step 16.2.2.9
Reorder the factors of .
Step 16.2.2.10
Multiply by .
Step 16.2.2.11
Multiply by .
Step 16.2.3
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 16.2.4
Simplify each term.
Step 16.2.4.1
Multiply by .
Step 16.2.4.2
Multiply by .
Step 16.2.4.3
Multiply by .
Step 16.2.5
Simplify by adding terms.
Step 16.2.5.1
Add and .
Step 16.2.5.2
Subtract from .
Step 16.2.5.3
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 16.2.6
The final answer is .
Step 17
Evaluate the second derivative at . If the second derivative is positive, then this is a local minimum. If it is negative, then this is a local maximum.
Step 18
Step 18.1
Simplify each term.
Step 18.1.1
Rewrite as .
Step 18.1.2
Raise to the power of .
Step 18.1.3
Rewrite as .
Step 18.1.3.1
Factor out of .
Step 18.1.3.2
Rewrite as .
Step 18.1.4
Pull terms out from under the radical.
Step 18.1.5
Multiply by .
Step 18.2
Subtract from .
Step 19
is a local minimum because the value of the second derivative is positive. This is referred to as the second derivative test.
is a local minimum
Step 20
Step 20.1
Replace the variable with in the expression.
Step 20.2
Simplify the result.
Step 20.2.1
Simplify each term.
Step 20.2.1.1
Rewrite as .
Step 20.2.1.2
Raise to the power of .
Step 20.2.1.3
Rewrite as .
Step 20.2.1.3.1
Factor out of .
Step 20.2.1.3.2
Rewrite as .
Step 20.2.1.4
Pull terms out from under the radical.
Step 20.2.1.5
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 20.2.1.5.1
Factor out of .
Step 20.2.1.5.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 20.2.1.5.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 20.2.1.6
Multiply by .
Step 20.2.1.7
Rewrite as .
Step 20.2.1.8
Raise to the power of .
Step 20.2.1.9
Rewrite as .
Step 20.2.1.9.1
Factor out of .
Step 20.2.1.9.2
Rewrite as .
Step 20.2.1.10
Pull terms out from under the radical.
Step 20.2.1.11
Multiply .
Step 20.2.1.11.1
Multiply by .
Step 20.2.1.11.2
Combine and .
Step 20.2.1.11.3
Multiply by .
Step 20.2.1.11.4
Combine and .
Step 20.2.1.12
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 20.2.2
Find the common denominator.
Step 20.2.2.1
Write as a fraction with denominator .
Step 20.2.2.2
Multiply by .
Step 20.2.2.3
Multiply by .
Step 20.2.2.4
Write as a fraction with denominator .
Step 20.2.2.5
Multiply by .
Step 20.2.2.6
Multiply by .
Step 20.2.3
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 20.2.4
Simplify each term.
Step 20.2.4.1
Multiply by .
Step 20.2.4.2
Multiply by .
Step 20.2.5
Simplify by adding terms.
Step 20.2.5.1
Subtract from .
Step 20.2.5.2
Add and .
Step 20.2.5.3
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 20.2.6
The final answer is .
Step 21
Evaluate the second derivative at . If the second derivative is positive, then this is a local minimum. If it is negative, then this is a local maximum.
Step 22
Step 22.1
Simplify each term.
Step 22.1.1
Apply the product rule to .
Step 22.1.2
Raise to the power of .
Step 22.1.3
Rewrite as .
Step 22.1.4
Raise to the power of .
Step 22.1.5
Rewrite as .
Step 22.1.5.1
Factor out of .
Step 22.1.5.2
Rewrite as .
Step 22.1.6
Pull terms out from under the radical.
Step 22.1.7
Multiply by .
Step 22.1.8
Multiply by .
Step 22.1.9
Multiply by .
Step 22.2
Add and .
Step 23
is a local maximum because the value of the second derivative is negative. This is referred to as the second derivative test.
is a local maximum
Step 24
Step 24.1
Replace the variable with in the expression.
Step 24.2
Simplify the result.
Step 24.2.1
Simplify each term.
Step 24.2.1.1
Apply the product rule to .
Step 24.2.1.2
Raise to the power of .
Step 24.2.1.3
Rewrite as .
Step 24.2.1.4
Raise to the power of .
Step 24.2.1.5
Rewrite as .
Step 24.2.1.5.1
Factor out of .
Step 24.2.1.5.2
Rewrite as .
Step 24.2.1.6
Pull terms out from under the radical.
Step 24.2.1.7
Multiply by .
Step 24.2.1.8
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 24.2.1.8.1
Factor out of .
Step 24.2.1.8.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 24.2.1.8.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 24.2.1.9
Multiply by .
Step 24.2.1.10
Apply the product rule to .
Step 24.2.1.11
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 24.2.1.11.1
Move .
Step 24.2.1.11.2
Multiply by .
Step 24.2.1.11.2.1
Raise to the power of .
Step 24.2.1.11.2.2
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 24.2.1.11.3
Add and .
Step 24.2.1.12
Raise to the power of .
Step 24.2.1.13
Multiply by .
Step 24.2.1.14
Rewrite as .
Step 24.2.1.15
Raise to the power of .
Step 24.2.1.16
Rewrite as .
Step 24.2.1.16.1
Factor out of .
Step 24.2.1.16.2
Rewrite as .
Step 24.2.1.17
Pull terms out from under the radical.
Step 24.2.1.18
Multiply .
Step 24.2.1.18.1
Combine and .
Step 24.2.1.18.2
Multiply by .
Step 24.2.1.18.3
Combine and .
Step 24.2.1.19
Multiply by .
Step 24.2.2
Find the common denominator.
Step 24.2.2.1
Write as a fraction with denominator .
Step 24.2.2.2
Multiply by .
Step 24.2.2.3
Multiply by .
Step 24.2.2.4
Write as a fraction with denominator .
Step 24.2.2.5
Multiply by .
Step 24.2.2.6
Multiply by .
Step 24.2.3
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 24.2.4
Simplify each term.
Step 24.2.4.1
Multiply by .
Step 24.2.4.2
Multiply by .
Step 24.2.5
Simplify by adding terms.
Step 24.2.5.1
Add and .
Step 24.2.5.2
Subtract from .
Step 24.2.6
The final answer is .
Step 25
These are the local extrema for .
is a local maxima
is a local minima
is a local minima
is a local maxima
Step 26