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Calculus Examples
Step 1
Write as a function.
Step 2
Step 2.1
Use to rewrite as .
Step 2.2
Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that is where and .
Step 2.2.1
To apply the Chain Rule, set as .
Step 2.2.2
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 2.2.3
Replace all occurrences of with .
Step 2.3
To write as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by .
Step 2.4
Combine and .
Step 2.5
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 2.6
Simplify the numerator.
Step 2.6.1
Multiply by .
Step 2.6.2
Subtract from .
Step 2.7
Combine fractions.
Step 2.7.1
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 2.7.2
Combine and .
Step 2.7.3
Move to the denominator using the negative exponent rule .
Step 2.8
By the Sum Rule, the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2.9
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 2.10
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2.11
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 2.12
Multiply by .
Step 2.13
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2.14
Add and .
Step 2.15
Simplify.
Step 2.15.1
Reorder the factors of .
Step 2.15.2
Multiply by .
Step 3
Step 3.1
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 3.2
Differentiate using the Quotient Rule which states that is where and .
Step 3.3
Multiply the exponents in .
Step 3.3.1
Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, .
Step 3.3.2
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 3.3.2.1
Cancel the common factor.
Step 3.3.2.2
Rewrite the expression.
Step 3.4
Simplify.
Step 3.5
Differentiate.
Step 3.5.1
By the Sum Rule, the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 3.5.2
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 3.5.3
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 3.5.4
Multiply by .
Step 3.5.5
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 3.5.6
Simplify the expression.
Step 3.5.6.1
Add and .
Step 3.5.6.2
Move to the left of .
Step 3.6
Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that is where and .
Step 3.6.1
To apply the Chain Rule, set as .
Step 3.6.2
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 3.6.3
Replace all occurrences of with .
Step 3.7
To write as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by .
Step 3.8
Combine and .
Step 3.9
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 3.10
Simplify the numerator.
Step 3.10.1
Multiply by .
Step 3.10.2
Subtract from .
Step 3.11
Combine fractions.
Step 3.11.1
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 3.11.2
Combine and .
Step 3.11.3
Move to the denominator using the negative exponent rule .
Step 3.12
By the Sum Rule, the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 3.13
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 3.14
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 3.15
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 3.16
Multiply by .
Step 3.17
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 3.18
Add and .
Step 3.19
Raise to the power of .
Step 3.20
Raise to the power of .
Step 3.21
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 3.22
Add and .
Step 3.23
Combine and .
Step 3.24
To write as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by .
Step 3.25
Combine and .
Step 3.26
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 3.27
Multiply by .
Step 3.28
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 3.28.1
Move .
Step 3.28.2
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 3.28.3
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 3.28.4
Add and .
Step 3.28.5
Divide by .
Step 3.29
Simplify .
Step 3.30
Rewrite as a product.
Step 3.31
Multiply by .
Step 3.32
Raise to the power of .
Step 3.33
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 3.34
Simplify the expression.
Step 3.34.1
Write as a fraction with a common denominator.
Step 3.34.2
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 3.34.3
Add and .
Step 3.35
Multiply by .
Step 3.36
Multiply by .
Step 3.37
Simplify.
Step 3.37.1
Apply the distributive property.
Step 3.37.2
Apply the distributive property.
Step 3.37.3
Simplify the numerator.
Step 3.37.3.1
Simplify each term.
Step 3.37.3.1.1
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 3.37.3.1.1.1
Move .
Step 3.37.3.1.1.2
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 3.37.3.1.1.3
Add and .
Step 3.37.3.1.2
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 3.37.3.1.2.1
Move .
Step 3.37.3.1.2.2
Multiply by .
Step 3.37.3.1.2.2.1
Raise to the power of .
Step 3.37.3.1.2.2.2
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 3.37.3.1.2.3
Add and .
Step 3.37.3.1.3
Multiply by .
Step 3.37.3.1.4
Multiply by .
Step 3.37.3.1.5
Rewrite as .
Step 3.37.3.1.6
Expand using the FOIL Method.
Step 3.37.3.1.6.1
Apply the distributive property.
Step 3.37.3.1.6.2
Apply the distributive property.
Step 3.37.3.1.6.3
Apply the distributive property.
Step 3.37.3.1.7
Simplify and combine like terms.
Step 3.37.3.1.7.1
Simplify each term.
Step 3.37.3.1.7.1.1
Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.
Step 3.37.3.1.7.1.2
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 3.37.3.1.7.1.2.1
Move .
Step 3.37.3.1.7.1.2.2
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 3.37.3.1.7.1.2.3
Add and .
Step 3.37.3.1.7.1.3
Multiply by .
Step 3.37.3.1.7.1.4
Multiply by .
Step 3.37.3.1.7.1.5
Multiply by .
Step 3.37.3.1.7.1.6
Multiply by .
Step 3.37.3.1.7.2
Subtract from .
Step 3.37.3.1.8
Apply the distributive property.
Step 3.37.3.1.9
Simplify.
Step 3.37.3.1.9.1
Multiply by .
Step 3.37.3.1.9.2
Multiply by .
Step 3.37.3.1.9.3
Multiply by .
Step 3.37.3.2
Subtract from .
Step 3.37.3.3
Add and .
Step 4
To find the local maximum and minimum values of the function, set the derivative equal to and solve.
Step 5
Step 5.1
Find the first derivative.
Step 5.1.1
Use to rewrite as .
Step 5.1.2
Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that is where and .
Step 5.1.2.1
To apply the Chain Rule, set as .
Step 5.1.2.2
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 5.1.2.3
Replace all occurrences of with .
Step 5.1.3
To write as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by .
Step 5.1.4
Combine and .
Step 5.1.5
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 5.1.6
Simplify the numerator.
Step 5.1.6.1
Multiply by .
Step 5.1.6.2
Subtract from .
Step 5.1.7
Combine fractions.
Step 5.1.7.1
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 5.1.7.2
Combine and .
Step 5.1.7.3
Move to the denominator using the negative exponent rule .
Step 5.1.8
By the Sum Rule, the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 5.1.9
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 5.1.10
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 5.1.11
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 5.1.12
Multiply by .
Step 5.1.13
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 5.1.14
Add and .
Step 5.1.15
Simplify.
Step 5.1.15.1
Reorder the factors of .
Step 5.1.15.2
Multiply by .
Step 5.2
The first derivative of with respect to is .
Step 6
Step 6.1
Set the first derivative equal to .
Step 6.2
Set the numerator equal to zero.
Step 6.3
Solve the equation for .
Step 6.3.1
Add to both sides of the equation.
Step 6.3.2
Divide each term in by and simplify.
Step 6.3.2.1
Divide each term in by .
Step 6.3.2.2
Simplify the left side.
Step 6.3.2.2.1
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 6.3.2.2.1.1
Cancel the common factor.
Step 6.3.2.2.1.2
Divide by .
Step 6.3.3
Take the specified root of both sides of the equation to eliminate the exponent on the left side.
Step 6.3.4
Simplify .
Step 6.3.4.1
Rewrite as .
Step 6.3.4.2
Multiply by .
Step 6.3.4.3
Combine and simplify the denominator.
Step 6.3.4.3.1
Multiply by .
Step 6.3.4.3.2
Raise to the power of .
Step 6.3.4.3.3
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 6.3.4.3.4
Add and .
Step 6.3.4.3.5
Rewrite as .
Step 6.3.4.3.5.1
Use to rewrite as .
Step 6.3.4.3.5.2
Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, .
Step 6.3.4.3.5.3
Combine and .
Step 6.3.4.3.5.4
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 6.3.4.3.5.4.1
Cancel the common factor.
Step 6.3.4.3.5.4.2
Rewrite the expression.
Step 6.3.4.3.5.5
Evaluate the exponent.
Step 6.3.4.4
Simplify the numerator.
Step 6.3.4.4.1
Rewrite as .
Step 6.3.4.4.2
Raise to the power of .
Step 6.3.4.4.3
Rewrite as .
Step 6.3.4.4.3.1
Factor out of .
Step 6.3.4.4.3.2
Rewrite as .
Step 6.3.4.4.4
Pull terms out from under the radical.
Step 6.3.4.4.5
Combine exponents.
Step 6.3.4.4.5.1
Combine using the product rule for radicals.
Step 6.3.4.4.5.2
Multiply by .
Step 6.3.4.5
Cancel the common factor of and .
Step 6.3.4.5.1
Factor out of .
Step 6.3.4.5.2
Cancel the common factors.
Step 6.3.4.5.2.1
Factor out of .
Step 6.3.4.5.2.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 6.3.4.5.2.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 7
Step 7.1
The domain of the expression is all real numbers except where the expression is undefined. In this case, there is no real number that makes the expression undefined.
Step 8
Critical points to evaluate.
Step 9
Evaluate the second derivative at . If the second derivative is positive, then this is a local minimum. If it is negative, then this is a local maximum.
Step 10
Step 10.1
Simplify the numerator.
Step 10.1.1
Apply the product rule to .
Step 10.1.2
Simplify the numerator.
Step 10.1.2.1
Rewrite as .
Step 10.1.2.1.1
Use to rewrite as .
Step 10.1.2.1.2
Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, .
Step 10.1.2.1.3
Combine and .
Step 10.1.2.1.4
Cancel the common factor of and .
Step 10.1.2.1.4.1
Factor out of .
Step 10.1.2.1.4.2
Cancel the common factors.
Step 10.1.2.1.4.2.1
Factor out of .
Step 10.1.2.1.4.2.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 10.1.2.1.4.2.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 10.1.2.1.4.2.4
Divide by .
Step 10.1.2.2
Raise to the power of .
Step 10.1.3
Raise to the power of .
Step 10.1.4
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 10.1.4.1
Factor out of .
Step 10.1.4.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 10.1.4.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 10.1.5
Cancel the common factor of and .
Step 10.1.5.1
Factor out of .
Step 10.1.5.2
Cancel the common factors.
Step 10.1.5.2.1
Factor out of .
Step 10.1.5.2.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 10.1.5.2.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 10.1.6
Apply the product rule to .
Step 10.1.7
Rewrite as .
Step 10.1.7.1
Use to rewrite as .
Step 10.1.7.2
Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, .
Step 10.1.7.3
Combine and .
Step 10.1.7.4
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 10.1.7.4.1
Cancel the common factor.
Step 10.1.7.4.2
Rewrite the expression.
Step 10.1.7.5
Evaluate the exponent.
Step 10.1.8
Raise to the power of .
Step 10.1.9
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 10.1.9.1
Factor out of .
Step 10.1.9.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 10.1.9.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 10.1.10
Multiply by .
Step 10.1.11
Apply the product rule to .
Step 10.1.12
Simplify the numerator.
Step 10.1.12.1
Rewrite as .
Step 10.1.12.2
Raise to the power of .
Step 10.1.13
Raise to the power of .
Step 10.1.14
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 10.1.14.1
Factor out of .
Step 10.1.14.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 10.1.14.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 10.1.15
To write as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by .
Step 10.1.16
Combine and .
Step 10.1.17
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 10.1.18
Simplify the numerator.
Step 10.1.18.1
Multiply by .
Step 10.1.18.2
Subtract from .
Step 10.1.19
To write as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by .
Step 10.1.20
Combine and .
Step 10.1.21
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 10.1.22
Simplify the numerator.
Step 10.1.22.1
Multiply by .
Step 10.1.22.2
Subtract from .
Step 10.1.23
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 10.1.24
To write as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by .
Step 10.1.25
Combine and .
Step 10.1.26
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 10.1.27
Multiply by .
Step 10.2
Simplify the denominator.
Step 10.2.1
Simplify each term.
Step 10.2.1.1
Apply the product rule to .
Step 10.2.1.2
Simplify the numerator.
Step 10.2.1.2.1
Rewrite as .
Step 10.2.1.2.2
Raise to the power of .
Step 10.2.1.2.3
Rewrite as .
Step 10.2.1.2.3.1
Factor out of .
Step 10.2.1.2.3.2
Rewrite as .
Step 10.2.1.2.4
Pull terms out from under the radical.
Step 10.2.1.3
Raise to the power of .
Step 10.2.1.4
Cancel the common factor of and .
Step 10.2.1.4.1
Factor out of .
Step 10.2.1.4.2
Cancel the common factors.
Step 10.2.1.4.2.1
Factor out of .
Step 10.2.1.4.2.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 10.2.1.4.2.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 10.2.1.5
Combine and .
Step 10.2.1.6
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 10.2.2
Find the common denominator.
Step 10.2.2.1
Multiply by .
Step 10.2.2.2
Multiply by .
Step 10.2.2.3
Write as a fraction with denominator .
Step 10.2.2.4
Multiply by .
Step 10.2.2.5
Multiply by .
Step 10.2.2.6
Multiply by .
Step 10.2.3
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 10.2.4
Simplify each term.
Step 10.2.4.1
Multiply by .
Step 10.2.4.2
Multiply by .
Step 10.2.5
Subtract from .
Step 10.2.6
Apply the product rule to .
Step 10.3
Combine and .
Step 10.4
Multiply the numerator by the reciprocal of the denominator.
Step 10.5
Multiply .
Step 10.5.1
Multiply by .
Step 10.5.2
Multiply by .
Step 10.6
Move to the numerator using the negative exponent rule .
Step 10.7
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 10.7.1
Move .
Step 10.7.2
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 10.7.3
To write as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by .
Step 10.7.4
Combine and .
Step 10.7.5
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 10.7.6
Simplify the numerator.
Step 10.7.6.1
Multiply by .
Step 10.7.6.2
Add and .
Step 10.8
Rewrite as .
Step 10.9
Factor out of .
Step 10.10
Factor out of .
Step 10.11
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 11
is a local minimum because the value of the second derivative is positive. This is referred to as the second derivative test.
is a local minimum
Step 12
Step 12.1
Replace the variable with in the expression.
Step 12.2
Simplify the result.
Step 12.2.1
Apply the product rule to .
Step 12.2.2
Simplify the numerator.
Step 12.2.2.1
Rewrite as .
Step 12.2.2.2
Raise to the power of .
Step 12.2.2.3
Rewrite as .
Step 12.2.2.3.1
Factor out of .
Step 12.2.2.3.2
Rewrite as .
Step 12.2.2.4
Pull terms out from under the radical.
Step 12.2.3
Simplify terms.
Step 12.2.3.1
Raise to the power of .
Step 12.2.3.2
Cancel the common factor of and .
Step 12.2.3.2.1
Factor out of .
Step 12.2.3.2.2
Cancel the common factors.
Step 12.2.3.2.2.1
Factor out of .
Step 12.2.3.2.2.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 12.2.3.2.2.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 12.2.3.3
Combine and .
Step 12.2.3.4
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 12.2.4
To write as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by .
Step 12.2.5
Write each expression with a common denominator of , by multiplying each by an appropriate factor of .
Step 12.2.5.1
Multiply by .
Step 12.2.5.2
Multiply by .
Step 12.2.6
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 12.2.7
To write as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by .
Step 12.2.8
Combine and .
Step 12.2.9
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 12.2.10
Rewrite in a factored form.
Step 12.2.10.1
Multiply by .
Step 12.2.10.2
Multiply by .
Step 12.2.10.3
Subtract from .
Step 12.2.11
Rewrite as .
Step 12.2.12
Simplify the denominator.
Step 12.2.12.1
Rewrite as .
Step 12.2.12.1.1
Factor out of .
Step 12.2.12.1.2
Rewrite as .
Step 12.2.12.2
Pull terms out from under the radical.
Step 12.2.13
Multiply by .
Step 12.2.14
Combine and simplify the denominator.
Step 12.2.14.1
Multiply by .
Step 12.2.14.2
Move .
Step 12.2.14.3
Raise to the power of .
Step 12.2.14.4
Raise to the power of .
Step 12.2.14.5
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 12.2.14.6
Add and .
Step 12.2.14.7
Rewrite as .
Step 12.2.14.7.1
Use to rewrite as .
Step 12.2.14.7.2
Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, .
Step 12.2.14.7.3
Combine and .
Step 12.2.14.7.4
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 12.2.14.7.4.1
Cancel the common factor.
Step 12.2.14.7.4.2
Rewrite the expression.
Step 12.2.14.7.5
Evaluate the exponent.
Step 12.2.15
Combine using the product rule for radicals.
Step 12.2.16
Multiply by .
Step 12.2.17
The final answer is .
Step 13
These are the local extrema for .
is a local minima
Step 14