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Calculus Examples
Step 1
Write as a function.
Step 2
Step 2.1
Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that is where and .
Step 2.1.1
To apply the Chain Rule, set as .
Step 2.1.2
The derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2.1.3
Replace all occurrences of with .
Step 2.2
Differentiate.
Step 2.2.1
By the Sum Rule, the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2.2.2
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 2.2.3
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2.2.4
Combine fractions.
Step 2.2.4.1
Add and .
Step 2.2.4.2
Combine and .
Step 2.2.4.3
Combine and .
Step 2.3
Simplify.
Step 2.3.1
Apply the distributive property.
Step 2.3.2
Apply the distributive property.
Step 2.3.3
Simplify each term.
Step 2.3.3.1
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 2.3.3.1.1
Move .
Step 2.3.3.1.2
Multiply by .
Step 2.3.3.1.2.1
Raise to the power of .
Step 2.3.3.1.2.2
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 2.3.3.1.3
Add and .
Step 2.3.3.2
Multiply by .
Step 3
Step 3.1
Differentiate using the Quotient Rule which states that is where and .
Step 3.2
Differentiate.
Step 3.2.1
By the Sum Rule, the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 3.2.2
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 3.2.3
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 3.2.4
Multiply by .
Step 3.2.5
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 3.2.6
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 3.2.7
Multiply by .
Step 3.3
Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that is where and .
Step 3.3.1
To apply the Chain Rule, set as .
Step 3.3.2
The derivative of with respect to is .
Step 3.3.3
Replace all occurrences of with .
Step 3.4
Differentiate.
Step 3.4.1
By the Sum Rule, the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 3.4.2
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 3.4.3
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 3.4.4
Combine fractions.
Step 3.4.4.1
Add and .
Step 3.4.4.2
Combine and .
Step 3.4.4.3
Combine and .
Step 3.5
Simplify.
Step 3.5.1
Apply the distributive property.
Step 3.5.2
Apply the distributive property.
Step 3.5.3
Apply the distributive property.
Step 3.5.4
Simplify the numerator.
Step 3.5.4.1
Simplify each term.
Step 3.5.4.1.1
Apply the distributive property.
Step 3.5.4.1.2
Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.
Step 3.5.4.1.3
Move to the left of .
Step 3.5.4.1.4
Simplify the numerator.
Step 3.5.4.1.4.1
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 3.5.4.1.4.1.1
Move .
Step 3.5.4.1.4.1.2
Multiply by .
Step 3.5.4.1.4.1.2.1
Raise to the power of .
Step 3.5.4.1.4.1.2.2
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 3.5.4.1.4.1.3
Add and .
Step 3.5.4.1.4.2
Multiply by .
Step 3.5.4.1.4.3
Rewrite in a factored form.
Step 3.5.4.1.4.3.1
Factor out of .
Step 3.5.4.1.4.3.1.1
Factor out of .
Step 3.5.4.1.4.3.1.2
Factor out of .
Step 3.5.4.1.4.3.1.3
Factor out of .
Step 3.5.4.1.4.3.2
Rewrite as .
Step 3.5.4.1.4.3.3
Since both terms are perfect squares, factor using the difference of squares formula, where and .
Step 3.5.4.1.5
Simplify the denominator.
Step 3.5.4.1.5.1
Rewrite as .
Step 3.5.4.1.5.2
Since both terms are perfect squares, factor using the difference of squares formula, where and .
Step 3.5.4.1.5.3
Expand using the FOIL Method.
Step 3.5.4.1.5.3.1
Apply the distributive property.
Step 3.5.4.1.5.3.2
Apply the distributive property.
Step 3.5.4.1.5.3.3
Apply the distributive property.
Step 3.5.4.1.5.4
Combine the opposite terms in .
Step 3.5.4.1.5.4.1
Reorder the factors in the terms and .
Step 3.5.4.1.5.4.2
Add and .
Step 3.5.4.1.5.4.3
Add and .
Step 3.5.4.1.5.5
Simplify each term.
Step 3.5.4.1.5.5.1
Multiply by .
Step 3.5.4.1.5.5.2
Multiply by .
Step 3.5.4.1.5.6
Rewrite as .
Step 3.5.4.1.5.7
Since both terms are perfect squares, factor using the difference of squares formula, where and .
Step 3.5.4.1.6
Simplify each term.
Step 3.5.4.1.6.1
Multiply by .
Step 3.5.4.1.6.2
Multiply by .
Step 3.5.4.1.7
Multiply by .
Step 3.5.4.1.8
Simplify the numerator.
Step 3.5.4.1.8.1
Factor out of .
Step 3.5.4.1.8.1.1
Factor out of .
Step 3.5.4.1.8.1.2
Factor out of .
Step 3.5.4.1.8.1.3
Factor out of .
Step 3.5.4.1.8.2
Rewrite as .
Step 3.5.4.1.8.3
Reorder and .
Step 3.5.4.1.8.4
Since both terms are perfect squares, factor using the difference of squares formula, where and .
Step 3.5.4.1.8.5
Combine exponents.
Step 3.5.4.1.8.5.1
Multiply by .
Step 3.5.4.1.8.5.2
Raise to the power of .
Step 3.5.4.1.8.5.3
Raise to the power of .
Step 3.5.4.1.8.5.4
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 3.5.4.1.8.5.5
Add and .
Step 3.5.4.1.8.5.6
Reorder terms.
Step 3.5.4.1.8.5.7
Raise to the power of .
Step 3.5.4.1.8.5.8
Raise to the power of .
Step 3.5.4.1.8.5.9
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 3.5.4.1.8.5.10
Add and .
Step 3.5.4.1.8.5.11
Rewrite as .
Step 3.5.4.1.8.5.12
Factor out of .
Step 3.5.4.1.8.5.13
Factor out of .
Step 3.5.4.1.8.5.14
Reorder terms.
Step 3.5.4.1.8.5.15
Raise to the power of .
Step 3.5.4.1.8.5.16
Raise to the power of .
Step 3.5.4.1.8.5.17
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 3.5.4.1.8.5.18
Add and .
Step 3.5.4.1.8.5.19
Multiply by .
Step 3.5.4.1.9
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 3.5.4.2
To write as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by .
Step 3.5.4.3
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 3.5.4.4
Simplify each term.
Step 3.5.4.4.1
Simplify the numerator.
Step 3.5.4.4.1.1
Factor out of .
Step 3.5.4.4.1.1.1
Factor out of .
Step 3.5.4.4.1.1.2
Factor out of .
Step 3.5.4.4.1.1.3
Factor out of .
Step 3.5.4.4.1.2
To multiply absolute values, multiply the terms inside each absolute value.
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3
Simplify each term.
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.1
Expand using the FOIL Method.
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.1.1
Apply the distributive property.
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.1.2
Apply the distributive property.
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.1.3
Apply the distributive property.
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.2
Combine the opposite terms in .
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.2.1
Reorder the factors in the terms and .
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.2.2
Add and .
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.2.3
Add and .
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.3
Simplify each term.
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.3.1
Multiply by .
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.3.2
Multiply by .
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.4
Expand using the FOIL Method.
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.4.1
Apply the distributive property.
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.4.2
Apply the distributive property.
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.4.3
Apply the distributive property.
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.5
Simplify and combine like terms.
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.5.1
Simplify each term.
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.5.1.1
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.5.1.1.1
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.5.1.1.2
Add and .
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.5.1.2
Move to the left of .
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.5.1.3
Multiply by .
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.5.2
Subtract from .
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.6
Rewrite as .
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.7
Expand using the FOIL Method.
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.7.1
Apply the distributive property.
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.7.2
Apply the distributive property.
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.7.3
Apply the distributive property.
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.8
Simplify and combine like terms.
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.8.1
Simplify each term.
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.8.1.1
Multiply by .
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.8.1.2
Move to the left of .
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.8.1.3
Multiply by .
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.8.2
Add and .
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.9
Apply the distributive property.
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.10
Simplify.
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.10.1
Multiply by .
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.10.2
Multiply by .
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.11
Rewrite as .
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.12
Expand using the FOIL Method.
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.12.1
Apply the distributive property.
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.12.2
Apply the distributive property.
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.12.3
Apply the distributive property.
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.13
Simplify and combine like terms.
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.13.1
Simplify each term.
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.13.1.1
Multiply by .
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.13.1.2
Move to the left of .
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.13.1.3
Multiply by .
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.13.2
Subtract from .
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.14
Expand by multiplying each term in the first expression by each term in the second expression.
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.15
Simplify each term.
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.15.1
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.15.1.1
Move .
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.15.1.2
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.15.1.3
Add and .
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.15.2
Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.15.3
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.15.3.1
Move .
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.15.3.2
Multiply by .
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.15.3.2.1
Raise to the power of .
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.15.3.2.2
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.15.3.3
Add and .
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.15.4
Multiply by .
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.15.5
Multiply by .
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.15.6
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.15.6.1
Move .
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.15.6.2
Multiply by .
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.15.6.2.1
Raise to the power of .
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.15.6.2.2
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.15.6.3
Add and .
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.15.7
Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.15.8
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.15.8.1
Move .
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.15.8.2
Multiply by .
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.15.9
Multiply by .
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.15.10
Multiply by .
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.15.11
Multiply by .
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.15.12
Multiply by .
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.16
Combine the opposite terms in .
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.16.1
Subtract from .
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.16.2
Add and .
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.16.3
Add and .
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.16.4
Add and .
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.17
Add and .
Step 3.5.4.4.1.3.18
Subtract from .
Step 3.5.4.4.1.4
Reorder terms.
Step 3.5.4.4.1.5
Rewrite in a factored form.
Step 3.5.4.4.1.5.1
Regroup terms.
Step 3.5.4.4.1.5.2
Factor out of .
Step 3.5.4.4.1.5.2.1
Factor out of .
Step 3.5.4.4.1.5.2.2
Factor out of .
Step 3.5.4.4.1.5.2.3
Factor out of .
Step 3.5.4.4.1.5.2.4
Factor out of .
Step 3.5.4.4.1.5.2.5
Factor out of .
Step 3.5.4.4.1.5.3
Factor out of .
Step 3.5.4.4.1.5.3.1
Rewrite as .
Step 3.5.4.4.1.5.3.2
Factor out of .
Step 3.5.4.4.1.5.3.3
Rewrite as .
Step 3.5.4.4.1.5.4
Reorder terms.
Step 3.5.4.4.1.6
Combine exponents.
Step 3.5.4.4.1.6.1
Factor out negative.
Step 3.5.4.4.1.6.2
Multiply by .
Step 3.5.4.4.2
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 3.5.4.5
To write as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by .
Step 3.5.4.6
Combine and .
Step 3.5.4.7
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 3.5.4.8
Simplify the numerator.
Step 3.5.4.8.1
Factor out of .
Step 3.5.4.8.1.1
Factor out of .
Step 3.5.4.8.1.2
Factor out of .
Step 3.5.4.8.1.3
Factor out of .
Step 3.5.4.8.2
Apply the distributive property.
Step 3.5.4.8.3
Simplify.
Step 3.5.4.8.3.1
Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.
Step 3.5.4.8.3.2
Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.
Step 3.5.4.8.3.3
Multiply by .
Step 3.5.4.8.3.4
Multiply by .
Step 3.5.4.8.4
Simplify each term.
Step 3.5.4.8.4.1
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 3.5.4.8.4.1.1
Move .
Step 3.5.4.8.4.1.2
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 3.5.4.8.4.1.3
Add and .
Step 3.5.4.8.4.2
Multiply by .
Step 3.5.4.8.4.3
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 3.5.4.8.4.3.1
Move .
Step 3.5.4.8.4.3.2
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 3.5.4.8.4.3.3
Add and .
Step 3.5.4.8.4.4
Multiply by .
Step 3.5.4.8.5
Expand using the FOIL Method.
Step 3.5.4.8.5.1
Apply the distributive property.
Step 3.5.4.8.5.2
Apply the distributive property.
Step 3.5.4.8.5.3
Apply the distributive property.
Step 3.5.4.8.6
Combine the opposite terms in .
Step 3.5.4.8.6.1
Reorder the factors in the terms and .
Step 3.5.4.8.6.2
Add and .
Step 3.5.4.8.6.3
Add and .
Step 3.5.4.8.7
Simplify each term.
Step 3.5.4.8.7.1
Multiply by .
Step 3.5.4.8.7.2
Multiply by .
Step 3.5.4.8.8
Multiply .
Step 3.5.4.8.8.1
To multiply absolute values, multiply the terms inside each absolute value.
Step 3.5.4.8.8.2
Raise to the power of .
Step 3.5.4.8.8.3
Raise to the power of .
Step 3.5.4.8.8.4
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 3.5.4.8.8.5
Add and .
Step 3.5.4.8.9
Rewrite as .
Step 3.5.4.8.10
Expand using the FOIL Method.
Step 3.5.4.8.10.1
Apply the distributive property.
Step 3.5.4.8.10.2
Apply the distributive property.
Step 3.5.4.8.10.3
Apply the distributive property.
Step 3.5.4.8.11
Simplify and combine like terms.
Step 3.5.4.8.11.1
Simplify each term.
Step 3.5.4.8.11.1.1
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 3.5.4.8.11.1.1.1
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 3.5.4.8.11.1.1.2
Add and .
Step 3.5.4.8.11.1.2
Move to the left of .
Step 3.5.4.8.11.1.3
Multiply by .
Step 3.5.4.8.11.2
Subtract from .
Step 3.5.4.9
Factor out of .
Step 3.5.4.10
Factor out of .
Step 3.5.4.11
Factor out of .
Step 3.5.4.12
Factor out of .
Step 3.5.4.13
Factor out of .
Step 3.5.4.14
Factor out of .
Step 3.5.4.15
Factor out of .
Step 3.5.4.16
Factor out of .
Step 3.5.4.17
Factor out of .
Step 3.5.4.18
Rewrite as .
Step 3.5.4.19
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 3.5.5
Combine terms.
Step 3.5.5.1
Rewrite as a product.
Step 3.5.5.2
Multiply by .
Step 4
To find the local maximum and minimum values of the function, set the derivative equal to and solve.
Step 5
Step 5.1
Find the first derivative.
Step 5.1.1
Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that is where and .
Step 5.1.1.1
To apply the Chain Rule, set as .
Step 5.1.1.2
The derivative of with respect to is .
Step 5.1.1.3
Replace all occurrences of with .
Step 5.1.2
Differentiate.
Step 5.1.2.1
By the Sum Rule, the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 5.1.2.2
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 5.1.2.3
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 5.1.2.4
Combine fractions.
Step 5.1.2.4.1
Add and .
Step 5.1.2.4.2
Combine and .
Step 5.1.2.4.3
Combine and .
Step 5.1.3
Simplify.
Step 5.1.3.1
Apply the distributive property.
Step 5.1.3.2
Apply the distributive property.
Step 5.1.3.3
Simplify each term.
Step 5.1.3.3.1
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 5.1.3.3.1.1
Move .
Step 5.1.3.3.1.2
Multiply by .
Step 5.1.3.3.1.2.1
Raise to the power of .
Step 5.1.3.3.1.2.2
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 5.1.3.3.1.3
Add and .
Step 5.1.3.3.2
Multiply by .
Step 5.2
The first derivative of with respect to is .
Step 6
Step 6.1
Set the first derivative equal to .
Step 6.2
Set the numerator equal to zero.
Step 6.3
Solve the equation for .
Step 6.3.1
Factor the left side of the equation.
Step 6.3.1.1
Factor out of .
Step 6.3.1.1.1
Factor out of .
Step 6.3.1.1.2
Factor out of .
Step 6.3.1.1.3
Factor out of .
Step 6.3.1.2
Rewrite as .
Step 6.3.1.3
Factor.
Step 6.3.1.3.1
Since both terms are perfect squares, factor using the difference of squares formula, where and .
Step 6.3.1.3.2
Remove unnecessary parentheses.
Step 6.3.2
If any individual factor on the left side of the equation is equal to , the entire expression will be equal to .
Step 6.3.3
Set equal to .
Step 6.3.4
Set equal to and solve for .
Step 6.3.4.1
Set equal to .
Step 6.3.4.2
Subtract from both sides of the equation.
Step 6.3.5
Set equal to and solve for .
Step 6.3.5.1
Set equal to .
Step 6.3.5.2
Add to both sides of the equation.
Step 6.3.6
The final solution is all the values that make true.
Step 6.4
Exclude the solutions that do not make true.
Step 7
Step 7.1
Set the denominator in equal to to find where the expression is undefined.
Step 7.2
Solve for .
Step 7.2.1
Remove the absolute value term. This creates a on the right side of the equation because .
Step 7.2.2
Plus or minus is .
Step 7.2.3
Add to both sides of the equation.
Step 7.2.4
Take the specified root of both sides of the equation to eliminate the exponent on the left side.
Step 7.2.5
Simplify .
Step 7.2.5.1
Rewrite as .
Step 7.2.5.2
Pull terms out from under the radical, assuming positive real numbers.
Step 7.2.6
The complete solution is the result of both the positive and negative portions of the solution.
Step 7.2.6.1
First, use the positive value of the to find the first solution.
Step 7.2.6.2
Next, use the negative value of the to find the second solution.
Step 7.2.6.3
The complete solution is the result of both the positive and negative portions of the solution.
Step 7.3
The equation is undefined where the denominator equals , the argument of a square root is less than , or the argument of a logarithm is less than or equal to .
Step 8
Critical points to evaluate.
Step 9
Evaluate the second derivative at . If the second derivative is positive, then this is a local minimum. If it is negative, then this is a local maximum.
Step 10
Step 10.1
Simplify the numerator.
Step 10.1.1
Raising to any positive power yields .
Step 10.1.2
Multiply by .
Step 10.1.3
Raising to any positive power yields .
Step 10.1.4
Multiply by .
Step 10.1.5
Raising to any positive power yields .
Step 10.1.6
Multiply by .
Step 10.1.7
Raising to any positive power yields .
Step 10.1.8
Multiply by .
Step 10.1.9
Simplify each term.
Step 10.1.9.1
Raising to any positive power yields .
Step 10.1.9.2
Raising to any positive power yields .
Step 10.1.9.3
Multiply by .
Step 10.1.10
Add and .
Step 10.1.11
Add and .
Step 10.1.12
The absolute value is the distance between a number and zero. The distance between and is .
Step 10.1.13
Multiply by .
Step 10.1.14
Simplify each term.
Step 10.1.14.1
Raising to any positive power yields .
Step 10.1.14.2
Raising to any positive power yields .
Step 10.1.14.3
Multiply by .
Step 10.1.15
Add and .
Step 10.1.16
Add and .
Step 10.1.17
The absolute value is the distance between a number and zero. The distance between and is .
Step 10.1.18
Multiply by .
Step 10.1.19
Add and .
Step 10.1.20
Add and .
Step 10.1.21
Add and .
Step 10.1.22
Add and .
Step 10.2
Simplify the denominator.
Step 10.2.1
Raising to any positive power yields .
Step 10.2.2
Subtract from .
Step 10.2.3
Add and .
Step 10.2.4
Subtract from .
Step 10.2.5
The absolute value is the distance between a number and zero. The distance between and is .
Step 10.2.6
Raise to the power of .
Step 10.2.7
Multiply by .
Step 10.2.8
The absolute value is the distance between a number and zero. The distance between and is .
Step 10.3
Simplify the expression.
Step 10.3.1
Multiply by .
Step 10.3.2
Multiply by .
Step 10.3.3
Divide by .
Step 10.3.4
Multiply by .
Step 11
is a local maximum because the value of the second derivative is negative. This is referred to as the second derivative test.
is a local maximum
Step 12
Step 12.1
Replace the variable with in the expression.
Step 12.2
Simplify the result.
Step 12.2.1
Raising to any positive power yields .
Step 12.2.2
Subtract from .
Step 12.2.3
The absolute value is the distance between a number and zero. The distance between and is .
Step 12.2.4
The final answer is .
Step 13
Evaluate the second derivative at . If the second derivative is positive, then this is a local minimum. If it is negative, then this is a local maximum.
Step 14
Step 14.1
Raise to the power of .
Step 14.2
Subtract from .
Step 14.3
The absolute value is the distance between a number and zero. The distance between and is .
Step 14.4
Raising to any positive power yields .
Step 14.5
Add and .
Step 14.6
Subtract from .
Step 14.7
Multiply by .
Step 14.8
The absolute value is the distance between a number and zero. The distance between and is .
Step 14.9
Multiply by .
Step 14.10
The expression contains a division by . The expression is undefined.
Undefined
Undefined
Step 15
Step 15.1
Split into separate intervals around the values that make the first derivative or undefined.
Step 15.2
Substitute any number, such as , from the interval in the first derivative to check if the result is negative or positive.
Step 15.2.1
Replace the variable with in the expression.
Step 15.2.2
Simplify the result.
Step 15.2.2.1
Simplify the numerator.
Step 15.2.2.1.1
Raise to the power of .
Step 15.2.2.1.2
Multiply by .
Step 15.2.2.1.3
Multiply by .
Step 15.2.2.1.4
Add and .
Step 15.2.2.2
Simplify the denominator.
Step 15.2.2.2.1
Raise to the power of .
Step 15.2.2.2.2
Subtract from .
Step 15.2.2.2.3
The absolute value is the distance between a number and zero. The distance between and is .
Step 15.2.2.3
Divide by .
Step 15.2.2.4
The final answer is .
Step 15.3
Substitute any number, such as , from the interval in the first derivative to check if the result is negative or positive.
Step 15.3.1
Replace the variable with in the expression.
Step 15.3.2
Simplify the result.
Step 15.3.2.1
Simplify the numerator.
Step 15.3.2.1.1
Raise to the power of .
Step 15.3.2.1.2
Multiply by .
Step 15.3.2.1.3
Multiply by .
Step 15.3.2.1.4
Add and .
Step 15.3.2.2
Simplify the denominator.
Step 15.3.2.2.1
Raise to the power of .
Step 15.3.2.2.2
Subtract from .
Step 15.3.2.2.3
The absolute value is the distance between a number and zero. The distance between and is .
Step 15.3.2.3
Divide by .
Step 15.3.2.4
The final answer is .
Step 15.4
Substitute any number, such as , from the interval in the first derivative to check if the result is negative or positive.
Step 15.4.1
Replace the variable with in the expression.
Step 15.4.2
Simplify the result.
Step 15.4.2.1
Simplify the numerator.
Step 15.4.2.1.1
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 15.4.2.1.1.1
Multiply by .
Step 15.4.2.1.1.1.1
Raise to the power of .
Step 15.4.2.1.1.1.2
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 15.4.2.1.1.2
Add and .
Step 15.4.2.1.2
Raise to the power of .
Step 15.4.2.1.3
Multiply by .
Step 15.4.2.1.4
Subtract from .
Step 15.4.2.2
Simplify the denominator.
Step 15.4.2.2.1
Raise to the power of .
Step 15.4.2.2.2
Subtract from .
Step 15.4.2.2.3
The absolute value is the distance between a number and zero. The distance between and is .
Step 15.4.2.3
Divide by .
Step 15.4.2.4
The final answer is .
Step 15.5
Substitute any number, such as , from the interval in the first derivative to check if the result is negative or positive.
Step 15.5.1
Replace the variable with in the expression.
Step 15.5.2
Simplify the result.
Step 15.5.2.1
Simplify the numerator.
Step 15.5.2.1.1
Raise to the power of .
Step 15.5.2.1.2
Multiply by .
Step 15.5.2.1.3
Multiply by .
Step 15.5.2.1.4
Subtract from .
Step 15.5.2.2
Simplify the denominator.
Step 15.5.2.2.1
Raise to the power of .
Step 15.5.2.2.2
Subtract from .
Step 15.5.2.2.3
The absolute value is the distance between a number and zero. The distance between and is .
Step 15.5.2.3
Divide by .
Step 15.5.2.4
The final answer is .
Step 15.6
Since the first derivative changed signs from negative to positive around , then is a local minimum.
is a local minimum
Step 15.7
Since the first derivative changed signs from positive to negative around , then is a local maximum.
is a local maximum
Step 15.8
Since the first derivative changed signs from negative to positive around , then is a local minimum.
is a local minimum
Step 15.9
These are the local extrema for .
is a local minimum
is a local maximum
is a local minimum
is a local minimum
is a local maximum
is a local minimum
Step 16