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Calculus Examples
Step 1
Step 1.1
By the Sum Rule, the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 1.2
Evaluate .
Step 1.2.1
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 1.2.2
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 1.2.3
Multiply by .
Step 1.3
Evaluate .
Step 1.3.1
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 1.3.2
Differentiate using the Product Rule which states that is where and .
Step 1.3.3
Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that is where and .
Step 1.3.3.1
To apply the Chain Rule, set as .
Step 1.3.3.2
The derivative of with respect to is .
Step 1.3.3.3
Replace all occurrences of with .
Step 1.3.4
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 1.3.5
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 1.3.6
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 1.3.7
Multiply by .
Step 1.3.8
Combine and .
Step 1.3.9
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 1.3.9.1
Cancel the common factor.
Step 1.3.9.2
Rewrite the expression.
Step 1.3.10
Combine and .
Step 1.3.11
Cancel the common factor of and .
Step 1.3.11.1
Factor out of .
Step 1.3.11.2
Cancel the common factors.
Step 1.3.11.2.1
Raise to the power of .
Step 1.3.11.2.2
Factor out of .
Step 1.3.11.2.3
Cancel the common factor.
Step 1.3.11.2.4
Rewrite the expression.
Step 1.3.11.2.5
Divide by .
Step 1.4
Simplify.
Step 1.4.1
Apply the distributive property.
Step 1.4.2
Combine terms.
Step 1.4.2.1
Multiply by .
Step 1.4.2.2
Add and .
Step 1.4.3
Reorder terms.
Step 2
Step 2.1
By the Sum Rule, the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2.2
Evaluate .
Step 2.2.1
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2.2.2
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 2.2.3
Multiply by .
Step 2.3
Evaluate .
Step 2.3.1
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2.3.2
Differentiate using the Product Rule which states that is where and .
Step 2.3.3
Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that is where and .
Step 2.3.3.1
To apply the Chain Rule, set as .
Step 2.3.3.2
The derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2.3.3.3
Replace all occurrences of with .
Step 2.3.4
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2.3.5
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 2.3.6
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 2.3.7
Multiply by .
Step 2.3.8
Combine and .
Step 2.3.9
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 2.3.9.1
Cancel the common factor.
Step 2.3.9.2
Rewrite the expression.
Step 2.3.10
Combine and .
Step 2.3.11
Cancel the common factor of and .
Step 2.3.11.1
Factor out of .
Step 2.3.11.2
Cancel the common factors.
Step 2.3.11.2.1
Raise to the power of .
Step 2.3.11.2.2
Factor out of .
Step 2.3.11.2.3
Cancel the common factor.
Step 2.3.11.2.4
Rewrite the expression.
Step 2.3.11.2.5
Divide by .
Step 2.4
Simplify.
Step 2.4.1
Apply the distributive property.
Step 2.4.2
Combine terms.
Step 2.4.2.1
Multiply by .
Step 2.4.2.2
Add and .
Step 2.4.3
Reorder terms.
Step 3
To find the local maximum and minimum values of the function, set the derivative equal to and solve.
Step 4
Step 4.1
Find the first derivative.
Step 4.1.1
By the Sum Rule, the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 4.1.2
Evaluate .
Step 4.1.2.1
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 4.1.2.2
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 4.1.2.3
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.3
Evaluate .
Step 4.1.3.1
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 4.1.3.2
Differentiate using the Product Rule which states that is where and .
Step 4.1.3.3
Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that is where and .
Step 4.1.3.3.1
To apply the Chain Rule, set as .
Step 4.1.3.3.2
The derivative of with respect to is .
Step 4.1.3.3.3
Replace all occurrences of with .
Step 4.1.3.4
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 4.1.3.5
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 4.1.3.6
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 4.1.3.7
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.3.8
Combine and .
Step 4.1.3.9
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 4.1.3.9.1
Cancel the common factor.
Step 4.1.3.9.2
Rewrite the expression.
Step 4.1.3.10
Combine and .
Step 4.1.3.11
Cancel the common factor of and .
Step 4.1.3.11.1
Factor out of .
Step 4.1.3.11.2
Cancel the common factors.
Step 4.1.3.11.2.1
Raise to the power of .
Step 4.1.3.11.2.2
Factor out of .
Step 4.1.3.11.2.3
Cancel the common factor.
Step 4.1.3.11.2.4
Rewrite the expression.
Step 4.1.3.11.2.5
Divide by .
Step 4.1.4
Simplify.
Step 4.1.4.1
Apply the distributive property.
Step 4.1.4.2
Combine terms.
Step 4.1.4.2.1
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.4.2.2
Add and .
Step 4.1.4.3
Reorder terms.
Step 4.2
The first derivative of with respect to is .
Step 5
Step 5.1
Set the first derivative equal to .
Step 5.2
Subtract from both sides of the equation.
Step 5.3
Divide each term in by and simplify.
Step 5.3.1
Divide each term in by .
Step 5.3.2
Simplify the left side.
Step 5.3.2.1
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 5.3.2.1.1
Cancel the common factor.
Step 5.3.2.1.2
Rewrite the expression.
Step 5.3.2.2
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 5.3.2.2.1
Cancel the common factor.
Step 5.3.2.2.2
Divide by .
Step 5.3.3
Simplify the right side.
Step 5.3.3.1
Cancel the common factor of and .
Step 5.3.3.1.1
Factor out of .
Step 5.3.3.1.2
Cancel the common factors.
Step 5.3.3.1.2.1
Factor out of .
Step 5.3.3.1.2.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 5.3.3.1.2.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 5.3.3.2
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 5.3.3.2.1
Cancel the common factor.
Step 5.3.3.2.2
Rewrite the expression.
Step 5.3.3.3
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 5.4
To solve for , rewrite the equation using properties of logarithms.
Step 5.5
Rewrite in exponential form using the definition of a logarithm. If and are positive real numbers and , then is equivalent to .
Step 5.6
Solve for .
Step 5.6.1
Rewrite the equation as .
Step 5.6.2
Divide each term in by and simplify.
Step 5.6.2.1
Divide each term in by .
Step 5.6.2.2
Simplify the left side.
Step 5.6.2.2.1
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 5.6.2.2.1.1
Cancel the common factor.
Step 5.6.2.2.1.2
Divide by .
Step 5.6.2.3
Simplify the right side.
Step 5.6.2.3.1
Move to the denominator using the negative exponent rule .
Step 6
Step 6.1
Set the argument in less than or equal to to find where the expression is undefined.
Step 6.2
Divide each term in by and simplify.
Step 6.2.1
Divide each term in by .
Step 6.2.2
Simplify the left side.
Step 6.2.2.1
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 6.2.2.1.1
Cancel the common factor.
Step 6.2.2.1.2
Divide by .
Step 6.2.3
Simplify the right side.
Step 6.2.3.1
Divide by .
Step 6.3
The equation is undefined where the denominator equals , the argument of a square root is less than , or the argument of a logarithm is less than or equal to .
Step 7
Critical points to evaluate.
Step 8
Evaluate the second derivative at . If the second derivative is positive, then this is a local minimum. If it is negative, then this is a local maximum.
Step 9
Step 9.1
Simplify each term.
Step 9.1.1
Use the power rule to distribute the exponent.
Step 9.1.1.1
Apply the product rule to .
Step 9.1.1.2
Apply the product rule to .
Step 9.1.2
One to any power is one.
Step 9.1.3
Simplify the denominator.
Step 9.1.3.1
Raise to the power of .
Step 9.1.3.2
Multiply the exponents in .
Step 9.1.3.2.1
Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, .
Step 9.1.3.2.2
Multiply .
Step 9.1.3.2.2.1
Combine and .
Step 9.1.3.2.2.2
Multiply by .
Step 9.1.4
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 9.1.4.1
Factor out of .
Step 9.1.4.2
Factor out of .
Step 9.1.4.3
Cancel the common factor.
Step 9.1.4.4
Rewrite the expression.
Step 9.1.5
Combine and .
Step 9.1.6
Use the power rule to distribute the exponent.
Step 9.1.6.1
Apply the product rule to .
Step 9.1.6.2
Apply the product rule to .
Step 9.1.7
One to any power is one.
Step 9.1.8
Simplify the denominator.
Step 9.1.8.1
Raise to the power of .
Step 9.1.8.2
Multiply the exponents in .
Step 9.1.8.2.1
Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, .
Step 9.1.8.2.2
Multiply .
Step 9.1.8.2.2.1
Combine and .
Step 9.1.8.2.2.2
Multiply by .
Step 9.1.9
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 9.1.9.1
Factor out of .
Step 9.1.9.2
Factor out of .
Step 9.1.9.3
Cancel the common factor.
Step 9.1.9.4
Rewrite the expression.
Step 9.1.10
Combine and .
Step 9.1.11
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 9.1.11.1
Cancel the common factor.
Step 9.1.11.2
Rewrite the expression.
Step 9.1.12
Move to the numerator using the negative exponent rule .
Step 9.1.13
Expand by moving outside the logarithm.
Step 9.1.14
The natural logarithm of is .
Step 9.1.15
Multiply by .
Step 9.1.16
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 9.1.16.1
Move the leading negative in into the numerator.
Step 9.1.16.2
Factor out of .
Step 9.1.16.3
Factor out of .
Step 9.1.16.4
Cancel the common factor.
Step 9.1.16.5
Rewrite the expression.
Step 9.1.17
Multiply by .
Step 9.1.18
Multiply by .
Step 9.1.19
Multiply by .
Step 9.1.20
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 9.2
Simplify terms.
Step 9.2.1
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 9.2.2
Subtract from .
Step 9.2.3
Factor out of .
Step 9.3
Cancel the common factors.
Step 9.3.1
Factor out of .
Step 9.3.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 9.3.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 10
is a local minimum because the value of the second derivative is positive. This is referred to as the second derivative test.
is a local minimum
Step 11
Step 11.1
Replace the variable with in the expression.
Step 11.2
Simplify the result.
Step 11.2.1
Simplify each term.
Step 11.2.1.1
Use the power rule to distribute the exponent.
Step 11.2.1.1.1
Apply the product rule to .
Step 11.2.1.1.2
Apply the product rule to .
Step 11.2.1.2
One to any power is one.
Step 11.2.1.3
Simplify the denominator.
Step 11.2.1.3.1
Raise to the power of .
Step 11.2.1.3.2
Multiply the exponents in .
Step 11.2.1.3.2.1
Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, .
Step 11.2.1.3.2.2
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 11.2.1.3.2.2.1
Factor out of .
Step 11.2.1.3.2.2.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 11.2.1.3.2.2.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 11.2.1.4
Combine and .
Step 11.2.1.5
Use the power rule to distribute the exponent.
Step 11.2.1.5.1
Apply the product rule to .
Step 11.2.1.5.2
Apply the product rule to .
Step 11.2.1.6
One to any power is one.
Step 11.2.1.7
Simplify the denominator.
Step 11.2.1.7.1
Raise to the power of .
Step 11.2.1.7.2
Multiply the exponents in .
Step 11.2.1.7.2.1
Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, .
Step 11.2.1.7.2.2
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 11.2.1.7.2.2.1
Factor out of .
Step 11.2.1.7.2.2.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 11.2.1.7.2.2.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 11.2.1.8
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 11.2.1.8.1
Factor out of .
Step 11.2.1.8.2
Factor out of .
Step 11.2.1.8.3
Cancel the common factor.
Step 11.2.1.8.4
Rewrite the expression.
Step 11.2.1.9
Combine and .
Step 11.2.1.10
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 11.2.1.10.1
Cancel the common factor.
Step 11.2.1.10.2
Rewrite the expression.
Step 11.2.1.11
Move to the numerator using the negative exponent rule .
Step 11.2.1.12
Expand by moving outside the logarithm.
Step 11.2.1.13
The natural logarithm of is .
Step 11.2.1.14
Multiply by .
Step 11.2.1.15
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 11.2.1.15.1
Move the leading negative in into the numerator.
Step 11.2.1.15.2
Factor out of .
Step 11.2.1.15.3
Factor out of .
Step 11.2.1.15.4
Cancel the common factor.
Step 11.2.1.15.5
Rewrite the expression.
Step 11.2.1.16
Multiply by .
Step 11.2.1.17
Multiply by .
Step 11.2.1.18
Multiply by .
Step 11.2.1.19
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 11.2.2
To write as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by .
Step 11.2.3
Write each expression with a common denominator of , by multiplying each by an appropriate factor of .
Step 11.2.3.1
Multiply by .
Step 11.2.3.2
Multiply by .
Step 11.2.4
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 11.2.5
Simplify the numerator.
Step 11.2.5.1
Multiply by .
Step 11.2.5.2
Subtract from .
Step 11.2.6
Factor out of .
Step 11.2.7
Cancel the common factors.
Step 11.2.7.1
Factor out of .
Step 11.2.7.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 11.2.7.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 11.2.8
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 11.2.9
The final answer is .
Step 12
These are the local extrema for .
is a local minima
Step 13