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Calculus Examples
Step 1
Step 1.1
Write as a fraction with a common denominator.
Step 1.2
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 1.3
Subtract from .
Step 1.4
To write as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by .
Step 1.5
Write each expression with a common denominator of , by multiplying each by an appropriate factor of .
Step 1.5.1
Multiply by .
Step 1.5.2
Raise to the power of .
Step 1.5.3
Raise to the power of .
Step 1.5.4
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 1.5.5
Add and .
Step 1.6
Differentiate using the Constant Multiple Rule.
Step 1.6.1
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 1.6.2
Combine and .
Step 1.6.3
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 1.7
Differentiate using the Quotient Rule which states that is where and .
Step 1.8
Differentiate using the Sum Rule.
Step 1.8.1
Multiply the exponents in .
Step 1.8.1.1
Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, .
Step 1.8.1.2
Multiply by .
Step 1.8.2
By the Sum Rule, the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 1.9
Differentiate using the Product Rule which states that is where and .
Step 1.10
Differentiate.
Step 1.10.1
By the Sum Rule, the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 1.10.2
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 1.10.3
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 1.10.4
Simplify the expression.
Step 1.10.4.1
Add and .
Step 1.10.4.2
Multiply by .
Step 1.10.5
By the Sum Rule, the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 1.10.6
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 1.10.7
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 1.10.8
Simplify by adding terms.
Step 1.10.8.1
Add and .
Step 1.10.8.2
Multiply by .
Step 1.10.8.3
Add and .
Step 1.10.8.4
Add and .
Step 1.10.9
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 1.10.10
Add and .
Step 1.11
Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that is where and .
Step 1.11.1
To apply the Chain Rule, set as .
Step 1.11.2
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 1.11.3
Replace all occurrences of with .
Step 1.12
Simplify with factoring out.
Step 1.12.1
Multiply by .
Step 1.12.2
Factor out of .
Step 1.12.2.1
Factor out of .
Step 1.12.2.2
Factor out of .
Step 1.12.2.3
Factor out of .
Step 1.13
Cancel the common factors.
Step 1.13.1
Factor out of .
Step 1.13.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 1.13.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 1.14
By the Sum Rule, the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 1.15
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 1.16
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 1.17
Combine fractions.
Step 1.17.1
Add and .
Step 1.17.2
Multiply by .
Step 1.17.3
Combine and .
Step 1.18
Simplify.
Step 1.18.1
Apply the distributive property.
Step 1.18.2
Apply the distributive property.
Step 1.18.3
Simplify the numerator.
Step 1.18.3.1
Simplify each term.
Step 1.18.3.1.1
Expand using the FOIL Method.
Step 1.18.3.1.1.1
Apply the distributive property.
Step 1.18.3.1.1.2
Apply the distributive property.
Step 1.18.3.1.1.3
Apply the distributive property.
Step 1.18.3.1.2
Simplify and combine like terms.
Step 1.18.3.1.2.1
Simplify each term.
Step 1.18.3.1.2.1.1
Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.
Step 1.18.3.1.2.1.2
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 1.18.3.1.2.1.2.1
Move .
Step 1.18.3.1.2.1.2.2
Multiply by .
Step 1.18.3.1.2.1.3
Move to the left of .
Step 1.18.3.1.2.1.4
Multiply by .
Step 1.18.3.1.2.1.5
Multiply by .
Step 1.18.3.1.2.2
Add and .
Step 1.18.3.1.3
Apply the distributive property.
Step 1.18.3.1.4
Simplify.
Step 1.18.3.1.4.1
Multiply by .
Step 1.18.3.1.4.2
Multiply by .
Step 1.18.3.1.4.3
Multiply by .
Step 1.18.3.1.5
Expand using the FOIL Method.
Step 1.18.3.1.5.1
Apply the distributive property.
Step 1.18.3.1.5.2
Apply the distributive property.
Step 1.18.3.1.5.3
Apply the distributive property.
Step 1.18.3.1.6
Simplify and combine like terms.
Step 1.18.3.1.6.1
Simplify each term.
Step 1.18.3.1.6.1.1
Multiply by .
Step 1.18.3.1.6.1.2
Multiply by .
Step 1.18.3.1.6.1.3
Multiply by .
Step 1.18.3.1.6.2
Subtract from .
Step 1.18.3.1.7
Apply the distributive property.
Step 1.18.3.1.8
Simplify.
Step 1.18.3.1.8.1
Multiply by .
Step 1.18.3.1.8.2
Multiply by .
Step 1.18.3.1.9
Apply the distributive property.
Step 1.18.3.1.10
Simplify.
Step 1.18.3.1.10.1
Multiply by .
Step 1.18.3.1.10.2
Multiply by .
Step 1.18.3.1.10.3
Multiply by .
Step 1.18.3.1.11
Multiply .
Step 1.18.3.1.11.1
Multiply by .
Step 1.18.3.1.11.2
Multiply by .
Step 1.18.3.2
Combine the opposite terms in .
Step 1.18.3.2.1
Subtract from .
Step 1.18.3.2.2
Add and .
Step 1.18.3.3
Add and .
Step 1.18.3.4
Add and .
Step 1.18.3.5
Subtract from .
Step 1.18.4
Factor out of .
Step 1.18.4.1
Factor out of .
Step 1.18.4.2
Factor out of .
Step 1.18.4.3
Factor out of .
Step 2
Step 2.1
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2.2
Differentiate using the Quotient Rule which states that is where and .
Step 2.3
Differentiate.
Step 2.3.1
Multiply the exponents in .
Step 2.3.1.1
Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, .
Step 2.3.1.2
Multiply by .
Step 2.3.2
By the Sum Rule, the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2.3.3
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 2.3.4
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2.3.5
Simplify the expression.
Step 2.3.5.1
Add and .
Step 2.3.5.2
Multiply by .
Step 2.4
Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that is where and .
Step 2.4.1
To apply the Chain Rule, set as .
Step 2.4.2
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 2.4.3
Replace all occurrences of with .
Step 2.5
Simplify with factoring out.
Step 2.5.1
Multiply by .
Step 2.5.2
Factor out of .
Step 2.5.2.1
Factor out of .
Step 2.5.2.2
Factor out of .
Step 2.5.2.3
Factor out of .
Step 2.6
Cancel the common factors.
Step 2.6.1
Factor out of .
Step 2.6.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 2.6.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 2.7
By the Sum Rule, the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2.8
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 2.9
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2.10
Combine fractions.
Step 2.10.1
Add and .
Step 2.10.2
Multiply by .
Step 2.10.3
Combine and .
Step 2.11
Simplify.
Step 2.11.1
Apply the distributive property.
Step 2.11.2
Apply the distributive property.
Step 2.11.3
Simplify the numerator.
Step 2.11.3.1
Simplify each term.
Step 2.11.3.1.1
Multiply by .
Step 2.11.3.1.2
Multiply by .
Step 2.11.3.1.3
Multiply .
Step 2.11.3.1.3.1
Multiply by .
Step 2.11.3.1.3.2
Multiply by .
Step 2.11.3.2
Subtract from .
Step 2.11.3.3
Add and .
Step 2.11.4
Factor out of .
Step 2.11.4.1
Factor out of .
Step 2.11.4.2
Factor out of .
Step 2.11.4.3
Factor out of .
Step 2.11.5
Factor out of .
Step 2.11.6
Rewrite as .
Step 2.11.7
Factor out of .
Step 2.11.8
Rewrite as .
Step 2.11.9
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 3
To find the local maximum and minimum values of the function, set the derivative equal to and solve.
Step 4
Step 4.1
Find the first derivative.
Step 4.1.1
Write as a fraction with a common denominator.
Step 4.1.2
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 4.1.3
Subtract from .
Step 4.1.4
To write as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by .
Step 4.1.5
Write each expression with a common denominator of , by multiplying each by an appropriate factor of .
Step 4.1.5.1
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.5.2
Raise to the power of .
Step 4.1.5.3
Raise to the power of .
Step 4.1.5.4
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 4.1.5.5
Add and .
Step 4.1.6
Differentiate using the Constant Multiple Rule.
Step 4.1.6.1
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 4.1.6.2
Combine and .
Step 4.1.6.3
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 4.1.7
Differentiate using the Quotient Rule which states that is where and .
Step 4.1.8
Differentiate using the Sum Rule.
Step 4.1.8.1
Multiply the exponents in .
Step 4.1.8.1.1
Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, .
Step 4.1.8.1.2
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.8.2
By the Sum Rule, the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 4.1.9
Differentiate using the Product Rule which states that is where and .
Step 4.1.10
Differentiate.
Step 4.1.10.1
By the Sum Rule, the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 4.1.10.2
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 4.1.10.3
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 4.1.10.4
Simplify the expression.
Step 4.1.10.4.1
Add and .
Step 4.1.10.4.2
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.10.5
By the Sum Rule, the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 4.1.10.6
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 4.1.10.7
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 4.1.10.8
Simplify by adding terms.
Step 4.1.10.8.1
Add and .
Step 4.1.10.8.2
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.10.8.3
Add and .
Step 4.1.10.8.4
Add and .
Step 4.1.10.9
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 4.1.10.10
Add and .
Step 4.1.11
Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that is where and .
Step 4.1.11.1
To apply the Chain Rule, set as .
Step 4.1.11.2
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 4.1.11.3
Replace all occurrences of with .
Step 4.1.12
Simplify with factoring out.
Step 4.1.12.1
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.12.2
Factor out of .
Step 4.1.12.2.1
Factor out of .
Step 4.1.12.2.2
Factor out of .
Step 4.1.12.2.3
Factor out of .
Step 4.1.13
Cancel the common factors.
Step 4.1.13.1
Factor out of .
Step 4.1.13.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 4.1.13.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 4.1.14
By the Sum Rule, the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 4.1.15
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 4.1.16
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 4.1.17
Combine fractions.
Step 4.1.17.1
Add and .
Step 4.1.17.2
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.17.3
Combine and .
Step 4.1.18
Simplify.
Step 4.1.18.1
Apply the distributive property.
Step 4.1.18.2
Apply the distributive property.
Step 4.1.18.3
Simplify the numerator.
Step 4.1.18.3.1
Simplify each term.
Step 4.1.18.3.1.1
Expand using the FOIL Method.
Step 4.1.18.3.1.1.1
Apply the distributive property.
Step 4.1.18.3.1.1.2
Apply the distributive property.
Step 4.1.18.3.1.1.3
Apply the distributive property.
Step 4.1.18.3.1.2
Simplify and combine like terms.
Step 4.1.18.3.1.2.1
Simplify each term.
Step 4.1.18.3.1.2.1.1
Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.
Step 4.1.18.3.1.2.1.2
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 4.1.18.3.1.2.1.2.1
Move .
Step 4.1.18.3.1.2.1.2.2
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.18.3.1.2.1.3
Move to the left of .
Step 4.1.18.3.1.2.1.4
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.18.3.1.2.1.5
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.18.3.1.2.2
Add and .
Step 4.1.18.3.1.3
Apply the distributive property.
Step 4.1.18.3.1.4
Simplify.
Step 4.1.18.3.1.4.1
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.18.3.1.4.2
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.18.3.1.4.3
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.18.3.1.5
Expand using the FOIL Method.
Step 4.1.18.3.1.5.1
Apply the distributive property.
Step 4.1.18.3.1.5.2
Apply the distributive property.
Step 4.1.18.3.1.5.3
Apply the distributive property.
Step 4.1.18.3.1.6
Simplify and combine like terms.
Step 4.1.18.3.1.6.1
Simplify each term.
Step 4.1.18.3.1.6.1.1
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.18.3.1.6.1.2
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.18.3.1.6.1.3
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.18.3.1.6.2
Subtract from .
Step 4.1.18.3.1.7
Apply the distributive property.
Step 4.1.18.3.1.8
Simplify.
Step 4.1.18.3.1.8.1
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.18.3.1.8.2
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.18.3.1.9
Apply the distributive property.
Step 4.1.18.3.1.10
Simplify.
Step 4.1.18.3.1.10.1
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.18.3.1.10.2
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.18.3.1.10.3
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.18.3.1.11
Multiply .
Step 4.1.18.3.1.11.1
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.18.3.1.11.2
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.18.3.2
Combine the opposite terms in .
Step 4.1.18.3.2.1
Subtract from .
Step 4.1.18.3.2.2
Add and .
Step 4.1.18.3.3
Add and .
Step 4.1.18.3.4
Add and .
Step 4.1.18.3.5
Subtract from .
Step 4.1.18.4
Factor out of .
Step 4.1.18.4.1
Factor out of .
Step 4.1.18.4.2
Factor out of .
Step 4.1.18.4.3
Factor out of .
Step 4.2
The first derivative of with respect to is .
Step 5
Step 5.1
Set the first derivative equal to .
Step 5.2
Set the numerator equal to zero.
Step 5.3
Solve the equation for .
Step 5.3.1
Divide each term in by and simplify.
Step 5.3.1.1
Divide each term in by .
Step 5.3.1.2
Simplify the left side.
Step 5.3.1.2.1
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 5.3.1.2.1.1
Cancel the common factor.
Step 5.3.1.2.1.2
Divide by .
Step 5.3.1.3
Simplify the right side.
Step 5.3.1.3.1
Divide by .
Step 5.3.2
Add to both sides of the equation.
Step 6
Step 6.1
Set the denominator in equal to to find where the expression is undefined.
Step 6.2
Solve for .
Step 6.2.1
Set the equal to .
Step 6.2.2
Subtract from both sides of the equation.
Step 7
Critical points to evaluate.
Step 8
Evaluate the second derivative at . If the second derivative is positive, then this is a local minimum. If it is negative, then this is a local maximum.
Step 9
Step 9.1
Subtract from .
Step 9.2
Simplify the denominator.
Step 9.2.1
Add and .
Step 9.2.2
Raise to the power of .
Step 9.3
Reduce the expression by cancelling the common factors.
Step 9.3.1
Multiply by .
Step 9.3.2
Cancel the common factor of and .
Step 9.3.2.1
Factor out of .
Step 9.3.2.2
Cancel the common factors.
Step 9.3.2.2.1
Factor out of .
Step 9.3.2.2.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 9.3.2.2.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 9.3.3
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 9.4
Multiply .
Step 9.4.1
Multiply by .
Step 9.4.2
Multiply by .
Step 10
is a local minimum because the value of the second derivative is positive. This is referred to as the second derivative test.
is a local minimum
Step 11
Step 11.1
Replace the variable with in the expression.
Step 11.2
Simplify the result.
Step 11.2.1
Simplify each term.
Step 11.2.1.1
Add and .
Step 11.2.1.2
Simplify the denominator.
Step 11.2.1.2.1
Add and .
Step 11.2.1.2.2
Raise to the power of .
Step 11.2.1.3
Cancel the common factor of and .
Step 11.2.1.3.1
Factor out of .
Step 11.2.1.3.2
Cancel the common factors.
Step 11.2.1.3.2.1
Factor out of .
Step 11.2.1.3.2.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 11.2.1.3.2.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 11.2.2
Find the common denominator.
Step 11.2.2.1
Write as a fraction with denominator .
Step 11.2.2.2
Multiply by .
Step 11.2.2.3
Multiply by .
Step 11.2.2.4
Multiply by .
Step 11.2.2.5
Multiply by .
Step 11.2.2.6
Reorder the factors of .
Step 11.2.2.7
Multiply by .
Step 11.2.3
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 11.2.4
Simplify the expression.
Step 11.2.4.1
Multiply by .
Step 11.2.4.2
Subtract from .
Step 11.2.4.3
Add and .
Step 11.2.5
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 11.2.5.1
Factor out of .
Step 11.2.5.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 11.2.5.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 11.2.6
The final answer is .
Step 12
These are the local extrema for .
is a local minima
Step 13