Calculus Examples

$\int \frac{{(u + 1)}^{3}}{u^{2}} d u$

Step 1

Apply basic rules of exponents.

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Step 1.1

Move $u^{2}$ out of the denominator by raising it to the $- 1$ power.

$\int {(u + 1)}^{3} {(u^{2})}^{- 1} d u$

Step 1.2

Multiply the exponents in ${(u^{2})}^{- 1}$ .

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Step 1.2.1

Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, ${(a^{m})}^{n} = a^{m n}$ .

$\int {(u + 1)}^{3} u^{2 \cdot - 1} d u$

Step 1.2.2

Multiply $2$ by $- 1$ .

$\int {(u + 1)}^{3} u^{- 2} d u$

Step 2

Let $u_{1} = u + 1$ . Then $d u_{1} = d u$ . Rewrite using $u_{1}$ and $d$ $u_{1}$ .

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Step 2.1

Let $u_{1} = u + 1$ . Find $\frac{d u_{1}}{d u}$ .

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Step 2.1.1

Differentiate $u + 1$ .

$\frac{d}{d u} [u + 1]$

Step 2.1.2

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $u + 1$ with respect to $u$ is $\frac{d}{d u} [u] + \frac{d}{d u} [1]$ .

$\frac{d}{d u} [u] + \frac{d}{d u} [1]$

Step 2.1.3

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u} [u^{n}]$ is $n u^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$1 + \frac{d}{d u} [1]$

Step 2.1.4

Since $1$ is constant with respect to $u$ , the derivative of $1$ with respect to $u$ is $0$ .

$1 + 0$

Step 2.1.5

Add $1$ and $0$ .

$1$

Step 2.2

Rewrite the problem using $u_{1}$ and $d u_{1}$ .

$\int {u_{1}}^{3} {(u_{1} - 1)}^{- 2} d u_{1}$

Step 3

Let $u_{2} = u_{1} - 1$ . Then $d u_{2} = d u_{1}$ . Rewrite using $u_{2}$ and $d$ $u_{2}$ .

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Step 3.1

Let $u_{2} = u_{1} - 1$ . Find $\frac{d u_{2}}{d u_{1}}$ .

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Step 3.1.1

Differentiate $u_{1} - 1$ .

$\frac{d}{d u_{1}} [u_{1} - 1]$

Step 3.1.2

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $u_{1} - 1$ with respect to $u_{1}$ is $\frac{d}{d u_{1}} [u_{1}] + \frac{d}{d u_{1}} [- 1]$ .

$\frac{d}{d u_{1}} [u_{1}] + \frac{d}{d u_{1}} [- 1]$

Step 3.1.3

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u_{1}} [{u_{1}}^{n}]$ is $n {u_{1}}^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$1 + \frac{d}{d u_{1}} [- 1]$

Step 3.1.4

Since $- 1$ is constant with respect to $u_{1}$ , the derivative of $- 1$ with respect to $u_{1}$ is $0$ .

$1 + 0$

Step 3.1.5

Add $1$ and $0$ .

$1$

Step 3.2

Rewrite the problem using $u_{2}$ and $d u_{2}$ .

$\int {(u_{2} + 1)}^{3} {u_{2}}^{- 2} d u_{2}$

Step 4

Let $u_{3} = {u_{2}}^{2}$ . Then $d u_{3} = 2 u_{2} d u_{2}$ , so $\frac{1}{2} d u_{3} = u_{2} d u_{2}$ . Rewrite using $u_{3}$ and $d$ $u_{3}$ .

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Step 4.1

Let $u_{3} = {u_{2}}^{2}$ . Find $\frac{d u_{3}}{d u_{2}}$ .

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Step 4.1.1

Differentiate ${u_{2}}^{2}$ .

$\frac{d}{d u_{2}} [{u_{2}}^{2}]$

Step 4.1.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u_{2}} [{u_{2}}^{n}]$ is $n {u_{2}}^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$2 u_{2}$

Step 4.2

Rewrite the problem using $u_{3}$ and $d u_{3}$ .

$\int {(\sqrt{u_{3}} + 1)}^{3} {\sqrt{u_{3}}}^{- 3} \frac{1}{2} d u_{3}$

Step 5

Simplify.

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Step 5.1

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and ${(\sqrt{u_{3}} + 1)}^{3}$ .

$\int \frac{{(\sqrt{u_{3}} + 1)}^{3}}{2} {\sqrt{u_{3}}}^{- 3} d u_{3}$

Step 5.2

Combine $\frac{{(\sqrt{u_{3}} + 1)}^{3}}{2}$ and ${\sqrt{u_{3}}}^{- 3}$ .

$\int \frac{{(\sqrt{u_{3}} + 1)}^{3} {\sqrt{u_{3}}}^{- 3}}{2} d u_{3}$

Step 5.3

Move ${\sqrt{u_{3}}}^{- 3}$ to the denominator using the negative exponent rule $b^{- n} = \frac{1}{b^{n}}$ .

$\int \frac{{(\sqrt{u_{3}} + 1)}^{3}}{2 {\sqrt{u_{3}}}^{3}} d u_{3}$

Step 5.4

Rewrite ${\sqrt{u_{3}}}^{3}$ as $\sqrt{{u_{3}}^{3}}$ .

$\int \frac{{(\sqrt{u_{3}} + 1)}^{3}}{2 \sqrt{{u_{3}}^{3}}} d u_{3}$

Step 6

Since $\frac{1}{2}$ is constant with respect to $u_{3}$ , move $\frac{1}{2}$ out of the integral.

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{{(\sqrt{u_{3}} + 1)}^{3}}{\sqrt{{u_{3}}^{3}}} d u_{3}$

Step 7

Apply basic rules of exponents.

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Step 7.1

Use $\sqrt[n]{a^{x}} = a^{\frac{x}{n}}$ to rewrite $\sqrt{u_{3}}$ as ${u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{{({u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)}^{3}}{\sqrt{{u_{3}}^{3}}} d u_{3}$

Step 7.2

Use $\sqrt[n]{a^{x}} = a^{\frac{x}{n}}$ to rewrite $\sqrt{{u_{3}}^{3}}$ as ${u_{3}}^{\frac{3}{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{{({u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)}^{3}}{{u_{3}}^{\frac{3}{2}}} d u_{3}$

Step 7.3

Move ${u_{3}}^{\frac{3}{2}}$ out of the denominator by raising it to the $- 1$ power.

$\frac{1}{2} \int {({u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)}^{3} {({u_{3}}^{\frac{3}{2}})}^{- 1} d u_{3}$

Step 7.4

Multiply the exponents in ${({u_{3}}^{\frac{3}{2}})}^{- 1}$ .

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Step 7.4.1

Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, ${(a^{m})}^{n} = a^{m n}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int {({u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)}^{3} {u_{3}}^{\frac{3}{2} \cdot - 1} d u_{3}$

Step 7.4.2

Multiply $\frac{3}{2} \cdot - 1$ .

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Step 7.4.2.1

Combine $\frac{3}{2}$ and $- 1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int {({u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)}^{3} {u_{3}}^{\frac{3 \cdot - 1}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 7.4.2.2

Multiply $3$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int {({u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)}^{3} {u_{3}}^{\frac{- 3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 7.4.3

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$\frac{1}{2} \int {({u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)}^{3} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 8

Simplify.

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Step 8.1

Use the Binomial Theorem.

$\frac{1}{2} \int ({({u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{3} + 3 {({u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2} \cdot 1 + 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot 1^{2} + 1^{3}) {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 8.2

Rewrite the exponentiation as a product.

$\frac{1}{2} \int ({u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {({u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2} + 3 {({u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2} \cdot 1 + 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot 1^{2} + 1^{3}) {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 8.3

Rewrite the exponentiation as a product.

$\frac{1}{2} \int ({u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} ({u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}}) + 3 {({u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2} \cdot 1 + 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot 1^{2} + 1^{3}) {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 8.4

Rewrite the exponentiation as a product.

$\frac{1}{2} \int ({u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} ({u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}}) + 3 ({u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}}) \cdot 1 + 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot 1^{2} + 1^{3}) {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 8.5

Rewrite the exponentiation as a product.

Step 8.6

Rewrite the exponentiation as a product.

Step 8.7

Rewrite the exponentiation as a product.

Step 8.8

Apply the distributive property.

Step 8.9

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{1}{2} \int ({u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} ({u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}}) + 3 ({u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}}) \cdot 1) {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot (1 \cdot 1) {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 1 \cdot (1 \cdot 1) {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 8.10

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{1}{2} \int {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} ({u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}}) {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 ({u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}}) \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot (1 \cdot 1) {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 1 \cdot (1 \cdot 1) {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 8.11

Move ${u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot (1 \cdot 1) {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 1 \cdot (1 \cdot 1) {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 8.12

Move ${u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot (1 \cdot 1) {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 1 \cdot (1 \cdot 1) {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 8.13

Move ${u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 1 \cdot (1 \cdot 1) {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 8.14

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{1}{2} \int {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 8.15

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{1}{2} \int {u_{3}}^{\frac{1 + 1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 8.16

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int {u_{3}}^{\frac{2}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 8.17

Cancel the common factor of $2$ .

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Step 8.17.1

Cancel the common factor.

Step 8.17.2

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{1}{2} \int {u_{3}}^{1} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 8.18

Simplify.

$\frac{1}{2} \int u_{3} \cdot {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 8.19

Raise $u_{3}$ to the power of $1$ .

Step 8.20

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{1}{2} \int {u_{3}}^{1 + \frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 8.21

Write $1$ as a fraction with a common denominator.

$\frac{1}{2} \int {u_{3}}^{\frac{2}{2} + \frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 8.22

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{1}{2} \int {u_{3}}^{\frac{2 + 1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 8.23

Add $2$ and $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int {u_{3}}^{\frac{3}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 8.24

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{1}{2} \int {u_{3}}^{\frac{3}{2} - \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 8.25

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{1}{2} \int {u_{3}}^{\frac{3 - 3}{2}} + 3 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 8.26

Subtract $3$ from $3$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int {u_{3}}^{\frac{0}{2}} + 3 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 8.27

Cancel the common factor of $0$ and $2$ .

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Step 8.27.1

Factor $2$ out of $0$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int {u_{3}}^{\frac{2 (0)}{2}} + 3 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 8.27.2

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 8.27.2.1

Factor $2$ out of $2$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int {u_{3}}^{\frac{2 \cdot 0}{2 \cdot 1}} + 3 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 8.27.2.2

Cancel the common factor.

Step 8.27.2.3

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{1}{2} \int {u_{3}}^{\frac{0}{1}} + 3 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 8.27.2.4

Divide $0$ by $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int {u_{3}}^{0} + 3 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 8.28

Anything raised to $0$ is $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 + 3 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 8.29

Multiply $3$ by $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 + 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 8.30

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 + 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 8.31

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 + 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1 + 1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 8.32

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 + 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{2}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 8.33

Cancel the common factor of $2$ .

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Step 8.33.1

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 + 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{2}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 8.33.2

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 + 3 {u_{3}}^{1} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 8.34

Simplify.

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 + 3 u_{3} \cdot {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 8.35

Raise $u_{3}$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 + 3 ({u_{3}}^{1} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}}) + 3 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 8.36

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 + 3 {u_{3}}^{1 - \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 8.37

Write $1$ as a fraction with a common denominator.

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 + 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{2}{2} - \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 8.38

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 + 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{2 - 3}{2}} + 3 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 8.39

Subtract $3$ from $2$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 + 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{- 1}{2}} + 3 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 8.40

Multiply $3$ by $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 + 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{- 1}{2}} + 3 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 8.41

Multiply $3$ by $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 + 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{- 1}{2}} + 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 8.42

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 + 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{- 1}{2}} + 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2} - \frac{3}{2}} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 8.43

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 + 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{- 1}{2}} + 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1 - 3}{2}} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 8.44

Subtract $3$ from $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 + 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{- 1}{2}} + 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{- 2}{2}} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 8.45

Cancel the common factor of $- 2$ and $2$ .

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Step 8.45.1

Factor $2$ out of $- 2$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 + 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{- 1}{2}} + 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{2 \cdot - 1}{2}} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 8.45.2

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 8.45.2.1

Factor $2$ out of $2$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 + 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{- 1}{2}} + 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{2 \cdot - 1}{2 (1)}} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 8.45.2.2

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 + 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{- 1}{2}} + 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{2 \cdot - 1}{2 \cdot 1}} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 8.45.2.3

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 + 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{- 1}{2}} + 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{- 1}{1}} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 8.45.2.4

Divide $- 1$ by $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 + 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{- 1}{2}} + 3 {u_{3}}^{- 1} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 8.46

Multiply $1$ by $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 + 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{- 1}{2}} + 3 {u_{3}}^{- 1} + 1 \cdot 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 8.47

Multiply $1$ by $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 + 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{- 1}{2}} + 3 {u_{3}}^{- 1} + 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 8.48

Multiply ${u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}}$ by $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 + 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{- 1}{2}} + 3 {u_{3}}^{- 1} + {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 8.49

Reorder $1$ and $3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{- 1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{- 1}{2}} + 1 + 3 {u_{3}}^{- 1} + {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 8.50

Move $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{- 1}{2}} + 3 {u_{3}}^{- 1} + 1 + {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 8.51

Reorder $3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{- 1}{2}}$ and $3 {u_{3}}^{- 1}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 3 {u_{3}}^{- 1} + 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{- 1}{2}} + 1 + {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 8.52

Move $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 3 {u_{3}}^{- 1} + 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{- 1}{2}} + {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 1 d u_{3}$

Step 9

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$\frac{1}{2} \int 3 {u_{3}}^{- 1} + 3 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{1}{2}} + {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 1 d u_{3}$

Step 10

Split the single integral into multiple integrals.

$\frac{1}{2} (\int 3 {u_{3}}^{- 1} d u_{3} + \int 3 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{1}{2}} d u_{3} + \int {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3} + \int d u_{3})$

Step 11

Since $3$ is constant with respect to $u_{3}$ , move $3$ out of the integral.

$\frac{1}{2} (3 \int {u_{3}}^{- 1} d u_{3} + \int 3 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{1}{2}} d u_{3} + \int {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3} + \int d u_{3})$

Step 12

The integral of ${u_{3}}^{- 1}$ with respect to $u_{3}$ is $\ln (| u_{3} |)$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (3 (\ln (| u_{3} |) + C) + \int 3 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{1}{2}} d u_{3} + \int {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3} + \int d u_{3})$

Step 13

Since $3$ is constant with respect to $u_{3}$ , move $3$ out of the integral.

$\frac{1}{2} (3 (\ln (| u_{3} |) + C) + 3 \int {u_{3}}^{- \frac{1}{2}} d u_{3} + \int {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3} + \int d u_{3})$

Step 14

By the Power Rule, the integral of ${u_{3}}^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ with respect to $u_{3}$ is $2 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (3 (\ln (| u_{3} |) + C) + 3 (2 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} + C) + \int {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3} + \int d u_{3})$

Step 15

By the Power Rule, the integral of ${u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}}$ with respect to $u_{3}$ is $- 2 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (3 (\ln (| u_{3} |) + C) + 3 (2 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} + C) - 2 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{1}{2}} + C + \int d u_{3})$

Step 16

Apply the constant rule.

$\frac{1}{2} (3 (\ln (| u_{3} |) + C) + 3 (2 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} + C) - 2 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{1}{2}} + C + u_{3} + C)$

Step 17

Simplify.

$\frac{1}{2} (3 \ln (| u_{3} |) + 6 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} - \frac{2}{{u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + u_{3}) + C$

Step 18

Substitute back in for each integration substitution variable.

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Step 18.1

Replace all occurrences of $u_{3}$ with ${u_{2}}^{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (3 \ln (| {u_{2}}^{2} |) + 6 {({u_{2}}^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} - \frac{2}{{({u_{2}}^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {u_{2}}^{2}) + C$

Step 18.2

Replace all occurrences of $u_{2}$ with $u_{1} - 1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (3 \ln (| {(u_{1} - 1)}^{2} |) + 6 {({(u_{1} - 1)}^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} - \frac{2}{{({(u_{1} - 1)}^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(u_{1} - 1)}^{2}) + C$

Step 18.3

Replace all occurrences of $u_{1}$ with $u + 1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (3 \ln (| {(u + 1 - 1)}^{2} |) + 6 {({(u + 1 - 1)}^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} - \frac{2}{{({(u + 1 - 1)}^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(u + 1 - 1)}^{2}) + C$

Step 19

Simplify.

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Step 19.1

Combine the opposite terms in $3 \ln (| {(u + 1 - 1)}^{2} |) + 6 {({(u + 1 - 1)}^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} - \frac{2}{{({(u + 1 - 1)}^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(u + 1 - 1)}^{2}$ .

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Step 19.1.1

Subtract $1$ from $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (3 \ln (| {(u + 0)}^{2} |) + 6 {({(u + 1 - 1)}^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} - \frac{2}{{({(u + 1 - 1)}^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(u + 1 - 1)}^{2}) + C$

Step 19.1.2

Add $u$ and $0$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (3 \ln (| u^{2} |) + 6 {({(u + 1 - 1)}^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} - \frac{2}{{({(u + 1 - 1)}^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(u + 1 - 1)}^{2}) + C$

Step 19.1.3

Subtract $1$ from $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (3 \ln (| u^{2} |) + 6 {({(u + 0)}^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} - \frac{2}{{({(u + 1 - 1)}^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(u + 1 - 1)}^{2}) + C$

Step 19.1.4

Add $u$ and $0$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (3 \ln (| u^{2} |) + 6 {(u^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} - \frac{2}{{({(u + 1 - 1)}^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(u + 1 - 1)}^{2}) + C$

Step 19.1.5

Subtract $1$ from $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (3 \ln (| u^{2} |) + 6 {(u^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} - \frac{2}{{({(u + 0)}^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(u + 1 - 1)}^{2}) + C$

Step 19.1.6

Add $u$ and $0$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (3 \ln (| u^{2} |) + 6 {(u^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} - \frac{2}{{(u^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(u + 1 - 1)}^{2}) + C$

Step 19.1.7

Subtract $1$ from $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (3 \ln (| u^{2} |) + 6 {(u^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} - \frac{2}{{(u^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(u + 0)}^{2}) + C$

Step 19.1.8

Add $u$ and $0$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (3 \ln (| u^{2} |) + 6 {(u^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} - \frac{2}{{(u^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + u^{2}) + C$

Step 19.2

Simplify each term.

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Step 19.2.1

Remove non-negative terms from the absolute value.

$\frac{1}{2} (3 \ln (u^{2}) + 6 {(u^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} - \frac{2}{{(u^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + u^{2}) + C$

Step 19.2.2

Multiply the exponents in ${(u^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

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Step 19.2.2.1

Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, ${(a^{m})}^{n} = a^{m n}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (3 \ln (u^{2}) + 6 u^{2 (\frac{1}{2})} - \frac{2}{{(u^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + u^{2}) + C$

Step 19.2.2.2

Cancel the common factor of $2$ .

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Step 19.2.2.2.1

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{1}{2} (3 \ln (u^{2}) + 6 u^{2 (\frac{1}{2})} - \frac{2}{{(u^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + u^{2}) + C$

Step 19.2.2.2.2

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{1}{2} (3 \ln (u^{2}) + 6 u^{1} - \frac{2}{{(u^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + u^{2}) + C$

Step 19.2.3

Simplify.

$\frac{1}{2} (3 \ln (u^{2}) + 6 u - \frac{2}{{(u^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + u^{2}) + C$

Step 19.2.4

Simplify the denominator.

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Step 19.2.4.1

Multiply the exponents in ${(u^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

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Step 19.2.4.1.1

Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, ${(a^{m})}^{n} = a^{m n}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (3 \ln (u^{2}) + 6 u - \frac{2}{u^{2 (\frac{1}{2})}} + u^{2}) + C$

Step 19.2.4.1.2

Cancel the common factor of $2$ .

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Step 19.2.4.1.2.1

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{1}{2} (3 \ln (u^{2}) + 6 u - \frac{2}{u^{2 (\frac{1}{2})}} + u^{2}) + C$

Step 19.2.4.1.2.2

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{1}{2} (3 \ln (u^{2}) + 6 u - \frac{2}{u^{1}} + u^{2}) + C$

Step 19.2.4.2

Simplify.

$\frac{1}{2} (3 \ln (u^{2}) + 6 u - \frac{2}{u} + u^{2}) + C$

Step 19.3

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{1}{2} (3 \ln (u^{2})) + \frac{1}{2} (6 u) + \frac{1}{2} (- \frac{2}{u}) + \frac{1}{2} u^{2} + C$

Step 19.4

Simplify.

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Step 19.4.1

Multiply $\frac{1}{2} (3 \ln (u^{2}))$ .

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Step 19.4.1.1

Combine $3$ and $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{3}{2} \ln (u^{2}) + \frac{1}{2} (6 u) + \frac{1}{2} (- \frac{2}{u}) + \frac{1}{2} u^{2} + C$

Step 19.4.1.2

Combine $\frac{3}{2}$ and $\ln (u^{2})$ .

$\frac{3 \ln (u^{2})}{2} + \frac{1}{2} (6 u) + \frac{1}{2} (- \frac{2}{u}) + \frac{1}{2} u^{2} + C$

Step 19.4.2

Cancel the common factor of $2$ .

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Step 19.4.2.1

Factor $2$ out of $6 u$ .

$\frac{3 \ln (u^{2})}{2} + \frac{1}{2} (2 (3 u)) + \frac{1}{2} (- \frac{2}{u}) + \frac{1}{2} u^{2} + C$

Step 19.4.2.2

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{3 \ln (u^{2})}{2} + \frac{1}{2} (2 (3 u)) + \frac{1}{2} (- \frac{2}{u}) + \frac{1}{2} u^{2} + C$

Step 19.4.2.3

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{3 \ln (u^{2})}{2} + 3 u + \frac{1}{2} (- \frac{2}{u}) + \frac{1}{2} u^{2} + C$

Step 19.4.3

Cancel the common factor of $2$ .

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Step 19.4.3.1

Move the leading negative in $- \frac{2}{u}$ into the numerator.

$\frac{3 \ln (u^{2})}{2} + 3 u + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{- 2}{u} + \frac{1}{2} u^{2} + C$

Step 19.4.3.2

Factor $2$ out of $- 2$ .

$\frac{3 \ln (u^{2})}{2} + 3 u + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{2 (- 1)}{u} + \frac{1}{2} u^{2} + C$

Step 19.4.3.3

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{3 \ln (u^{2})}{2} + 3 u + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{2 \cdot - 1}{u} + \frac{1}{2} u^{2} + C$

Step 19.4.3.4

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{3 \ln (u^{2})}{2} + 3 u + \frac{- 1}{u} + \frac{1}{2} u^{2} + C$

Step 19.4.4

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and $u^{2}$ .

$\frac{3 \ln (u^{2})}{2} + 3 u + \frac{- 1}{u} + \frac{u^{2}}{2} + C$

Step 19.5

Simplify each term.

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Step 19.5.1

Expand $\ln (u^{2})$ by moving $2$ outside the logarithm.

$\frac{3 (2 \ln (u))}{2} + 3 u + \frac{- 1}{u} + \frac{u^{2}}{2} + C$

Step 19.5.2

Cancel the common factor of $2$ .

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Step 19.5.2.1

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{3 (2 \ln (u))}{2} + 3 u + \frac{- 1}{u} + \frac{u^{2}}{2} + C$

Step 19.5.2.2

Divide $3 (\ln (u))$ by $1$ .

$3 (\ln (u)) + 3 u + \frac{- 1}{u} + \frac{u^{2}}{2} + C$

Step 19.5.3

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$3 \ln (u) + 3 u - \frac{1}{u} + \frac{u^{2}}{2} + C$

Step 20

Reorder terms.

$3 \ln (u) + 3 u - \frac{1}{u} + \frac{1}{2} u^{2} + C$