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Calculus Examples
Step 1
Let , where . Then . Note that since , is positive.
Step 2
Step 2.1
Simplify .
Step 2.1.1
Simplify each term.
Step 2.1.1.1
Rewrite as .
Step 2.1.1.1.1
Use to rewrite as .
Step 2.1.1.1.2
Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, .
Step 2.1.1.1.3
Combine and .
Step 2.1.1.1.4
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 2.1.1.1.4.1
Cancel the common factor.
Step 2.1.1.1.4.2
Rewrite the expression.
Step 2.1.1.1.5
Evaluate the exponent.
Step 2.1.1.2
Multiply by .
Step 2.1.1.3
Combine and simplify the denominator.
Step 2.1.1.3.1
Multiply by .
Step 2.1.1.3.2
Raise to the power of .
Step 2.1.1.3.3
Raise to the power of .
Step 2.1.1.3.4
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 2.1.1.3.5
Add and .
Step 2.1.1.3.6
Rewrite as .
Step 2.1.1.3.6.1
Use to rewrite as .
Step 2.1.1.3.6.2
Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, .
Step 2.1.1.3.6.3
Combine and .
Step 2.1.1.3.6.4
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 2.1.1.3.6.4.1
Cancel the common factor.
Step 2.1.1.3.6.4.2
Rewrite the expression.
Step 2.1.1.3.6.5
Evaluate the exponent.
Step 2.1.1.4
Simplify the numerator.
Step 2.1.1.4.1
Combine using the product rule for radicals.
Step 2.1.1.4.2
Multiply by .
Step 2.1.1.5
Combine and .
Step 2.1.1.6
Use the power rule to distribute the exponent.
Step 2.1.1.6.1
Apply the product rule to .
Step 2.1.1.6.2
Apply the product rule to .
Step 2.1.1.7
Rewrite as .
Step 2.1.1.7.1
Use to rewrite as .
Step 2.1.1.7.2
Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, .
Step 2.1.1.7.3
Combine and .
Step 2.1.1.7.4
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 2.1.1.7.4.1
Cancel the common factor.
Step 2.1.1.7.4.2
Rewrite the expression.
Step 2.1.1.7.5
Evaluate the exponent.
Step 2.1.1.8
Raise to the power of .
Step 2.1.1.9
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 2.1.1.9.1
Factor out of .
Step 2.1.1.9.2
Factor out of .
Step 2.1.1.9.3
Cancel the common factor.
Step 2.1.1.9.4
Rewrite the expression.
Step 2.1.1.10
Cancel the common factor of and .
Step 2.1.1.10.1
Factor out of .
Step 2.1.1.10.2
Cancel the common factors.
Step 2.1.1.10.2.1
Factor out of .
Step 2.1.1.10.2.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 2.1.1.10.2.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 2.1.1.10.2.4
Divide by .
Step 2.1.1.11
Multiply by .
Step 2.1.2
Factor out of .
Step 2.1.3
Factor out of .
Step 2.1.4
Factor out of .
Step 2.1.5
Apply pythagorean identity.
Step 2.1.6
Reorder and .
Step 2.1.7
Pull terms out from under the radical.
Step 2.2
Simplify.
Step 2.2.1
Combine and .
Step 2.2.2
Combine and .
Step 2.2.3
Multiply by .
Step 2.2.4
Combine.
Step 2.2.5
Apply the distributive property.
Step 2.2.6
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 2.2.6.1
Cancel the common factor.
Step 2.2.6.2
Rewrite the expression.
Step 2.2.7
Move to the left of .
Step 2.2.8
Rewrite as .
Step 2.2.9
Combine using the product rule for radicals.
Step 2.2.10
Multiply by .
Step 2.2.11
Multiply by .
Step 2.2.12
Move to the left of .
Step 2.2.13
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 2.2.13.1
Cancel the common factor.
Step 2.2.13.2
Rewrite the expression.
Step 2.2.14
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 2.2.14.1
Cancel the common factor.
Step 2.2.14.2
Rewrite the expression.
Step 3
Since is constant with respect to , move out of the integral.
Step 4
Split the single integral into multiple integrals.
Step 5
Since is constant with respect to , move out of the integral.
Step 6
The integral of with respect to is .
Step 7
Apply the constant rule.
Step 8
Simplify.
Step 9
Replace all occurrences of with .
Step 10
Step 10.1
Simplify each term.
Step 10.1.1
Draw a triangle in the plane with vertices , , and the origin. Then is the angle between the positive x-axis and the ray beginning at the origin and passing through . Therefore, is .
Step 10.1.2
Rewrite as .
Step 10.1.3
Since both terms are perfect squares, factor using the difference of squares formula, where and .
Step 10.1.4
Write as a fraction with a common denominator.
Step 10.1.5
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 10.1.6
Write as a fraction with a common denominator.
Step 10.1.7
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 10.1.8
Multiply by .
Step 10.1.9
Simplify the denominator.
Step 10.1.9.1
Raise to the power of .
Step 10.1.9.2
Raise to the power of .
Step 10.1.9.3
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 10.1.9.4
Add and .
Step 10.1.10
Rewrite as .
Step 10.1.10.1
Use to rewrite as .
Step 10.1.10.2
Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, .
Step 10.1.10.3
Combine and .
Step 10.1.10.4
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 10.1.10.4.1
Cancel the common factor.
Step 10.1.10.4.2
Rewrite the expression.
Step 10.1.10.5
Evaluate the exponent.
Step 10.1.11
Expand using the FOIL Method.
Step 10.1.11.1
Apply the distributive property.
Step 10.1.11.2
Apply the distributive property.
Step 10.1.11.3
Apply the distributive property.
Step 10.1.12
Combine the opposite terms in .
Step 10.1.12.1
Reorder the factors in the terms and .
Step 10.1.12.2
Add and .
Step 10.1.12.3
Add and .
Step 10.1.13
Simplify each term.
Step 10.1.13.1
Combine using the product rule for radicals.
Step 10.1.13.2
Multiply by .
Step 10.1.13.3
Rewrite as .
Step 10.1.13.4
Pull terms out from under the radical, assuming positive real numbers.
Step 10.1.13.5
Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.
Step 10.1.13.6
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 10.1.13.6.1
Move .
Step 10.1.13.6.2
Multiply by .
Step 10.1.13.7
Move to the left of .
Step 10.1.13.8
Rewrite as .
Step 10.1.13.9
Multiply .
Step 10.1.13.9.1
Raise to the power of .
Step 10.1.13.9.2
Raise to the power of .
Step 10.1.13.9.3
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 10.1.13.9.4
Add and .
Step 10.1.13.10
Rewrite as .
Step 10.1.13.10.1
Use to rewrite as .
Step 10.1.13.10.2
Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, .
Step 10.1.13.10.3
Combine and .
Step 10.1.13.10.4
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 10.1.13.10.4.1
Cancel the common factor.
Step 10.1.13.10.4.2
Rewrite the expression.
Step 10.1.13.10.5
Evaluate the exponent.
Step 10.1.13.11
Multiply by .
Step 10.1.14
Rewrite as .
Step 10.1.15
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 10.1.15.1
Factor out of .
Step 10.1.15.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 10.1.15.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 10.2
Apply the distributive property.
Step 10.3
Multiply .
Step 10.3.1
Combine and .
Step 10.3.2
Combine and .
Step 10.4
Multiply .
Step 10.4.1
Combine and .
Step 10.4.2
Combine and .
Step 10.5
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 10.6
Factor out of .
Step 10.6.1
Reorder and .
Step 10.6.2
Factor out of .
Step 10.6.3
Factor out of .
Step 10.6.4
Factor out of .
Step 10.7
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 11
Reorder terms.