Calculus Examples

$\int \frac{1}{\sec (x) \tan (x)} d x$

Step 1

Let $u = \sec (x)$ . Then $d u = \sec (x) \tan (x) d x$ , so $- d u = - \sec (x) \tan (x) d x$ . Rewrite using $u$ and $d$ $u$ .

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Step 1.1

Let $u = \sec (x)$ . Find $\frac{d u}{d x}$ .

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Step 1.1.1

Differentiate $\sec (x)$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [\sec (x)]$

Step 1.1.2

The derivative of $\sec (x)$ with respect to $x$ is $\sec (x) \tan (x)$ .

$\sec (x) \tan (x)$

Step 1.2

Rewrite the problem using $u$ and $d u$ .

$\int \frac{1}{1} \cdot 1 d u$

Step 2

Simplify.

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Step 2.1

Cancel the common factor of $1$ .

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Step 2.1.1

Cancel the common factor.

$\int \frac{1}{1} \cdot 1 d u$

Step 2.1.2

Rewrite the expression.

$\int 1 \cdot 1 d u$

Step 2.2

Multiply $1$ by $1$ .

$\int d u$

Step 3

Apply the constant rule.

$u + C$

Step 4

Replace all occurrences of $u$ with $\sec (x)$ .

$\sec (x) + C$