Calculus Examples

$\int \frac{6}{x} + \frac{3}{x^{2}} + \sqrt{x} - 6 e^{- 2 x} + 9 d x$

Step 1

Split the single integral into multiple integrals.

$\int \frac{6}{x} d x + \int \frac{3}{x^{2}} d x + \int \sqrt{x} d x + \int - 6 e^{- 2 x} d x + \int 9 d x$

Step 2

Since $6$ is constant with respect to $x$ , move $6$ out of the integral.

$6 \int \frac{1}{x} d x + \int \frac{3}{x^{2}} d x + \int \sqrt{x} d x + \int - 6 e^{- 2 x} d x + \int 9 d x$

Step 3

The integral of $\frac{1}{x}$ with respect to $x$ is $\ln (| x |)$ .

$6 (\ln (| x |) + C) + \int \frac{3}{x^{2}} d x + \int \sqrt{x} d x + \int - 6 e^{- 2 x} d x + \int 9 d x$

Step 4

Since $3$ is constant with respect to $x$ , move $3$ out of the integral.

$6 (\ln (| x |) + C) + 3 \int \frac{1}{x^{2}} d x + \int \sqrt{x} d x + \int - 6 e^{- 2 x} d x + \int 9 d x$

Step 5

Apply basic rules of exponents.

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Step 5.1

Move $x^{2}$ out of the denominator by raising it to the $- 1$ power.

$6 (\ln (| x |) + C) + 3 \int {(x^{2})}^{- 1} d x + \int \sqrt{x} d x + \int - 6 e^{- 2 x} d x + \int 9 d x$

Step 5.2

Multiply the exponents in ${(x^{2})}^{- 1}$ .

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Step 5.2.1

Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, ${(a^{m})}^{n} = a^{m n}$ .

$6 (\ln (| x |) + C) + 3 \int x^{2 \cdot - 1} d x + \int \sqrt{x} d x + \int - 6 e^{- 2 x} d x + \int 9 d x$

Step 5.2.2

Multiply $2$ by $- 1$ .

$6 (\ln (| x |) + C) + 3 \int x^{- 2} d x + \int \sqrt{x} d x + \int - 6 e^{- 2 x} d x + \int 9 d x$

Step 6

By the Power Rule, the integral of $x^{- 2}$ with respect to $x$ is $- x^{- 1}$ .

$6 (\ln (| x |) + C) + 3 (- x^{- 1} + C) + \int \sqrt{x} d x + \int - 6 e^{- 2 x} d x + \int 9 d x$

Step 7

Use $\sqrt[n]{a^{x}} = a^{\frac{x}{n}}$ to rewrite $\sqrt{x}$ as $x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$6 (\ln (| x |) + C) + 3 (- x^{- 1} + C) + \int x^{\frac{1}{2}} d x + \int - 6 e^{- 2 x} d x + \int 9 d x$

Step 8

By the Power Rule, the integral of $x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{2}{3} x^{\frac{3}{2}}$ .

$6 (\ln (| x |) + C) + 3 (- x^{- 1} + C) + \frac{2}{3} x^{\frac{3}{2}} + C + \int - 6 e^{- 2 x} d x + \int 9 d x$

Step 9

Since $- 6$ is constant with respect to $x$ , move $- 6$ out of the integral.

$6 (\ln (| x |) + C) + 3 (- x^{- 1} + C) + \frac{2}{3} x^{\frac{3}{2}} + C - 6 \int e^{- 2 x} d x + \int 9 d x$

Step 10

Let $u = - 2 x$ . Then $d u = - 2 d x$ , so $- \frac{1}{2} d u = d x$ . Rewrite using $u$ and $d$ $u$ .

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Step 10.1

Let $u = - 2 x$ . Find $\frac{d u}{d x}$ .

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Step 10.1.1

Differentiate $- 2 x$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [- 2 x]$

Step 10.1.2

Since $- 2$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- 2 x$ with respect to $x$ is $- 2 \frac{d}{d x} [x]$ .

$- 2 \frac{d}{d x} [x]$

Step 10.1.3

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$- 2 \cdot 1$

Step 10.1.4

Multiply $- 2$ by $1$ .

$- 2$

Step 10.2

Rewrite the problem using $u$ and $d u$ .

$6 (\ln (| x |) + C) + 3 (- x^{- 1} + C) + \frac{2}{3} x^{\frac{3}{2}} + C - 6 \int e^{u} \frac{1}{- 2} d u + \int 9 d x$

Step 11

Simplify.

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Step 11.1

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$6 (\ln (| x |) + C) + 3 (- x^{- 1} + C) + \frac{2}{3} x^{\frac{3}{2}} + C - 6 \int e^{u} (- \frac{1}{2}) d u + \int 9 d x$

Step 11.2

Combine $e^{u}$ and $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$6 (\ln (| x |) + C) + 3 (- x^{- 1} + C) + \frac{2}{3} x^{\frac{3}{2}} + C - 6 \int - \frac{e^{u}}{2} d u + \int 9 d x$

Step 12

Since $- 1$ is constant with respect to $u$ , move $- 1$ out of the integral.

$6 (\ln (| x |) + C) + 3 (- x^{- 1} + C) + \frac{2}{3} x^{\frac{3}{2}} + C - 6 (- \int \frac{e^{u}}{2} d u) + \int 9 d x$

Step 13

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 6$ .

$6 (\ln (| x |) + C) + 3 (- x^{- 1} + C) + \frac{2}{3} x^{\frac{3}{2}} + C + 6 \int \frac{e^{u}}{2} d u + \int 9 d x$

Step 14

Since $\frac{1}{2}$ is constant with respect to $u$ , move $\frac{1}{2}$ out of the integral.

$6 (\ln (| x |) + C) + 3 (- x^{- 1} + C) + \frac{2}{3} x^{\frac{3}{2}} + C + 6 (\frac{1}{2} \int e^{u} d u) + \int 9 d x$

Step 15

Simplify.

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Step 15.1

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and $6$ .

$6 (\ln (| x |) + C) + 3 (- x^{- 1} + C) + \frac{2}{3} x^{\frac{3}{2}} + C + \frac{6}{2} \int e^{u} d u + \int 9 d x$

Step 15.2

Cancel the common factor of $6$ and $2$ .

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Step 15.2.1

Factor $2$ out of $6$ .

$6 (\ln (| x |) + C) + 3 (- x^{- 1} + C) + \frac{2}{3} x^{\frac{3}{2}} + C + \frac{2 \cdot 3}{2} \int e^{u} d u + \int 9 d x$

Step 15.2.2

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 15.2.2.1

Factor $2$ out of $2$ .

$6 (\ln (| x |) + C) + 3 (- x^{- 1} + C) + \frac{2}{3} x^{\frac{3}{2}} + C + \frac{2 \cdot 3}{2 (1)} \int e^{u} d u + \int 9 d x$

Step 15.2.2.2

Cancel the common factor.

$6 (\ln (| x |) + C) + 3 (- x^{- 1} + C) + \frac{2}{3} x^{\frac{3}{2}} + C + \frac{2 \cdot 3}{2 \cdot 1} \int e^{u} d u + \int 9 d x$

Step 15.2.2.3

Rewrite the expression.

$6 (\ln (| x |) + C) + 3 (- x^{- 1} + C) + \frac{2}{3} x^{\frac{3}{2}} + C + \frac{3}{1} \int e^{u} d u + \int 9 d x$

Step 15.2.2.4

Divide $3$ by $1$ .

$6 (\ln (| x |) + C) + 3 (- x^{- 1} + C) + \frac{2}{3} x^{\frac{3}{2}} + C + 3 \int e^{u} d u + \int 9 d x$

Step 16

The integral of $e^{u}$ with respect to $u$ is $e^{u}$ .

$6 (\ln (| x |) + C) + 3 (- x^{- 1} + C) + \frac{2}{3} x^{\frac{3}{2}} + C + 3 (e^{u} + C) + \int 9 d x$

Step 17

Apply the constant rule.

$6 (\ln (| x |) + C) + 3 (- x^{- 1} + C) + \frac{2}{3} x^{\frac{3}{2}} + C + 3 (e^{u} + C) + 9 x + C$

Step 18

Simplify.

$6 \ln (| x |) - \frac{3}{x} + \frac{2 x^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3} + 3 e^{u} + 9 x + C$

Step 19

Replace all occurrences of $u$ with $- 2 x$ .

$6 \ln (| x |) - \frac{3}{x} + \frac{2 x^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3} + 3 e^{- 2 x} + 9 x + C$

Step 20

Reorder terms.

$6 \ln (| x |) - \frac{3}{x} + \frac{2}{3} x^{\frac{3}{2}} + 3 e^{- 2 x} + 9 x + C$