Calculus Examples

$\int \tan^{7} (x) d x$

Step 1

Factor out $\tan^{6} (x)$ .

$\int \tan^{6} (x) \tan (x) d x$

Step 2

Simplify with factoring out.

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Step 2.1

Factor $2$ out of $6$ .

$\int {\tan (x)}^{2 (3)} \tan (x) d x$

Step 2.2

Rewrite ${\tan (x)}^{2 (3)}$ as exponentiation.

$\int {(\tan^{2} (x))}^{3} \tan (x) d x$

Step 3

Using the Pythagorean Identity, rewrite $\tan^{2} (x)$ as $- 1 + \sec^{2} (x)$ .

$\int {(- 1 + \sec^{2} (x))}^{3} \tan (x) d x$

Step 4

Use the Binomial Theorem.

$\int ({(- 1)}^{3} + 3 {(- 1)}^{2} \sec^{2} (x) + 3 \cdot - 1 {(\sec^{2} (x))}^{2} + {(\sec^{2} (x))}^{3}) \tan (x) d x$

Step 5

Simplify by multiplying through.

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Step 5.1

Apply the distributive property.

$\int {(- 1)}^{3} \tan (x) + 3 {(- 1)}^{2} \sec^{2} (x) \tan (x) + 3 \cdot - 1 {(\sec^{2} (x))}^{2} \tan (x) + {(\sec^{2} (x))}^{3} \tan (x) d x$

Step 5.2

Simplify.

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Step 5.2.1

Raise $- 1$ to the power of $3$ .

$\int - 1 \tan (x) + 3 {(- 1)}^{2} \sec^{2} (x) \tan (x) + 3 \cdot - 1 {(\sec^{2} (x))}^{2} \tan (x) + {(\sec^{2} (x))}^{3} \tan (x) d x$

Step 5.2.2

Rewrite $- 1 \tan (x)$ as $- \tan (x)$ .

$\int - \tan (x) + 3 {(- 1)}^{2} \sec^{2} (x) \tan (x) + 3 \cdot - 1 {(\sec^{2} (x))}^{2} \tan (x) + {(\sec^{2} (x))}^{3} \tan (x) d x$

Step 5.2.3

Raise $- 1$ to the power of $2$ .

$\int - \tan (x) + 3 \cdot 1 \sec^{2} (x) \tan (x) + 3 \cdot - 1 {(\sec^{2} (x))}^{2} \tan (x) + {(\sec^{2} (x))}^{3} \tan (x) d x$

Step 5.2.4

Multiply $3$ by $1$ .

$\int - \tan (x) + 3 \sec^{2} (x) \tan (x) + 3 \cdot - 1 {(\sec^{2} (x))}^{2} \tan (x) + {(\sec^{2} (x))}^{3} \tan (x) d x$

Step 5.2.5

Multiply $3$ by $- 1$ .

$\int - \tan (x) + 3 \sec^{2} (x) \tan (x) - 3 {(\sec^{2} (x))}^{2} \tan (x) + {(\sec^{2} (x))}^{3} \tan (x) d x$

Step 5.2.6

Multiply the exponents in ${(\sec^{2} (x))}^{2}$ .

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Step 5.2.6.1

Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, ${(a^{m})}^{n} = a^{m n}$ .

$\int - \tan (x) + 3 \sec^{2} (x) \tan (x) - 3 {\sec (x)}^{2 \cdot 2} \tan (x) + {(\sec^{2} (x))}^{3} \tan (x) d x$

Step 5.2.6.2

Multiply $2$ by $2$ .

$\int - \tan (x) + 3 \sec^{2} (x) \tan (x) - 3 \sec^{4} (x) \tan (x) + {(\sec^{2} (x))}^{3} \tan (x) d x$

Step 5.2.7

Multiply the exponents in ${(\sec^{2} (x))}^{3}$ .

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Step 5.2.7.1

Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, ${(a^{m})}^{n} = a^{m n}$ .

$\int - \tan (x) + 3 \sec^{2} (x) \tan (x) - 3 \sec^{4} (x) \tan (x) + {\sec (x)}^{2 \cdot 3} \tan (x) d x$

Step 5.2.7.2

Multiply $2$ by $3$ .

$\int - \tan (x) + 3 \sec^{2} (x) \tan (x) - 3 \sec^{4} (x) \tan (x) + \sec^{6} (x) \tan (x) d x$

Step 6

Split the single integral into multiple integrals.

$\int - \tan (x) d x + \int 3 \sec^{2} (x) \tan (x) d x + \int - 3 \sec^{4} (x) \tan (x) d x + \int \sec^{6} (x) \tan (x) d x$

Step 7

Since $- 1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , move $- 1$ out of the integral.

$- \int \tan (x) d x + \int 3 \sec^{2} (x) \tan (x) d x + \int - 3 \sec^{4} (x) \tan (x) d x + \int \sec^{6} (x) \tan (x) d x$

Step 8

The integral of $\tan (x)$ with respect to $x$ is $\ln (| \sec (x) |)$ .

$- (\ln (| \sec (x) |) + C) + \int 3 \sec^{2} (x) \tan (x) d x + \int - 3 \sec^{4} (x) \tan (x) d x + \int \sec^{6} (x) \tan (x) d x$

Step 9

Since $3$ is constant with respect to $x$ , move $3$ out of the integral.

$- (\ln (| \sec (x) |) + C) + 3 \int \sec^{2} (x) \tan (x) d x + \int - 3 \sec^{4} (x) \tan (x) d x + \int \sec^{6} (x) \tan (x) d x$

Step 10

Let $u_{1} = \sec (x)$ . Then $d u_{1} = \sec (x) \tan (x) d x$ , so $\frac{1}{\sec (x) \tan (x)} d u_{1} = d x$ . Rewrite using $u_{1}$ and $d$ $u_{1}$ .

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Step 10.1

Let $u_{1} = \sec (x)$ . Find $\frac{d u_{1}}{d x}$ .

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Step 10.1.1

Differentiate $\sec (x)$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [\sec (x)]$

Step 10.1.2

The derivative of $\sec (x)$ with respect to $x$ is $\sec (x) \tan (x)$ .

$\sec (x) \tan (x)$

Step 10.2

Rewrite the problem using $u_{1}$ and $d u_{1}$ .

$- (\ln (| \sec (x) |) + C) + 3 \int u_{1} d u_{1} + \int - 3 \sec^{4} (x) \tan (x) d x + \int \sec^{6} (x) \tan (x) d x$

Step 11

By the Power Rule, the integral of $u_{1}$ with respect to $u_{1}$ is $\frac{1}{2} {u_{1}}^{2}$ .

$- (\ln (| \sec (x) |) + C) + 3 (\frac{1}{2} {u_{1}}^{2} + C) + \int - 3 \sec^{4} (x) \tan (x) d x + \int \sec^{6} (x) \tan (x) d x$

Step 12

Since $- 3$ is constant with respect to $x$ , move $- 3$ out of the integral.

$- (\ln (| \sec (x) |) + C) + 3 (\frac{1}{2} {u_{1}}^{2} + C) - 3 \int \sec^{4} (x) \tan (x) d x + \int \sec^{6} (x) \tan (x) d x$

Step 13

Let $u_{2} = \sec (x)$ . Then $d u_{2} = \sec (x) \tan (x) d x$ , so $\frac{1}{\sec (x) \tan (x)} d u_{2} = d x$ . Rewrite using $u_{2}$ and $d$ $u_{2}$ .

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Step 13.1

Let $u_{2} = \sec (x)$ . Find $\frac{d u_{2}}{d x}$ .

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Step 13.1.1

Differentiate $\sec (x)$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [\sec (x)]$

Step 13.1.2

The derivative of $\sec (x)$ with respect to $x$ is $\sec (x) \tan (x)$ .

$\sec (x) \tan (x)$

Step 13.2

Rewrite the problem using $u_{2}$ and $d u_{2}$ .

$- (\ln (| \sec (x) |) + C) + 3 (\frac{1}{2} {u_{1}}^{2} + C) - 3 \int {u_{2}}^{3} d u_{2} + \int \sec^{6} (x) \tan (x) d x$

Step 14

By the Power Rule, the integral of ${u_{2}}^{3}$ with respect to $u_{2}$ is $\frac{1}{4} {u_{2}}^{4}$ .

$- (\ln (| \sec (x) |) + C) + 3 (\frac{1}{2} {u_{1}}^{2} + C) - 3 (\frac{1}{4} {u_{2}}^{4} + C) + \int \sec^{6} (x) \tan (x) d x$

Step 15

Let $u_{3} = \sec (x)$ . Then $d u_{3} = \sec (x) \tan (x) d x$ , so $\frac{1}{\sec (x) \tan (x)} d u_{3} = d x$ . Rewrite using $u_{3}$ and $d$ $u_{3}$ .

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Step 15.1

Let $u_{3} = \sec (x)$ . Find $\frac{d u_{3}}{d x}$ .

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Step 15.1.1

Differentiate $\sec (x)$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [\sec (x)]$

Step 15.1.2

The derivative of $\sec (x)$ with respect to $x$ is $\sec (x) \tan (x)$ .

$\sec (x) \tan (x)$

Step 15.2

Rewrite the problem using $u_{3}$ and $d u_{3}$ .

$- (\ln (| \sec (x) |) + C) + 3 (\frac{1}{2} {u_{1}}^{2} + C) - 3 (\frac{1}{4} {u_{2}}^{4} + C) + \int {u_{3}}^{5} d u_{3}$

Step 16

By the Power Rule, the integral of ${u_{3}}^{5}$ with respect to $u_{3}$ is $\frac{1}{6} {u_{3}}^{6}$ .

$- (\ln (| \sec (x) |) + C) + 3 (\frac{1}{2} {u_{1}}^{2} + C) - 3 (\frac{1}{4} {u_{2}}^{4} + C) + \frac{1}{6} {u_{3}}^{6} + C$

Step 17

Simplify.

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Step 17.1

Simplify.

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Step 17.1.1

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and ${u_{1}}^{2}$ .

$- (\ln (| \sec (x) |) + C) + 3 (\frac{{u_{1}}^{2}}{2} + C) - 3 (\frac{1}{4} {u_{2}}^{4} + C) + \frac{1}{6} {u_{3}}^{6} + C$

Step 17.1.2

Combine $\frac{1}{4}$ and ${u_{2}}^{4}$ .

$- (\ln (| \sec (x) |) + C) + 3 (\frac{{u_{1}}^{2}}{2} + C) - 3 (\frac{{u_{2}}^{4}}{4} + C) + \frac{1}{6} {u_{3}}^{6} + C$

Step 17.2

Simplify.

$- \ln (| \sec (x) |) + \frac{3 {u_{1}}^{2}}{2} - \frac{3 {u_{2}}^{4}}{4} + \frac{1}{6} {u_{3}}^{6} + C$

Step 18

Substitute back in for each integration substitution variable.

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Step 18.1

Replace all occurrences of $u_{1}$ with $\sec (x)$ .

$- \ln (| \sec (x) |) + \frac{3 \sec^{2} (x)}{2} - \frac{3 {u_{2}}^{4}}{4} + \frac{1}{6} {u_{3}}^{6} + C$

Step 18.2

Replace all occurrences of $u_{2}$ with $\sec (x)$ .

$- \ln (| \sec (x) |) + \frac{3 \sec^{2} (x)}{2} - \frac{3 \sec^{4} (x)}{4} + \frac{1}{6} {u_{3}}^{6} + C$

Step 18.3

Replace all occurrences of $u_{3}$ with $\sec (x)$ .

$- \ln (| \sec (x) |) + \frac{3 \sec^{2} (x)}{2} - \frac{3 \sec^{4} (x)}{4} + \frac{1}{6} \sec^{6} (x) + C$

Step 19

Reorder terms.

$- \ln (| \sec (x) |) + \frac{3}{2} \sec^{2} (x) - \frac{3}{4} \sec^{4} (x) + \frac{1}{6} \sec^{6} (x) + C$