Calculus Examples

$\frac{\arctan (x) - \frac{π}{4}}{x - 1}$

Step 1

Differentiate using the Quotient Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [\frac{f (x)}{g (x)}]$ is $\frac{g (x) \frac{d}{d x} [f (x)] - f (x) \frac{d}{d x} [g (x)]}{{g (x)}^{2}}$ where $f (x) = \arctan (x) - \frac{π}{4}$ and $g (x) = x - 1$ .

$\frac{(x - 1) \frac{d}{d x} [\arctan (x) - \frac{π}{4}] - (\arctan (x) - \frac{π}{4}) \frac{d}{d x} [x - 1]}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 2

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $\arctan (x) - \frac{π}{4}$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [\arctan (x)] + \frac{d}{d x} [- \frac{π}{4}]$ .

$\frac{(x - 1) (\frac{d}{d x} [\arctan (x)] + \frac{d}{d x} [- \frac{π}{4}]) - (\arctan (x) - \frac{π}{4}) \frac{d}{d x} [x - 1]}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3

The derivative of $\arctan (x)$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{1}{1 + x^{2}}$ .

$\frac{(x - 1) (\frac{1}{1 + x^{2}} + \frac{d}{d x} [- \frac{π}{4}]) - (\arctan (x) - \frac{π}{4}) \frac{d}{d x} [x - 1]}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4

Differentiate.

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Step 4.1

Since $- \frac{π}{4}$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- \frac{π}{4}$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$\frac{(x - 1) (\frac{1}{1 + x^{2}} + 0) - (\arctan (x) - \frac{π}{4}) \frac{d}{d x} [x - 1]}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.2

Add $\frac{1}{1 + x^{2}}$ and $0$ .

$\frac{(x - 1) \frac{1}{1 + x^{2}} - (\arctan (x) - \frac{π}{4}) \frac{d}{d x} [x - 1]}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.3

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $x - 1$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 1]$ .

$\frac{(x - 1) \frac{1}{1 + x^{2}} - (\arctan (x) - \frac{π}{4}) (\frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 1])}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.4

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$\frac{(x - 1) \frac{1}{1 + x^{2}} - (\arctan (x) - \frac{π}{4}) (1 + \frac{d}{d x} [- 1])}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.5

Since $- 1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- 1$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$\frac{(x - 1) \frac{1}{1 + x^{2}} - (\arctan (x) - \frac{π}{4}) (1 + 0)}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.6

Simplify the expression.

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Step 4.6.1

Add $1$ and $0$ .

$\frac{(x - 1) \frac{1}{1 + x^{2}} - (\arctan (x) - \frac{π}{4}) \cdot 1}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.6.2

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$\frac{(x - 1) \frac{1}{1 + x^{2}} - (\arctan (x) - \frac{π}{4})}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 5

Simplify.

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Step 5.1

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{(x - 1) \frac{1}{1 + x^{2}} - \arctan (x) - - \frac{π}{4}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 5.2

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 5.2.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 5.2.1.1

Multiply $x - 1$ by $\frac{1}{1 + x^{2}}$ .

$\frac{\frac{x - 1}{1 + x^{2}} - \arctan (x) - - \frac{π}{4}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 5.2.1.2

Multiply $- - \frac{π}{4}$ .

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Step 5.2.1.2.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{\frac{x - 1}{1 + x^{2}} - \arctan (x) + 1 \frac{π}{4}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 5.2.1.2.2

Multiply $\frac{π}{4}$ by $1$ .

$\frac{\frac{x - 1}{1 + x^{2}} - \arctan (x) + \frac{π}{4}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 5.2.2

To write $- \arctan (x)$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{1 + x^{2}}{1 + x^{2}}$ .

$\frac{\frac{x - 1}{1 + x^{2}} - \arctan (x) \cdot \frac{1 + x^{2}}{1 + x^{2}} + \frac{π}{4}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 5.2.3

Combine $- \arctan (x)$ and $\frac{1 + x^{2}}{1 + x^{2}}$ .

$\frac{\frac{x - 1}{1 + x^{2}} + \frac{- \arctan (x) (1 + x^{2})}{1 + x^{2}} + \frac{π}{4}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 5.2.4

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{\frac{x - 1 - \arctan (x) (1 + x^{2})}{1 + x^{2}} + \frac{π}{4}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 5.2.5

Simplify each term.

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Step 5.2.5.1

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 5.2.5.1.1

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{\frac{x - 1 - \arctan (x) \cdot 1 - \arctan (x) x^{2}}{1 + x^{2}} + \frac{π}{4}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 5.2.5.1.2

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$\frac{\frac{x - 1 - \arctan (x) - \arctan (x) x^{2}}{1 + x^{2}} + \frac{π}{4}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 5.2.5.1.3

Reorder terms.

$\frac{\frac{- x^{2} \arctan (x) + x - 1 - \arctan (x)}{1 + x^{2}} + \frac{π}{4}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 5.2.5.1.4

Rewrite $- x^{2} \arctan (x) + x - 1 - \arctan (x)$ in a factored form.

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Step 5.2.5.1.4.1

Regroup terms.

$\frac{\frac{- 1 - x^{2} \arctan (x) + x - \arctan (x)}{1 + x^{2}} + \frac{π}{4}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 5.2.5.1.4.2

Factor $- 1$ out of $- x^{2} \arctan (x) + x - \arctan (x)$ .

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Step 5.2.5.1.4.2.1

Reorder $- x^{2} \arctan (x)$ and $x$ .

$\frac{\frac{- 1 + x - x^{2} \arctan (x) - \arctan (x)}{1 + x^{2}} + \frac{π}{4}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 5.2.5.1.4.2.2

Factor $- 1$ out of $x$ .

$\frac{\frac{- 1 - 1 (- x) - x^{2} \arctan (x) - \arctan (x)}{1 + x^{2}} + \frac{π}{4}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 5.2.5.1.4.2.3

Factor $- 1$ out of $- x^{2} \arctan (x)$ .

$\frac{\frac{- 1 - 1 (- x) - (x^{2} \arctan (x)) - \arctan (x)}{1 + x^{2}} + \frac{π}{4}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 5.2.5.1.4.2.4

Factor $- 1$ out of $- \arctan (x)$ .

$\frac{\frac{- 1 - 1 (- x) - (x^{2} \arctan (x)) - (\arctan (x))}{1 + x^{2}} + \frac{π}{4}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 5.2.5.1.4.2.5

Factor $- 1$ out of $- 1 (- x) - (x^{2} \arctan (x))$ .

$\frac{\frac{- 1 - 1 (- x + x^{2} \arctan (x)) - (\arctan (x))}{1 + x^{2}} + \frac{π}{4}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 5.2.5.1.4.2.6

Factor $- 1$ out of $- 1 (- x + x^{2} \arctan (x)) - (\arctan (x))$ .

$\frac{\frac{- 1 - 1 (- x + x^{2} \arctan (x) + \arctan (x))}{1 + x^{2}} + \frac{π}{4}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 5.2.5.1.4.2.7

Rewrite $- 1 (- x + x^{2} \arctan (x) + \arctan (x))$ as $- (- x + x^{2} \arctan (x) + \arctan (x))$ .

$\frac{\frac{- 1 - (- x + x^{2} \arctan (x) + \arctan (x))}{1 + x^{2}} + \frac{π}{4}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 5.2.5.1.4.3

Reorder terms.

$\frac{\frac{- 1 - (x^{2} \arctan (x) - x + \arctan (x))}{1 + x^{2}} + \frac{π}{4}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 5.2.5.1.4.4

Factor $- 1$ out of $- 1 - (x^{2} \arctan (x) - x + \arctan (x))$ .

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Step 5.2.5.1.4.4.1

Reorder $x^{2} \arctan (x)$ and $- x$ .

$\frac{\frac{- 1 - (- x + x^{2} \arctan (x) + \arctan (x))}{1 + x^{2}} + \frac{π}{4}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 5.2.5.1.4.4.2

Rewrite $- 1$ as $- 1 (1)$ .

$\frac{\frac{- 1 (1) - (- x + x^{2} \arctan (x) + \arctan (x))}{1 + x^{2}} + \frac{π}{4}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 5.2.5.1.4.4.3

Factor $- 1$ out of $- 1 (1) - (- x + x^{2} \arctan (x) + \arctan (x))$ .

$\frac{\frac{- 1 (1 - x + x^{2} \arctan (x) + \arctan (x))}{1 + x^{2}} + \frac{π}{4}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 5.2.5.1.4.4.4

Rewrite $- 1 (1 - x + x^{2} \arctan (x) + \arctan (x))$ as $- (1 - x + x^{2} \arctan (x) + \arctan (x))$ .

$\frac{\frac{- (1 - x + x^{2} \arctan (x) + \arctan (x))}{1 + x^{2}} + \frac{π}{4}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 5.2.5.1.4.5

Reorder terms.

$\frac{\frac{- (x^{2} \arctan (x) - x + 1 + \arctan (x))}{1 + x^{2}} + \frac{π}{4}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 5.2.5.2

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$\frac{- \frac{x^{2} \arctan (x) - x + 1 + \arctan (x)}{1 + x^{2}} + \frac{π}{4}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 5.2.6

To write $- \frac{x^{2} \arctan (x) - x + 1 + \arctan (x)}{1 + x^{2}}$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{4}{4}$ .

$\frac{- \frac{x^{2} \arctan (x) - x + 1 + \arctan (x)}{1 + x^{2}} \cdot \frac{4}{4} + \frac{π}{4}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 5.2.7

To write $\frac{π}{4}$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{1 + x^{2}}{1 + x^{2}}$ .

$\frac{- \frac{x^{2} \arctan (x) - x + 1 + \arctan (x)}{1 + x^{2}} \cdot \frac{4}{4} + \frac{π}{4} \cdot \frac{1 + x^{2}}{1 + x^{2}}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 5.2.8

Write each expression with a common denominator of $(1 + x^{2}) \cdot 4$ , by multiplying each by an appropriate factor of $1$ .

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Step 5.2.8.1

Multiply $\frac{x^{2} \arctan (x) - x + 1 + \arctan (x)}{1 + x^{2}}$ by $\frac{4}{4}$ .

$\frac{- \frac{(x^{2} \arctan (x) - x + 1 + \arctan (x)) \cdot 4}{(1 + x^{2}) \cdot 4} + \frac{π}{4} \cdot \frac{1 + x^{2}}{1 + x^{2}}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 5.2.8.2

Multiply $\frac{π}{4}$ by $\frac{1 + x^{2}}{1 + x^{2}}$ .

$\frac{- \frac{(x^{2} \arctan (x) - x + 1 + \arctan (x)) \cdot 4}{(1 + x^{2}) \cdot 4} + \frac{π (1 + x^{2})}{4 (1 + x^{2})}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 5.2.8.3

Reorder the factors of $(1 + x^{2}) \cdot 4$ .

$\frac{- \frac{(x^{2} \arctan (x) - x + 1 + \arctan (x)) \cdot 4}{4 (1 + x^{2})} + \frac{π (1 + x^{2})}{4 (1 + x^{2})}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 5.2.9

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{\frac{- (x^{2} \arctan (x) - x + 1 + \arctan (x)) \cdot 4 + π (1 + x^{2})}{4 (1 + x^{2})}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 5.2.10

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 5.2.10.1

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{\frac{(- (x^{2} \arctan (x)) - - x - 1 \cdot 1 - \arctan (x)) \cdot 4 + π (1 + x^{2})}{4 (1 + x^{2})}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 5.2.10.2

Simplify.

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Step 5.2.10.2.1

Multiply $- - x$ .

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Step 5.2.10.2.1.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{\frac{(- x^{2} \arctan (x) + 1 x - 1 \cdot 1 - \arctan (x)) \cdot 4 + π (1 + x^{2})}{4 (1 + x^{2})}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 5.2.10.2.1.2

Multiply $x$ by $1$ .

$\frac{\frac{(- x^{2} \arctan (x) + x - 1 \cdot 1 - \arctan (x)) \cdot 4 + π (1 + x^{2})}{4 (1 + x^{2})}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 5.2.10.2.2

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$\frac{\frac{(- x^{2} \arctan (x) + x - 1 - \arctan (x)) \cdot 4 + π (1 + x^{2})}{4 (1 + x^{2})}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 5.2.10.3

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{\frac{- x^{2} \arctan (x) \cdot 4 + x \cdot 4 - 1 \cdot 4 - \arctan (x) \cdot 4 + π (1 + x^{2})}{4 (1 + x^{2})}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 5.2.10.4

Simplify.

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Step 5.2.10.4.1

Multiply $4$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{\frac{- 4 x^{2} \arctan (x) + x \cdot 4 - 1 \cdot 4 - \arctan (x) \cdot 4 + π (1 + x^{2})}{4 (1 + x^{2})}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 5.2.10.4.2

Move $4$ to the left of $x$ .

$\frac{\frac{- 4 x^{2} \arctan (x) + 4 \cdot x - 1 \cdot 4 - \arctan (x) \cdot 4 + π (1 + x^{2})}{4 (1 + x^{2})}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 5.2.10.4.3

Multiply $- 1$ by $4$ .

$\frac{\frac{- 4 x^{2} \arctan (x) + 4 \cdot x - 4 - \arctan (x) \cdot 4 + π (1 + x^{2})}{4 (1 + x^{2})}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 5.2.10.4.4

Multiply $4$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{\frac{- 4 x^{2} \arctan (x) + 4 \cdot x - 4 - 4 \arctan (x) + π (1 + x^{2})}{4 (1 + x^{2})}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 5.2.10.5

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{\frac{- 4 x^{2} \arctan (x) + 4 x - 4 - 4 \arctan (x) + π \cdot 1 + π x^{2}}{4 (1 + x^{2})}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 5.2.10.6

Multiply $π$ by $1$ .

$\frac{\frac{- 4 x^{2} \arctan (x) + 4 x - 4 - 4 \arctan (x) + π + π x^{2}}{4 (1 + x^{2})}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 5.2.10.7

Reorder terms.

$\frac{\frac{- 4 x^{2} \arctan (x) + π x^{2} + 4 x - 4 + π - 4 \arctan (x)}{4 (1 + x^{2})}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 5.2.11

Factor $- 1$ out of $- 4 x^{2} \arctan (x)$ .

$\frac{\frac{- (4 x^{2} \arctan (x)) + π x^{2} + 4 x - 4 + π - 4 \arctan (x)}{4 (1 + x^{2})}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 5.2.12

Factor $- 1$ out of $π x^{2}$ .

$\frac{\frac{- (4 x^{2} \arctan (x)) - (- π x^{2}) + 4 x - 4 + π - 4 \arctan (x)}{4 (1 + x^{2})}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 5.2.13

Factor $- 1$ out of $- (4 x^{2} \arctan (x)) - (- π x^{2})$ .

$\frac{\frac{- (4 x^{2} \arctan (x) - π x^{2}) + 4 x - 4 + π - 4 \arctan (x)}{4 (1 + x^{2})}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 5.2.14

Factor $- 1$ out of $4 x$ .

$\frac{\frac{- (4 x^{2} \arctan (x) - π x^{2}) - (- 4 x) - 4 + π - 4 \arctan (x)}{4 (1 + x^{2})}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 5.2.15

Factor $- 1$ out of $- (4 x^{2} \arctan (x) - π x^{2}) - (- 4 x)$ .

$\frac{\frac{- (4 x^{2} \arctan (x) - π x^{2} - 4 x) - 4 + π - 4 \arctan (x)}{4 (1 + x^{2})}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 5.2.16

Rewrite $- 4$ as $- 1 (4)$ .

$\frac{\frac{- (4 x^{2} \arctan (x) - π x^{2} - 4 x) - 1 (4) + π - 4 \arctan (x)}{4 (1 + x^{2})}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 5.2.17

Factor $- 1$ out of $- (4 x^{2} \arctan (x) - π x^{2} - 4 x) - 1 (4)$ .

$\frac{\frac{- (4 x^{2} \arctan (x) - π x^{2} - 4 x + 4) + π - 4 \arctan (x)}{4 (1 + x^{2})}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 5.2.18

Factor $- 1$ out of $π$ .

$\frac{\frac{- (4 x^{2} \arctan (x) - π x^{2} - 4 x + 4) - 1 (- π) - 4 \arctan (x)}{4 (1 + x^{2})}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 5.2.19

Factor $- 1$ out of $- (4 x^{2} \arctan (x) - π x^{2} - 4 x + 4) - 1 (- π)$ .

$\frac{\frac{- (4 x^{2} \arctan (x) - π x^{2} - 4 x + 4 - π) - 4 \arctan (x)}{4 (1 + x^{2})}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 5.2.20

Factor $- 1$ out of $- 4 \arctan (x)$ .

$\frac{\frac{- (4 x^{2} \arctan (x) - π x^{2} - 4 x + 4 - π) - (4 \arctan (x))}{4 (1 + x^{2})}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 5.2.21

Factor $- 1$ out of $- (4 x^{2} \arctan (x) - π x^{2} - 4 x + 4 - π) - (4 \arctan (x))$ .

$\frac{\frac{- (4 x^{2} \arctan (x) - π x^{2} - 4 x + 4 - π + 4 \arctan (x))}{4 (1 + x^{2})}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 5.2.22

Rewrite $- (4 x^{2} \arctan (x) - π x^{2} - 4 x + 4 - π + 4 \arctan (x))$ as $- 1 (4 x^{2} \arctan (x) - π x^{2} - 4 x + 4 - π + 4 \arctan (x))$ .

$\frac{\frac{- 1 (4 x^{2} \arctan (x) - π x^{2} - 4 x + 4 - π + 4 \arctan (x))}{4 (1 + x^{2})}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 5.2.23

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$\frac{- \frac{4 x^{2} \arctan (x) - π x^{2} - 4 x + 4 - π + 4 \arctan (x)}{4 (1 + x^{2})}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 5.3

Combine terms.

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Step 5.3.1

Rewrite $\frac{- \frac{4 x^{2} \arctan (x) - π x^{2} - 4 x + 4 - π + 4 \arctan (x)}{4 (1 + x^{2})}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$ as a product.

$- \frac{4 x^{2} \arctan (x) - π x^{2} - 4 x + 4 - π + 4 \arctan (x)}{4 (1 + x^{2})} \cdot \frac{1}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 5.3.2

Multiply $\frac{1}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$ by $\frac{4 x^{2} \arctan (x) - π x^{2} - 4 x + 4 - π + 4 \arctan (x)}{4 (1 + x^{2})}$ .

$- \frac{4 x^{2} \arctan (x) - π x^{2} - 4 x + 4 - π + 4 \arctan (x)}{{(x - 1)}^{2} (4 (1 + x^{2}))}$

Step 5.3.3

Move $4$ to the left of ${(x - 1)}^{2}$ .

$- \frac{4 x^{2} \arctan (x) - π x^{2} - 4 x + 4 - π + 4 \arctan (x)}{4 {(x - 1)}^{2} (1 + x^{2})}$