Calculus Examples

$x^{2} + y^{2} = 25$ ; $(- 4, 3)$

Step 1

Find the first derivative and evaluate at $x = - 4$ and $y = 3$ to find the slope of the tangent line.

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Step 1.1

Differentiate both sides of the equation.

$\frac{d}{d x} (x^{2} + y^{2}) = \frac{d}{d x} (25)$

Step 1.2

Differentiate the left side of the equation.

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Step 1.2.1

Differentiate.

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Step 1.2.1.1

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $x^{2} + y^{2}$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [y^{2}]$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [y^{2}]$

Step 1.2.1.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$2 x + \frac{d}{d x} [y^{2}]$

Step 1.2.2

Evaluate $\frac{d}{d x} [y^{2}]$ .

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Step 1.2.2.1

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = x^{2}$ and $g (x) = y$ .

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Step 1.2.2.1.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u$ as $y$ .

$2 x + \frac{d}{d u} [u^{2}] \frac{d}{d x} [y]$

Step 1.2.2.1.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u} [u^{n}]$ is $n u^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$2 x + 2 u \frac{d}{d x} [y]$

Step 1.2.2.1.3

Replace all occurrences of $u$ with $y$ .

$2 x + 2 y \frac{d}{d x} [y]$

Step 1.2.2.2

Rewrite $\frac{d}{d x} [y]$ as $y'$ .

$2 x + 2 y y'$

Step 1.2.3

Reorder terms.

$2 y y' + 2 x$

Step 1.3

Since $25$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $25$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$0$

Step 1.4

Reform the equation by setting the left side equal to the right side.

$2 y y' + 2 x = 0$

Step 1.5

Solve for $y'$ .

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Step 1.5.1

Subtract $2 x$ from both sides of the equation.

$2 y y' = - 2 x$

Step 1.5.2

Divide each term in $2 y y' = - 2 x$ by $2 y$ and simplify.

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Step 1.5.2.1

Divide each term in $2 y y' = - 2 x$ by $2 y$ .

$\frac{2 y y'}{2 y} = \frac{- 2 x}{2 y}$

Step 1.5.2.2

Simplify the left side.

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Step 1.5.2.2.1

Cancel the common factor of $2$ .

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Step 1.5.2.2.1.1

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{2 y y'}{2 y} = \frac{- 2 x}{2 y}$

Step 1.5.2.2.1.2

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{y y'}{y} = \frac{- 2 x}{2 y}$

Step 1.5.2.2.2

Cancel the common factor of $y$ .

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Step 1.5.2.2.2.1

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{y y'}{y} = \frac{- 2 x}{2 y}$

Step 1.5.2.2.2.2

Divide $y'$ by $1$ .

$y' = \frac{- 2 x}{2 y}$

Step 1.5.2.3

Simplify the right side.

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Step 1.5.2.3.1

Cancel the common factor of $- 2$ and $2$ .

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Step 1.5.2.3.1.1

Factor $2$ out of $- 2 x$ .

$y' = \frac{2 (- x)}{2 y}$

Step 1.5.2.3.1.2

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 1.5.2.3.1.2.1

Factor $2$ out of $2 y$ .

$y' = \frac{2 (- x)}{2 (y)}$

Step 1.5.2.3.1.2.2

Cancel the common factor.

$y' = \frac{2 (- x)}{2 y}$

Step 1.5.2.3.1.2.3

Rewrite the expression.

$y' = \frac{- x}{y}$

Step 1.5.2.3.2

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$y' = - \frac{x}{y}$

Step 1.6

Replace $y'$ with $\frac{d y}{d x}$ .

$\frac{d y}{d x} = - \frac{x}{y}$

Step 1.7

Evaluate at $x = - 4$ and $y = 3$ .

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Step 1.7.1

Replace the variable $x$ with $- 4$ in the expression.

$- \frac{- 4}{y}$

Step 1.7.2

Replace the variable $y$ with $3$ in the expression.

$- \frac{- 4}{3}$

Step 1.7.3

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$- - \frac{4}{3}$

Step 1.7.4

Multiply $- - \frac{4}{3}$ .

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Step 1.7.4.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$1 (\frac{4}{3})$

Step 1.7.4.2

Multiply $\frac{4}{3}$ by $1$ .

$\frac{4}{3}$

Step 2

Plug the slope and point values into the point-slope formula and solve for $y$ .

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Step 2.1

Use the slope $\frac{4}{3}$ and a given point $(- 4, 3)$ to substitute for $x_{1}$ and $y_{1}$ in the point-slope form $y - y_{1} = m (x - x_{1})$ , which is derived from the slope equation $m = \frac{y_{2} - y_{1}}{x_{2} - x_{1}}$ .

$y - (3) = \frac{4}{3} \cdot (x - (- 4))$

Step 2.2

Simplify the equation and keep it in point-slope form.

$y - 3 = \frac{4}{3} \cdot (x + 4)$

Step 2.3

Solve for $y$ .

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Step 2.3.1

Simplify $\frac{4}{3} \cdot (x + 4)$ .

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Step 2.3.1.1

Rewrite.

$y - 3 = 0 + 0 + \frac{4}{3} \cdot (x + 4)$

Step 2.3.1.2

Simplify by adding zeros.

$y - 3 = \frac{4}{3} \cdot (x + 4)$

Step 2.3.1.3

Apply the distributive property.

$y - 3 = \frac{4}{3} x + \frac{4}{3} \cdot 4$

Step 2.3.1.4

Combine $\frac{4}{3}$ and $x$ .

$y - 3 = \frac{4 x}{3} + \frac{4}{3} \cdot 4$

Step 2.3.1.5

Multiply $\frac{4}{3} \cdot 4$ .

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Step 2.3.1.5.1

Combine $\frac{4}{3}$ and $4$ .

$y - 3 = \frac{4 x}{3} + \frac{4 \cdot 4}{3}$

Step 2.3.1.5.2

Multiply $4$ by $4$ .

$y - 3 = \frac{4 x}{3} + \frac{16}{3}$

Step 2.3.2

Move all terms not containing $y$ to the right side of the equation.

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Step 2.3.2.1

Add $3$ to both sides of the equation.

$y = \frac{4 x}{3} + \frac{16}{3} + 3$

Step 2.3.2.2

To write $3$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{3}{3}$ .

$y = \frac{4 x}{3} + \frac{16}{3} + 3 \cdot \frac{3}{3}$

Step 2.3.2.3

Combine $3$ and $\frac{3}{3}$ .

$y = \frac{4 x}{3} + \frac{16}{3} + \frac{3 \cdot 3}{3}$

Step 2.3.2.4

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$y = \frac{4 x}{3} + \frac{16 + 3 \cdot 3}{3}$

Step 2.3.2.5

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 2.3.2.5.1

Multiply $3$ by $3$ .

$y = \frac{4 x}{3} + \frac{16 + 9}{3}$

Step 2.3.2.5.2

Add $16$ and $9$ .

$y = \frac{4 x}{3} + \frac{25}{3}$

Step 2.3.3

Reorder terms.

$y = \frac{4}{3} x + \frac{25}{3}$

Step 3