Calculus Examples

$\int (x^{2} + x) \sqrt[3]{x + 7} d x$

Step 1

Let $u = x + 7$ . Then $d u = d x$ . Rewrite using $u$ and $d$ $u$ .

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Step 1.1

Let $u = x + 7$ . Find $\frac{d u}{d x}$ .

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Step 1.1.1

Differentiate $x + 7$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [x + 7]$

Step 1.1.2

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $x + 7$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [7]$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [7]$

Step 1.1.3

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$1 + \frac{d}{d x} [7]$

Step 1.1.4

Since $7$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $7$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$1 + 0$

Step 1.1.5

Add $1$ and $0$ .

$1$

$1$

Step 1.2

Rewrite the problem using $u$ and $d u$ .

$\int ({(u - 7)}^{2} + u - 7) \sqrt[3]{u} d u$

$\int ({(u - 7)}^{2} + u - 7) \sqrt[3]{u} d u$

Step 2

Use $\sqrt[n]{a^{x}} = a^{\frac{x}{n}}$ to rewrite $\sqrt[3]{u}$ as $u^{\frac{1}{3}}$ .

$\int ({(u - 7)}^{2} + u - 7) u^{\frac{1}{3}} d u$

Step 3

Expand $({(u - 7)}^{2} + u - 7) u^{\frac{1}{3}}$ .

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Step 3.1

Rewrite ${(u - 7)}^{2}$ as $(u - 7) (u - 7)$ .

$\int ((u - 7) (u - 7) + u - 7) u^{\frac{1}{3}} d u$

Step 3.2

Apply the distributive property.

$\int (u (u - 7) - 7 (u - 7) + u - 7) u^{\frac{1}{3}} d u$

Step 3.3

Apply the distributive property.

$\int (u \cdot u + u \cdot - 7 - 7 (u - 7) + u - 7) u^{\frac{1}{3}} d u$

Step 3.4

Apply the distributive property.

$\int (u \cdot u + u \cdot - 7 - 7 u - 7 \cdot - 7 + u - 7) u^{\frac{1}{3}} d u$

Step 3.5

Apply the distributive property.

$\int (u \cdot u + u \cdot - 7 - 7 u - 7 \cdot - 7 + u) u^{\frac{1}{3}} - 7 u^{\frac{1}{3}} d u$

Step 3.6

Apply the distributive property.

$\int (u \cdot u + u \cdot - 7 - 7 u - 7 \cdot - 7) u^{\frac{1}{3}} + u \cdot u^{\frac{1}{3}} - 7 u^{\frac{1}{3}} d u$

Step 3.7

Apply the distributive property.

$\int (u \cdot u + u \cdot - 7) u^{\frac{1}{3}} + (- 7 u - 7 \cdot - 7) u^{\frac{1}{3}} + u \cdot u^{\frac{1}{3}} - 7 u^{\frac{1}{3}} d u$

Step 3.8

Apply the distributive property.

$\int u \cdot u \cdot u^{\frac{1}{3}} + u \cdot - 7 u^{\frac{1}{3}} + (- 7 u - 7 \cdot - 7) u^{\frac{1}{3}} + u \cdot u^{\frac{1}{3}} - 7 u^{\frac{1}{3}} d u$

Step 3.9

Apply the distributive property.

$\int u \cdot u \cdot u^{\frac{1}{3}} + u \cdot - 7 u^{\frac{1}{3}} - 7 u \cdot u^{\frac{1}{3}} - 7 \cdot - 7 u^{\frac{1}{3}} + u \cdot u^{\frac{1}{3}} - 7 u^{\frac{1}{3}} d u$

Step 3.10

Reorder $u$ and $- 7$ .

$\int u \cdot u \cdot u^{\frac{1}{3}} - 7 \cdot u \cdot u^{\frac{1}{3}} - 7 u \cdot u^{\frac{1}{3}} - 7 \cdot - 7 u^{\frac{1}{3}} + u \cdot u^{\frac{1}{3}} - 7 u^{\frac{1}{3}} d u$

Step 3.11

Raise $u$ to the power of $1$ .

$\int u^{1} u \cdot u^{\frac{1}{3}} - 7 u \cdot u^{\frac{1}{3}} - 7 u \cdot u^{\frac{1}{3}} - 7 \cdot - 7 u^{\frac{1}{3}} + u \cdot u^{\frac{1}{3}} - 7 u^{\frac{1}{3}} d u$

Step 3.12

Raise $u$ to the power of $1$ .

$\int u^{1} u^{1} u^{\frac{1}{3}} - 7 u \cdot u^{\frac{1}{3}} - 7 u \cdot u^{\frac{1}{3}} - 7 \cdot - 7 u^{\frac{1}{3}} + u \cdot u^{\frac{1}{3}} - 7 u^{\frac{1}{3}} d u$

Step 3.13

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\int u^{1 + 1} u^{\frac{1}{3}} - 7 u \cdot u^{\frac{1}{3}} - 7 u \cdot u^{\frac{1}{3}} - 7 \cdot - 7 u^{\frac{1}{3}} + u \cdot u^{\frac{1}{3}} - 7 u^{\frac{1}{3}} d u$

Step 3.14

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\int u^{2} u^{\frac{1}{3}} - 7 u \cdot u^{\frac{1}{3}} - 7 u \cdot u^{\frac{1}{3}} - 7 \cdot - 7 u^{\frac{1}{3}} + u \cdot u^{\frac{1}{3}} - 7 u^{\frac{1}{3}} d u$

Step 3.15

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\int u^{2 + \frac{1}{3}} - 7 u \cdot u^{\frac{1}{3}} - 7 u \cdot u^{\frac{1}{3}} - 7 \cdot - 7 u^{\frac{1}{3}} + u \cdot u^{\frac{1}{3}} - 7 u^{\frac{1}{3}} d u$

Step 3.16

To write $2$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{3}{3}$ .

$\int u^{2 \cdot \frac{3}{3} + \frac{1}{3}} - 7 u \cdot u^{\frac{1}{3}} - 7 u \cdot u^{\frac{1}{3}} - 7 \cdot - 7 u^{\frac{1}{3}} + u \cdot u^{\frac{1}{3}} - 7 u^{\frac{1}{3}} d u$

Step 3.17

Combine $2$ and $\frac{3}{3}$ .

$\int u^{\frac{2 \cdot 3}{3} + \frac{1}{3}} - 7 u \cdot u^{\frac{1}{3}} - 7 u \cdot u^{\frac{1}{3}} - 7 \cdot - 7 u^{\frac{1}{3}} + u \cdot u^{\frac{1}{3}} - 7 u^{\frac{1}{3}} d u$

Step 3.18

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\int u^{\frac{2 \cdot 3 + 1}{3}} - 7 u \cdot u^{\frac{1}{3}} - 7 u \cdot u^{\frac{1}{3}} - 7 \cdot - 7 u^{\frac{1}{3}} + u \cdot u^{\frac{1}{3}} - 7 u^{\frac{1}{3}} d u$

Step 3.19

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 3.19.1

Multiply $2$ by $3$ .

$\int u^{\frac{6 + 1}{3}} - 7 u \cdot u^{\frac{1}{3}} - 7 u \cdot u^{\frac{1}{3}} - 7 \cdot - 7 u^{\frac{1}{3}} + u \cdot u^{\frac{1}{3}} - 7 u^{\frac{1}{3}} d u$

Step 3.19.2

Add $6$ and $1$ .

$\int u^{\frac{7}{3}} - 7 u \cdot u^{\frac{1}{3}} - 7 u \cdot u^{\frac{1}{3}} - 7 \cdot - 7 u^{\frac{1}{3}} + u \cdot u^{\frac{1}{3}} - 7 u^{\frac{1}{3}} d u$

$\int u^{\frac{7}{3}} - 7 u \cdot u^{\frac{1}{3}} - 7 u \cdot u^{\frac{1}{3}} - 7 \cdot - 7 u^{\frac{1}{3}} + u \cdot u^{\frac{1}{3}} - 7 u^{\frac{1}{3}} d u$

Step 3.20

Raise $u$ to the power of $1$ .

$\int u^{\frac{7}{3}} - 7 (u^{1} u^{\frac{1}{3}}) - 7 u \cdot u^{\frac{1}{3}} - 7 \cdot - 7 u^{\frac{1}{3}} + u \cdot u^{\frac{1}{3}} - 7 u^{\frac{1}{3}} d u$

Step 3.21

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\int u^{\frac{7}{3}} - 7 u^{1 + \frac{1}{3}} - 7 u \cdot u^{\frac{1}{3}} - 7 \cdot - 7 u^{\frac{1}{3}} + u \cdot u^{\frac{1}{3}} - 7 u^{\frac{1}{3}} d u$

Step 3.22

Write $1$ as a fraction with a common denominator.

$\int u^{\frac{7}{3}} - 7 u^{\frac{3}{3} + \frac{1}{3}} - 7 u \cdot u^{\frac{1}{3}} - 7 \cdot - 7 u^{\frac{1}{3}} + u \cdot u^{\frac{1}{3}} - 7 u^{\frac{1}{3}} d u$

Step 3.23

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\int u^{\frac{7}{3}} - 7 u^{\frac{3 + 1}{3}} - 7 u \cdot u^{\frac{1}{3}} - 7 \cdot - 7 u^{\frac{1}{3}} + u \cdot u^{\frac{1}{3}} - 7 u^{\frac{1}{3}} d u$

Step 3.24

Add $3$ and $1$ .

$\int u^{\frac{7}{3}} - 7 u^{\frac{4}{3}} - 7 u \cdot u^{\frac{1}{3}} - 7 \cdot - 7 u^{\frac{1}{3}} + u \cdot u^{\frac{1}{3}} - 7 u^{\frac{1}{3}} d u$

Step 3.25

Raise $u$ to the power of $1$ .

$\int u^{\frac{7}{3}} - 7 u^{\frac{4}{3}} - 7 (u^{1} u^{\frac{1}{3}}) - 7 \cdot - 7 u^{\frac{1}{3}} + u \cdot u^{\frac{1}{3}} - 7 u^{\frac{1}{3}} d u$

Step 3.26

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\int u^{\frac{7}{3}} - 7 u^{\frac{4}{3}} - 7 u^{1 + \frac{1}{3}} - 7 \cdot - 7 u^{\frac{1}{3}} + u \cdot u^{\frac{1}{3}} - 7 u^{\frac{1}{3}} d u$

Step 3.27

Write $1$ as a fraction with a common denominator.

$\int u^{\frac{7}{3}} - 7 u^{\frac{4}{3}} - 7 u^{\frac{3}{3} + \frac{1}{3}} - 7 \cdot - 7 u^{\frac{1}{3}} + u \cdot u^{\frac{1}{3}} - 7 u^{\frac{1}{3}} d u$

Step 3.28

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\int u^{\frac{7}{3}} - 7 u^{\frac{4}{3}} - 7 u^{\frac{3 + 1}{3}} - 7 \cdot - 7 u^{\frac{1}{3}} + u \cdot u^{\frac{1}{3}} - 7 u^{\frac{1}{3}} d u$

Step 3.29

Add $3$ and $1$ .

$\int u^{\frac{7}{3}} - 7 u^{\frac{4}{3}} - 7 u^{\frac{4}{3}} - 7 \cdot - 7 u^{\frac{1}{3}} + u \cdot u^{\frac{1}{3}} - 7 u^{\frac{1}{3}} d u$

Step 3.30

Multiply $- 7$ by $- 7$ .

$\int u^{\frac{7}{3}} - 7 u^{\frac{4}{3}} - 7 u^{\frac{4}{3}} + 49 u^{\frac{1}{3}} + u \cdot u^{\frac{1}{3}} - 7 u^{\frac{1}{3}} d u$

Step 3.31

Subtract $7 u^{\frac{4}{3}}$ from $- 7 u^{\frac{4}{3}}$ .

$\int u^{\frac{7}{3}} - 14 u^{\frac{4}{3}} + 49 u^{\frac{1}{3}} + u \cdot u^{\frac{1}{3}} - 7 u^{\frac{1}{3}} d u$

Step 3.32

Raise $u$ to the power of $1$ .

$\int u^{\frac{7}{3}} - 14 u^{\frac{4}{3}} + 49 u^{\frac{1}{3}} + u^{1} u^{\frac{1}{3}} - 7 u^{\frac{1}{3}} d u$

Step 3.33

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\int u^{\frac{7}{3}} - 14 u^{\frac{4}{3}} + 49 u^{\frac{1}{3}} + u^{1 + \frac{1}{3}} - 7 u^{\frac{1}{3}} d u$

Step 3.34

Write $1$ as a fraction with a common denominator.

$\int u^{\frac{7}{3}} - 14 u^{\frac{4}{3}} + 49 u^{\frac{1}{3}} + u^{\frac{3}{3} + \frac{1}{3}} - 7 u^{\frac{1}{3}} d u$

Step 3.35

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\int u^{\frac{7}{3}} - 14 u^{\frac{4}{3}} + 49 u^{\frac{1}{3}} + u^{\frac{3 + 1}{3}} - 7 u^{\frac{1}{3}} d u$

Step 3.36

Add $3$ and $1$ .

$\int u^{\frac{7}{3}} - 14 u^{\frac{4}{3}} + 49 u^{\frac{1}{3}} + u^{\frac{4}{3}} - 7 u^{\frac{1}{3}} d u$

Step 3.37

Reorder $- 14 u^{\frac{4}{3}}$ and $49 u^{\frac{1}{3}}$ .

$\int u^{\frac{7}{3}} + 49 u^{\frac{1}{3}} - 14 u^{\frac{4}{3}} + u^{\frac{4}{3}} - 7 u^{\frac{1}{3}} d u$

Step 3.38

Reorder $u^{\frac{7}{3}}$ and $49 u^{\frac{1}{3}}$ .

$\int 49 u^{\frac{1}{3}} + u^{\frac{7}{3}} - 14 u^{\frac{4}{3}} + u^{\frac{4}{3}} - 7 u^{\frac{1}{3}} d u$

Step 3.39

Move $- 14 u^{\frac{4}{3}}$ .

$\int 49 u^{\frac{1}{3}} + u^{\frac{7}{3}} + u^{\frac{4}{3}} - 14 u^{\frac{4}{3}} - 7 u^{\frac{1}{3}} d u$

Step 3.40

Move $- 14 u^{\frac{4}{3}}$ .

$\int 49 u^{\frac{1}{3}} + u^{\frac{7}{3}} + u^{\frac{4}{3}} - 7 u^{\frac{1}{3}} - 14 u^{\frac{4}{3}} d u$

$\int 49 u^{\frac{1}{3}} + u^{\frac{7}{3}} + u^{\frac{4}{3}} - 7 u^{\frac{1}{3}} - 14 u^{\frac{4}{3}} d u$

Step 4

Simplify.

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Step 4.1

Subtract $7 u^{\frac{1}{3}}$ from $49 u^{\frac{1}{3}}$ .

$\int 42 u^{\frac{1}{3}} + u^{\frac{7}{3}} + u^{\frac{4}{3}} - 14 u^{\frac{4}{3}} d u$

Step 4.2

Subtract $14 u^{\frac{4}{3}}$ from $u^{\frac{4}{3}}$ .

$\int 42 u^{\frac{1}{3}} + u^{\frac{7}{3}} - 13 u^{\frac{4}{3}} d u$

$\int 42 u^{\frac{1}{3}} + u^{\frac{7}{3}} - 13 u^{\frac{4}{3}} d u$

Step 5

Split the single integral into multiple integrals.

$\int 42 u^{\frac{1}{3}} d u + \int u^{\frac{7}{3}} d u + \int - 13 u^{\frac{4}{3}} d u$

Step 6

Since $42$ is constant with respect to $u$ , move $42$ out of the integral.

$42 \int u^{\frac{1}{3}} d u + \int u^{\frac{7}{3}} d u + \int - 13 u^{\frac{4}{3}} d u$

Step 7

By the Power Rule, the integral of $u^{\frac{1}{3}}$ with respect to $u$ is $\frac{3}{4} u^{\frac{4}{3}}$ .

$42 (\frac{3}{4} u^{\frac{4}{3}} + C) + \int u^{\frac{7}{3}} d u + \int - 13 u^{\frac{4}{3}} d u$

Step 8

By the Power Rule, the integral of $u^{\frac{7}{3}}$ with respect to $u$ is $\frac{3}{10} u^{\frac{10}{3}}$ .

$42 (\frac{3}{4} u^{\frac{4}{3}} + C) + \frac{3}{10} u^{\frac{10}{3}} + C + \int - 13 u^{\frac{4}{3}} d u$

Step 9

Combine $\frac{3}{4}$ and $u^{\frac{4}{3}}$ .

$42 (\frac{3 u^{\frac{4}{3}}}{4} + C) + \frac{3}{10} u^{\frac{10}{3}} + C + \int - 13 u^{\frac{4}{3}} d u$

Step 10

Since $- 13$ is constant with respect to $u$ , move $- 13$ out of the integral.

$42 (\frac{3 u^{\frac{4}{3}}}{4} + C) + \frac{3}{10} u^{\frac{10}{3}} + C - 13 \int u^{\frac{4}{3}} d u$

Step 11

By the Power Rule, the integral of $u^{\frac{4}{3}}$ with respect to $u$ is $\frac{3}{7} u^{\frac{7}{3}}$ .

$42 (\frac{3 u^{\frac{4}{3}}}{4} + C) + \frac{3}{10} u^{\frac{10}{3}} + C - 13 (\frac{3}{7} u^{\frac{7}{3}} + C)$

Step 12

Simplify.

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Step 12.1

Combine $\frac{3}{7}$ and $u^{\frac{7}{3}}$ .

$42 (\frac{3 u^{\frac{4}{3}}}{4} + C) + \frac{3}{10} u^{\frac{10}{3}} + C - 13 (\frac{3 u^{\frac{7}{3}}}{7} + C)$

Step 12.2

Simplify.

$\frac{63 u^{\frac{4}{3}}}{2} + \frac{3 u^{\frac{10}{3}}}{10} - 13 \frac{3 u^{\frac{7}{3}}}{7} + C$

$\frac{63 u^{\frac{4}{3}}}{2} + \frac{3 u^{\frac{10}{3}}}{10} - 13 \frac{3 u^{\frac{7}{3}}}{7} + C$

Step 13

Reorder terms.

$\frac{63}{2} u^{\frac{4}{3}} + \frac{3}{10} u^{\frac{10}{3}} - 13 (\frac{3}{7}) u^{\frac{7}{3}} + C$

Step 14

Simplify.

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Step 14.1

Combine $- 13$ and $\frac{3}{7}$ .

$\frac{63}{2} u^{\frac{4}{3}} + \frac{3}{10} u^{\frac{10}{3}} + \frac{- 13 \cdot 3}{7} u^{\frac{7}{3}} + C$

Step 14.2

Multiply $- 13$ by $3$ .

$\frac{63}{2} u^{\frac{4}{3}} + \frac{3}{10} u^{\frac{10}{3}} + \frac{- 39}{7} u^{\frac{7}{3}} + C$

Step 14.3

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$\frac{63}{2} u^{\frac{4}{3}} + \frac{3}{10} u^{\frac{10}{3}} - \frac{39}{7} u^{\frac{7}{3}} + C$

$\frac{63}{2} u^{\frac{4}{3}} + \frac{3}{10} u^{\frac{10}{3}} - \frac{39}{7} u^{\frac{7}{3}} + C$

Step 15

Replace all occurrences of $u$ with $x + 7$ .

$\frac{63}{2} {(x + 7)}^{\frac{4}{3}} + \frac{3}{10} {(x + 7)}^{\frac{10}{3}} - \frac{39}{7} {(x + 7)}^{\frac{7}{3}} + C$

$[\begin{array}{c} x^{2} & \frac{1}{2} \\ \sqrt{π} & \int x d x \end{array}]$