Calculus Examples

$f (x) = 9 x^{\frac{4}{5}} + x - \frac{2}{x^{3}} - \sqrt{x}$

Step 1

The function $F (x)$ can be found by finding the indefinite integral of the derivative $f (x)$ .

$F (x) = \int f (x) d x$

Step 2

Set up the integral to solve.

$F (x) = \int 9 x^{\frac{4}{5}} + x - \frac{2}{x^{3}} - \sqrt{x} d x$

Step 3

Split the single integral into multiple integrals.

$\int 9 x^{\frac{4}{5}} d x + \int x d x + \int - \frac{2}{x^{3}} d x + \int - \sqrt{x} d x$

Step 4

Since $9$ is constant with respect to $x$ , move $9$ out of the integral.

$9 \int x^{\frac{4}{5}} d x + \int x d x + \int - \frac{2}{x^{3}} d x + \int - \sqrt{x} d x$

Step 5

By the Power Rule, the integral of $x^{\frac{4}{5}}$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{5}{9} x^{\frac{9}{5}}$ .

$9 (\frac{5}{9} x^{\frac{9}{5}} + C) + \int x d x + \int - \frac{2}{x^{3}} d x + \int - \sqrt{x} d x$

Step 6

By the Power Rule, the integral of $x$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{1}{2} x^{2}$ .

$9 (\frac{5}{9} x^{\frac{9}{5}} + C) + \frac{1}{2} x^{2} + C + \int - \frac{2}{x^{3}} d x + \int - \sqrt{x} d x$

Step 7

Combine $\frac{5}{9}$ and $x^{\frac{9}{5}}$ .

$9 (\frac{5 x^{\frac{9}{5}}}{9} + C) + \frac{1}{2} x^{2} + C + \int - \frac{2}{x^{3}} d x + \int - \sqrt{x} d x$

Step 8

Since $- 1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , move $- 1$ out of the integral.

$9 (\frac{5 x^{\frac{9}{5}}}{9} + C) + \frac{1}{2} x^{2} + C - \int \frac{2}{x^{3}} d x + \int - \sqrt{x} d x$

Step 9

Since $2$ is constant with respect to $x$ , move $2$ out of the integral.

$9 (\frac{5 x^{\frac{9}{5}}}{9} + C) + \frac{1}{2} x^{2} + C - (2 \int \frac{1}{x^{3}} d x) + \int - \sqrt{x} d x$

Step 10

Simplify the expression.

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Step 10.1

Multiply $2$ by $- 1$ .

$9 (\frac{5 x^{\frac{9}{5}}}{9} + C) + \frac{1}{2} x^{2} + C - 2 \int \frac{1}{x^{3}} d x + \int - \sqrt{x} d x$

Step 10.2

Move $x^{3}$ out of the denominator by raising it to the $- 1$ power.

$9 (\frac{5 x^{\frac{9}{5}}}{9} + C) + \frac{1}{2} x^{2} + C - 2 \int {(x^{3})}^{- 1} d x + \int - \sqrt{x} d x$

Step 10.3

Multiply the exponents in ${(x^{3})}^{- 1}$ .

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Step 10.3.1

Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, ${(a^{m})}^{n} = a^{m n}$ .

$9 (\frac{5 x^{\frac{9}{5}}}{9} + C) + \frac{1}{2} x^{2} + C - 2 \int x^{3 \cdot - 1} d x + \int - \sqrt{x} d x$

Step 10.3.2

Multiply $3$ by $- 1$ .

$9 (\frac{5 x^{\frac{9}{5}}}{9} + C) + \frac{1}{2} x^{2} + C - 2 \int x^{- 3} d x + \int - \sqrt{x} d x$

Step 11

By the Power Rule, the integral of $x^{- 3}$ with respect to $x$ is $- \frac{1}{2} x^{- 2}$ .

$9 (\frac{5 x^{\frac{9}{5}}}{9} + C) + \frac{1}{2} x^{2} + C - 2 (- \frac{1}{2} x^{- 2} + C) + \int - \sqrt{x} d x$

Step 12

Simplify.

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Step 12.1

Combine $x^{- 2}$ and $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$9 (\frac{5 x^{\frac{9}{5}}}{9} + C) + \frac{1}{2} x^{2} + C - 2 (- \frac{x^{- 2}}{2} + C) + \int - \sqrt{x} d x$

Step 12.2

Move $x^{- 2}$ to the denominator using the negative exponent rule $b^{- n} = \frac{1}{b^{n}}$ .

$9 (\frac{5 x^{\frac{9}{5}}}{9} + C) + \frac{1}{2} x^{2} + C - 2 (- \frac{1}{2 x^{2}} + C) + \int - \sqrt{x} d x$

Step 13

Since $- 1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , move $- 1$ out of the integral.

$9 (\frac{5 x^{\frac{9}{5}}}{9} + C) + \frac{1}{2} x^{2} + C - 2 (- \frac{1}{2 x^{2}} + C) - \int \sqrt{x} d x$

Step 14

Use $\sqrt[n]{a^{x}} = a^{\frac{x}{n}}$ to rewrite $\sqrt{x}$ as $x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$9 (\frac{5 x^{\frac{9}{5}}}{9} + C) + \frac{1}{2} x^{2} + C - 2 (- \frac{1}{2 x^{2}} + C) - \int x^{\frac{1}{2}} d x$

Step 15

By the Power Rule, the integral of $x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{2}{3} x^{\frac{3}{2}}$ .

$9 (\frac{5 x^{\frac{9}{5}}}{9} + C) + \frac{1}{2} x^{2} + C - 2 (- \frac{1}{2 x^{2}} + C) - (\frac{2}{3} x^{\frac{3}{2}} + C)$

Step 16

Simplify.

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Step 16.1

Combine $\frac{2}{3}$ and $x^{\frac{3}{2}}$ .

$9 (\frac{5 x^{\frac{9}{5}}}{9} + C) + \frac{1}{2} x^{2} + C - 2 (- \frac{1}{2 x^{2}} + C) - (\frac{2 x^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3} + C)$

Step 16.2

Simplify.

$5 x^{\frac{9}{5}} + \frac{x^{2}}{2} + \frac{1}{x^{2}} - \frac{2 x^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3} + C$

Step 17

Reorder terms.

$5 x^{\frac{9}{5}} + \frac{1}{2} x^{2} + \frac{1}{x^{2}} - \frac{2}{3} x^{\frac{3}{2}} + C$

Step 18

The answer is the antiderivative of the function $f (x) = 9 x^{\frac{4}{5}} + x - \frac{2}{x^{3}} - \sqrt{x}$ .

$F (x) =$ $5 x^{\frac{9}{5}} + \frac{1}{2} x^{2} + \frac{1}{x^{2}} - \frac{2}{3} x^{\frac{3}{2}} + C$