Calculus Examples

$\frac{9 x}{\sqrt{3 x^{3} - 9}}$

Step 1

Differentiate using the Constant Multiple Rule.

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Step 1.1

Use $\sqrt[n]{a^{x}} = a^{\frac{x}{n}}$ to rewrite $\sqrt{3 x^{3} - 9}$ as ${(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [\frac{9 x}{{(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}]$

Step 1.2

Since $9$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $\frac{9 x}{{(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ with respect to $x$ is $9 \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{x}{{(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}]$ .

$9 \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{x}{{(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}]$

Step 2

Differentiate using the Quotient Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [\frac{f (x)}{g (x)}]$ is $\frac{g (x) \frac{d}{d x} [f (x)] - f (x) \frac{d}{d x} [g (x)]}{{g (x)}^{2}}$ where $f (x) = x$ and $g (x) = {(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$9 \frac{{(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x] - x \frac{d}{d x} [{(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}}]}{{({(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}}$

Step 3

Multiply the exponents in ${({(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}$ .

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Step 3.1

Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, ${(a^{m})}^{n} = a^{m n}$ .

$9 \frac{{(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x] - x \frac{d}{d x} [{(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}}]}{{(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2} \cdot 2}}$

Step 3.2

Cancel the common factor of $2$ .

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Step 3.2.1

Cancel the common factor.

$9 \frac{{(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x] - x \frac{d}{d x} [{(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}}]}{{(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2} \cdot 2}}$

Step 3.2.2

Rewrite the expression.

$9 \frac{{(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x] - x \frac{d}{d x} [{(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}}]}{{(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{1}}$

Step 4

Simplify.

$9 \frac{{(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x] - x \frac{d}{d x} [{(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}}]}{3 x^{3} - 9}$

Step 5

Differentiate using the Power Rule.

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Step 5.1

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$9 \frac{{(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot 1 - x \frac{d}{d x} [{(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}}]}{3 x^{3} - 9}$

Step 5.2

Multiply ${(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ by $1$ .

$9 \frac{{(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}} - x \frac{d}{d x} [{(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}}]}{3 x^{3} - 9}$

Step 6

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ and $g (x) = 3 x^{3} - 9$ .

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Step 6.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u$ as $3 x^{3} - 9$ .

$9 \frac{{(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}} - x (\frac{d}{d u} [u^{\frac{1}{2}}] \frac{d}{d x} [3 x^{3} - 9])}{3 x^{3} - 9}$

Step 6.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u} [u^{n}]$ is $n u^{n - 1}$ where $n = \frac{1}{2}$ .

$9 \frac{{(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}} - x (\frac{1}{2} u^{\frac{1}{2} - 1} \frac{d}{d x} [3 x^{3} - 9])}{3 x^{3} - 9}$

Step 6.3

Replace all occurrences of $u$ with $3 x^{3} - 9$ .

$9 \frac{{(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}} - x (\frac{1}{2} {(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1} \frac{d}{d x} [3 x^{3} - 9])}{3 x^{3} - 9}$

Step 7

To write $- 1$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$9 \frac{{(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}} - x (\frac{1}{2} {(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot \frac{2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [3 x^{3} - 9])}{3 x^{3} - 9}$

Step 8

Combine $- 1$ and $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$9 \frac{{(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}} - x (\frac{1}{2} {(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{- 1 \cdot 2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [3 x^{3} - 9])}{3 x^{3} - 9}$

Step 9

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$9 \frac{{(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}} - x (\frac{1}{2} {(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1 - 1 \cdot 2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [3 x^{3} - 9])}{3 x^{3} - 9}$

Step 10

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 10.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $2$ .

$9 \frac{{(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}} - x (\frac{1}{2} {(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1 - 2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [3 x^{3} - 9])}{3 x^{3} - 9}$

Step 10.2

Subtract $2$ from $1$ .

$9 \frac{{(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}} - x (\frac{1}{2} {(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{- 1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [3 x^{3} - 9])}{3 x^{3} - 9}$

Step 11

Combine fractions.

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Step 11.1

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$9 \frac{{(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}} - x (\frac{1}{2} {(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{- \frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [3 x^{3} - 9])}{3 x^{3} - 9}$

Step 11.2

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and ${(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ .

$9 \frac{{(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}} - x (\frac{{(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{- \frac{1}{2}}}{2} \frac{d}{d x} [3 x^{3} - 9])}{3 x^{3} - 9}$

Step 11.3

Move ${(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ to the denominator using the negative exponent rule $b^{- n} = \frac{1}{b^{n}}$ .

$9 \frac{{(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}} - x (\frac{1}{2 {(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d x} [3 x^{3} - 9])}{3 x^{3} - 9}$

Step 11.4

Combine $\frac{1}{2 {(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ and $x$ .

$9 \frac{{(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}} - \frac{x}{2 {(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d x} [3 x^{3} - 9]}{3 x^{3} - 9}$

Step 12

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $3 x^{3} - 9$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [3 x^{3}] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 9]$ .

$9 \frac{{(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}} - \frac{x}{2 {(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{d}{d x} [3 x^{3}] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 9])}{3 x^{3} - 9}$

Step 13

Since $3$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $3 x^{3}$ with respect to $x$ is $3 \frac{d}{d x} [x^{3}]$ .

$9 \frac{{(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}} - \frac{x}{2 {(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (3 \frac{d}{d x} [x^{3}] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 9])}{3 x^{3} - 9}$

Step 14

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 3$ .

$9 \frac{{(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}} - \frac{x}{2 {(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (3 (3 x^{2}) + \frac{d}{d x} [- 9])}{3 x^{3} - 9}$

Step 15

Multiply $3$ by $3$ .

$9 \frac{{(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}} - \frac{x}{2 {(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (9 x^{2} + \frac{d}{d x} [- 9])}{3 x^{3} - 9}$

Step 16

Since $- 9$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- 9$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$9 \frac{{(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}} - \frac{x}{2 {(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (9 x^{2} + 0)}{3 x^{3} - 9}$

Step 17

Combine fractions.

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Step 17.1

Add $9 x^{2}$ and $0$ .

$9 \frac{{(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}} - \frac{x}{2 {(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (9 x^{2})}{3 x^{3} - 9}$

Step 17.2

Multiply $9$ by $- 1$ .

$9 \frac{{(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}} - 9 \frac{x}{2 {(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} x^{2}}{3 x^{3} - 9}$

Step 17.3

Combine $- 9$ and $\frac{x}{2 {(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ .

$9 \frac{{(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}} + \frac{- 9 x}{2 {(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} x^{2}}{3 x^{3} - 9}$

Step 17.4

Combine $\frac{- 9 x}{2 {(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ and $x^{2}$ .

$9 \frac{{(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}} + \frac{- 9 x \cdot x^{2}}{2 {(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{3 x^{3} - 9}$

Step 18

Multiply $x$ by $x^{2}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 18.1

Move $x^{2}$ .

$9 \frac{{(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}} + \frac{- 9 (x^{2} x)}{2 {(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{3 x^{3} - 9}$

Step 18.2

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $x$ .

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Step 18.2.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$9 \frac{{(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}} + \frac{- 9 (x^{2} x^{1})}{2 {(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{3 x^{3} - 9}$

Step 18.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$9 \frac{{(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}} + \frac{- 9 x^{2 + 1}}{2 {(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{3 x^{3} - 9}$

Step 18.3

Add $2$ and $1$ .

$9 \frac{{(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}} + \frac{- 9 x^{3}}{2 {(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{3 x^{3} - 9}$

Step 19

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$9 \frac{{(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}} - \frac{9 x^{3}}{2 {(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{3 x^{3} - 9}$

Step 20

To write ${(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{2 {(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{2 {(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ .

$9 \frac{{(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot \frac{2 {(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{2 {(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} - \frac{9 x^{3}}{2 {(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{3 x^{3} - 9}$

Step 21

Combine ${(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ and $\frac{2 {(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{2 {(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ .

$9 \frac{\frac{{(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (2 {(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}})}{2 {(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} - \frac{9 x^{3}}{2 {(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{3 x^{3} - 9}$

Step 22

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$9 \frac{\frac{{(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (2 {(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}}) - 9 x^{3}}{2 {(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{3 x^{3} - 9}$

Step 23

Multiply ${(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ by ${(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 23.1

Move ${(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$9 \frac{\frac{{(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot 2 - 9 x^{3}}{2 {(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{3 x^{3} - 9}$

Step 23.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$9 \frac{\frac{{(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2}} \cdot 2 - 9 x^{3}}{2 {(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{3 x^{3} - 9}$

Step 23.3

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$9 \frac{\frac{{(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1 + 1}{2}} \cdot 2 - 9 x^{3}}{2 {(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{3 x^{3} - 9}$

Step 23.4

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$9 \frac{\frac{{(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{2}{2}} \cdot 2 - 9 x^{3}}{2 {(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{3 x^{3} - 9}$

Step 23.5

Divide $2$ by $2$ .

$9 \frac{\frac{{(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{1} \cdot 2 - 9 x^{3}}{2 {(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{3 x^{3} - 9}$

Step 24

Simplify ${(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{1} \cdot 2$ .

$9 \frac{\frac{(3 x^{3} - 9) \cdot 2 - 9 x^{3}}{2 {(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{3 x^{3} - 9}$

Step 25

Move $2$ to the left of $3 x^{3} - 9$ .

$9 \frac{\frac{2 \cdot (3 x^{3} - 9) - 9 x^{3}}{2 {(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{3 x^{3} - 9}$

Step 26

Rewrite $\frac{\frac{2 (3 x^{3} - 9) - 9 x^{3}}{2 {(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{3 x^{3} - 9}$ as a product.

$9 (\frac{2 (3 x^{3} - 9) - 9 x^{3}}{2 {(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{1}{3 x^{3} - 9})$

Step 27

Multiply $\frac{2 (3 x^{3} - 9) - 9 x^{3}}{2 {(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ by $\frac{1}{3 x^{3} - 9}$ .

$9 \frac{2 (3 x^{3} - 9) - 9 x^{3}}{2 {(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (3 x^{3} - 9)}$

Step 28

Raise $3 x^{3} - 9$ to the power of $1$ .

$9 \frac{2 (3 x^{3} - 9) - 9 x^{3}}{2 ({(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{1} {(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{1}{2}})}$

Step 29

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$9 \frac{2 (3 x^{3} - 9) - 9 x^{3}}{2 {(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{1 + \frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 30

Simplify the expression.

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Step 30.1

Write $1$ as a fraction with a common denominator.

$9 \frac{2 (3 x^{3} - 9) - 9 x^{3}}{2 {(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{2}{2} + \frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 30.2

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$9 \frac{2 (3 x^{3} - 9) - 9 x^{3}}{2 {(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{2 + 1}{2}}}$

Step 30.3

Add $2$ and $1$ .

$9 \frac{2 (3 x^{3} - 9) - 9 x^{3}}{2 {(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{3}{2}}}$

Step 31

Combine $9$ and $\frac{2 (3 x^{3} - 9) - 9 x^{3}}{2 {(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{3}{2}}}$ .

$\frac{9 (2 (3 x^{3} - 9) - 9 x^{3})}{2 {(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{3}{2}}}$

Step 32

Simplify.

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Step 32.1

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{9 (2 (3 x^{3}) + 2 \cdot - 9 - 9 x^{3})}{2 {(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{3}{2}}}$

Step 32.2

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{9 (2 (3 x^{3})) + 9 (2 \cdot - 9) + 9 (- 9 x^{3})}{2 {(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{3}{2}}}$

Step 32.3

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 32.3.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 32.3.1.1

Multiply $3$ by $2$ .

$\frac{9 (6 x^{3}) + 9 (2 \cdot - 9) + 9 (- 9 x^{3})}{2 {(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{3}{2}}}$

Step 32.3.1.2

Multiply $6$ by $9$ .

$\frac{54 x^{3} + 9 (2 \cdot - 9) + 9 (- 9 x^{3})}{2 {(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{3}{2}}}$

Step 32.3.1.3

Multiply $9 (2 \cdot - 9)$ .

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Step 32.3.1.3.1

Multiply $2$ by $- 9$ .

$\frac{54 x^{3} + 9 \cdot - 18 + 9 (- 9 x^{3})}{2 {(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{3}{2}}}$

Step 32.3.1.3.2

Multiply $9$ by $- 18$ .

$\frac{54 x^{3} - 162 + 9 (- 9 x^{3})}{2 {(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{3}{2}}}$

Step 32.3.1.4

Multiply $- 9$ by $9$ .

$\frac{54 x^{3} - 162 - 81 x^{3}}{2 {(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{3}{2}}}$

Step 32.3.2

Subtract $81 x^{3}$ from $54 x^{3}$ .

$\frac{- 27 x^{3} - 162}{2 {(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{3}{2}}}$

Step 32.4

Factor $27$ out of $- 27 x^{3} - 162$ .

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Step 32.4.1

Factor $27$ out of $- 27 x^{3}$ .

$\frac{27 (- x^{3}) - 162}{2 {(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{3}{2}}}$

Step 32.4.2

Factor $27$ out of $- 162$ .

$\frac{27 (- x^{3}) + 27 (- 6)}{2 {(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{3}{2}}}$

Step 32.4.3

Factor $27$ out of $27 (- x^{3}) + 27 (- 6)$ .

$\frac{27 (- x^{3} - 6)}{2 {(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{3}{2}}}$

Step 32.5

Factor $- 1$ out of $- x^{3}$ .

$\frac{27 (- (x^{3}) - 6)}{2 {(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{3}{2}}}$

Step 32.6

Rewrite $- 6$ as $- 1 (6)$ .

$\frac{27 (- (x^{3}) - 1 (6))}{2 {(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{3}{2}}}$

Step 32.7

Factor $- 1$ out of $- (x^{3}) - 1 (6)$ .

$\frac{27 (- (x^{3} + 6))}{2 {(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{3}{2}}}$

Step 32.8

Rewrite $- (x^{3} + 6)$ as $- 1 (x^{3} + 6)$ .

$\frac{27 (- 1 (x^{3} + 6))}{2 {(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{3}{2}}}$

Step 32.9

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$- \frac{27 (x^{3} + 6)}{2 {(3 x^{3} - 9)}^{\frac{3}{2}}}$