Calculus Examples

$\int_{\frac{\sqrt{2}}{3}}^{\frac{2}{3}} \frac{1}{x^{5} \sqrt{9 x^{2} - 1}} d x$

Step 1

Let $x = \frac{1}{3} \sec (t)$ , where $- \frac{π}{2} \leq t \leq \frac{π}{2}$ . Then $d x = \frac{\sec (t) \tan (t)}{3} d t$ . Note that since $- \frac{π}{2} \leq t \leq \frac{π}{2}$ , $\frac{\sec (t) \tan (t)}{3}$ is positive.

$\int_{\frac{π}{4}}^{\frac{π}{3}} \frac{1}{{(\frac{1}{3} \sec (t))}^{5} \sqrt{9 {(\frac{1}{3} \sec (t))}^{2} - 1}} \cdot \frac{\sec (t) \tan (t)}{3} d t$

Step 2

Simplify terms.

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Step 2.1

Simplify $\sqrt{9 {(\frac{1}{3} \sec (t))}^{2} - 1}$ .

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Step 2.1.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 2.1.1.1

Combine $\frac{1}{3}$ and $\sec (t)$ .

$\int_{\frac{π}{4}}^{\frac{π}{3}} \frac{1}{{(\frac{1}{3} \sec (t))}^{5} \sqrt{9 {(\frac{\sec (t)}{3})}^{2} - 1}} \cdot \frac{\sec (t) \tan (t)}{3} d t$

Step 2.1.1.2

Apply the product rule to $\frac{\sec (t)}{3}$ .

$\int_{\frac{π}{4}}^{\frac{π}{3}} \frac{1}{{(\frac{1}{3} \sec (t))}^{5} \sqrt{9 \frac{\sec^{2} (t)}{3^{2}} - 1}} \cdot \frac{\sec (t) \tan (t)}{3} d t$

Step 2.1.1.3

Raise $3$ to the power of $2$ .

$\int_{\frac{π}{4}}^{\frac{π}{3}} \frac{1}{{(\frac{1}{3} \sec (t))}^{5} \sqrt{9 \frac{\sec^{2} (t)}{9} - 1}} \cdot \frac{\sec (t) \tan (t)}{3} d t$

Step 2.1.1.4

Cancel the common factor of $9$ .

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Step 2.1.1.4.1

Cancel the common factor.

$\int_{\frac{π}{4}}^{\frac{π}{3}} \frac{1}{{(\frac{1}{3} \sec (t))}^{5} \sqrt{9 \frac{\sec^{2} (t)}{9} - 1}} \cdot \frac{\sec (t) \tan (t)}{3} d t$

Step 2.1.1.4.2

Rewrite the expression.

$\int_{\frac{π}{4}}^{\frac{π}{3}} \frac{1}{{(\frac{1}{3} \sec (t))}^{5} \sqrt{\sec^{2} (t) - 1}} \cdot \frac{\sec (t) \tan (t)}{3} d t$

Step 2.1.2

Apply pythagorean identity.

$\int_{\frac{π}{4}}^{\frac{π}{3}} \frac{1}{{(\frac{1}{3} \sec (t))}^{5} \sqrt{\tan^{2} (t)}} \cdot \frac{\sec (t) \tan (t)}{3} d t$

Step 2.1.3

Pull terms out from under the radical, assuming positive real numbers.

$\int_{\frac{π}{4}}^{\frac{π}{3}} \frac{1}{{(\frac{1}{3} \sec (t))}^{5} \tan (t)} \cdot \frac{\sec (t) \tan (t)}{3} d t$

Step 2.2

Combine fractions.

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Step 2.2.1

Combine $\frac{1}{3}$ and $\sec (t)$ .

$\int_{\frac{π}{4}}^{\frac{π}{3}} \frac{1}{{(\frac{\sec (t)}{3})}^{5} \tan (t)} \cdot \frac{\sec (t) \tan (t)}{3} d t$

Step 2.2.2

Simplify the expression.

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Step 2.2.2.1

Apply the product rule to $\frac{\sec (t)}{3}$ .

$\int_{\frac{π}{4}}^{\frac{π}{3}} \frac{1}{\frac{\sec^{5} (t)}{3^{5}} \tan (t)} \cdot \frac{\sec (t) \tan (t)}{3} d t$

Step 2.2.2.2

Simplify.

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Step 2.2.2.2.1

Raise $3$ to the power of $5$ .

$\int_{\frac{π}{4}}^{\frac{π}{3}} \frac{1}{\frac{\sec^{5} (t)}{243} \tan (t)} \cdot \frac{\sec (t) \tan (t)}{3} d t$

Step 2.2.2.2.2

Combine $\frac{\sec^{5} (t)}{243}$ and $\tan (t)$ .

$\int_{\frac{π}{4}}^{\frac{π}{3}} \frac{1}{\frac{\sec^{5} (t) \tan (t)}{243}} \cdot \frac{\sec (t) \tan (t)}{3} d t$

Step 2.2.2.2.3

Multiply by the reciprocal of the fraction to divide by $\frac{\sec^{5} (t) \tan (t)}{243}$ .

$\int_{\frac{π}{4}}^{\frac{π}{3}} 1 \frac{243}{\sec^{5} (t) \tan (t)} \frac{\sec (t) \tan (t)}{3} d t$

Step 2.2.2.2.4

Multiply $\frac{243}{\sec^{5} (t) \tan (t)}$ by $1$ .

$\int_{\frac{π}{4}}^{\frac{π}{3}} \frac{243}{\sec^{5} (t) \tan (t)} \cdot \frac{\sec (t) \tan (t)}{3} d t$

Step 2.2.2.2.5

Multiply $\frac{243}{\sec^{5} (t) \tan (t)}$ by $\frac{\sec (t) \tan (t)}{3}$ .

$\int_{\frac{π}{4}}^{\frac{π}{3}} \frac{243 (\sec (t) \tan (t))}{\sec^{5} (t) \tan (t) \cdot 3} d t$

Step 2.2.2.2.6

Move $3$ to the left of $\sec^{5} (t) \tan (t)$ .

$\int_{\frac{π}{4}}^{\frac{π}{3}} \frac{243 \sec (t) \tan (t)}{3 \cdot (\sec^{5} (t) \tan (t))} d t$

Step 2.2.2.2.7

Cancel the common factor of $243$ and $3$ .

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Step 2.2.2.2.7.1

Factor $3$ out of $243 \sec (t) \tan (t)$ .

$\int_{\frac{π}{4}}^{\frac{π}{3}} \frac{3 (81 \sec (t) \tan (t))}{3 \sec^{5} (t) \tan (t)} d t$

Step 2.2.2.2.7.2

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 2.2.2.2.7.2.1

Factor $3$ out of $3 \sec^{5} (t) \tan (t)$ .

$\int_{\frac{π}{4}}^{\frac{π}{3}} \frac{3 (81 \sec (t) \tan (t))}{3 (\sec^{5} (t) \tan (t))} d t$

Step 2.2.2.2.7.2.2

Cancel the common factor.

$\int_{\frac{π}{4}}^{\frac{π}{3}} \frac{3 (81 \sec (t) \tan (t))}{3 (\sec^{5} (t) \tan (t))} d t$

Step 2.2.2.2.7.2.3

Rewrite the expression.

$\int_{\frac{π}{4}}^{\frac{π}{3}} \frac{81 \sec (t) \tan (t)}{\sec^{5} (t) \tan (t)} d t$

Step 2.2.2.2.8

Cancel the common factor of $\sec (t)$ and $\sec^{5} (t)$ .

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Step 2.2.2.2.8.1

Factor $\sec (t)$ out of $81 \sec (t) \tan (t)$ .

$\int_{\frac{π}{4}}^{\frac{π}{3}} \frac{\sec (t) (81 \tan (t))}{\sec^{5} (t) \tan (t)} d t$

Step 2.2.2.2.8.2

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 2.2.2.2.8.2.1

Factor $\sec (t)$ out of $\sec^{5} (t) \tan (t)$ .

$\int_{\frac{π}{4}}^{\frac{π}{3}} \frac{\sec (t) (81 \tan (t))}{\sec (t) (\sec^{4} (t) \tan (t))} d t$

Step 2.2.2.2.8.2.2

Cancel the common factor.

$\int_{\frac{π}{4}}^{\frac{π}{3}} \frac{\sec (t) (81 \tan (t))}{\sec (t) (\sec^{4} (t) \tan (t))} d t$

Step 2.2.2.2.8.2.3

Rewrite the expression.

$\int_{\frac{π}{4}}^{\frac{π}{3}} \frac{81 \tan (t)}{\sec^{4} (t) \tan (t)} d t$

Step 2.2.2.2.9

Cancel the common factor of $\tan (t)$ .

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Step 2.2.2.2.9.1

Cancel the common factor.

$\int_{\frac{π}{4}}^{\frac{π}{3}} \frac{81 \tan (t)}{\sec^{4} (t) \tan (t)} d t$

Step 2.2.2.2.9.2

Rewrite the expression.

$\int_{\frac{π}{4}}^{\frac{π}{3}} \frac{81}{\sec^{4} (t)} d t$

Step 3

Since $81$ is constant with respect to $t$ , move $81$ out of the integral.

$81 \int_{\frac{π}{4}}^{\frac{π}{3}} \frac{1}{\sec^{4} (t)} d t$

Step 4

Simplify the denominator.

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Step 4.1

Rewrite $\sec (t)$ in terms of sines and cosines.

$81 \int_{\frac{π}{4}}^{\frac{π}{3}} \frac{1}{{(\frac{1}{\cos (t)})}^{4}} d t$

Step 4.2

Apply the product rule to $\frac{1}{\cos (t)}$ .

$81 \int_{\frac{π}{4}}^{\frac{π}{3}} \frac{1}{\frac{1^{4}}{\cos^{4} (t)}} d t$

Step 4.3

One to any power is one.

$81 \int_{\frac{π}{4}}^{\frac{π}{3}} \frac{1}{\frac{1}{\cos^{4} (t)}} d t$

Step 5

Multiply the numerator by the reciprocal of the denominator.

$81 \int_{\frac{π}{4}}^{\frac{π}{3}} 1 \cos^{4} (t) d t$

Step 6

Simplify with factoring out.

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Step 6.1

Multiply $\cos^{4} (t)$ by $1$ .

$81 \int_{\frac{π}{4}}^{\frac{π}{3}} \cos^{4} (t) d t$

Step 6.2

Factor $2$ out of $4$ .

$81 \int_{\frac{π}{4}}^{\frac{π}{3}} {\cos (t)}^{2 (2)} d t$

Step 6.3

Rewrite ${\cos (t)}^{2 (2)}$ as exponentiation.

$81 \int_{\frac{π}{4}}^{\frac{π}{3}} {(\cos^{2} (t))}^{2} d t$

Step 7

Use the half-angle formula to rewrite $\cos^{2} (t)$ as $\frac{1 + \cos (2 t)}{2}$ .

$81 \int_{\frac{π}{4}}^{\frac{π}{3}} {(\frac{1 + \cos (2 t)}{2})}^{2} d t$

Step 8

Let $u_{1} = 2 t$ . Then $d u_{1} = 2 d t$ , so $\frac{1}{2} d u_{1} = d t$ . Rewrite using $u_{1}$ and $d$ $u_{1}$ .

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Step 8.1

Let $u_{1} = 2 t$ . Find $\frac{d u_{1}}{d t}$ .

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Step 8.1.1

Differentiate $2 t$ .

$\frac{d}{d t} [2 t]$

Step 8.1.2

Since $2$ is constant with respect to $t$ , the derivative of $2 t$ with respect to $t$ is $2 \frac{d}{d t} [t]$ .

$2 \frac{d}{d t} [t]$

Step 8.1.3

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d t} [t^{n}]$ is $n t^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$2 \cdot 1$

Step 8.1.4

Multiply $2$ by $1$ .

$2$

Step 8.2

Substitute the lower limit in for $t$ in $u_{1} = 2 t$ .

$u_{lower} = 2 \frac{π}{4}$

Step 8.3

Cancel the common factor of $2$ .

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Step 8.3.1

Factor $2$ out of $4$ .

$u_{lower} = 2 \frac{π}{2 (2)}$

Step 8.3.2

Cancel the common factor.

$u_{lower} = 2 \frac{π}{2 \cdot 2}$

Step 8.3.3

Rewrite the expression.

$u_{lower} = \frac{π}{2}$

Step 8.4

Substitute the upper limit in for $t$ in $u_{1} = 2 t$ .

$u_{upper} = 2 \frac{π}{3}$

Step 8.5

Combine $2$ and $\frac{π}{3}$ .

$u_{upper} = \frac{2 π}{3}$

Step 8.6

The values found for $u_{lower}$ and $u_{upper}$ will be used to evaluate the definite integral.

$u_{lower} = \frac{π}{2}$

$u_{upper} = \frac{2 π}{3}$

Step 8.7

Rewrite the problem using $u_{1}$ , $d u_{1}$ , and the new limits of integration.

$81 \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} {(\frac{1 + \cos (u_{1})}{2})}^{2} \frac{1}{2} d u_{1}$

Step 9

Since $\frac{1}{2}$ is constant with respect to $u_{1}$ , move $\frac{1}{2}$ out of the integral.

$81 (\frac{1}{2} \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} {(\frac{1 + \cos (u_{1})}{2})}^{2} d u_{1})$

Step 10

Simplify terms.

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Step 10.1

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and $81$ .

$\frac{81}{2} \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} {(\frac{1 + \cos (u_{1})}{2})}^{2} d u_{1}$

Step 10.2

Rewrite $\frac{1 + \cos (u_{1})}{2}$ as a product.

$\frac{81}{2} \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} {(\frac{1}{2} \cdot (1 + \cos (u_{1})))}^{2} d u_{1}$

Step 10.3

Expand ${(\frac{1}{2} \cdot (1 + \cos (u_{1})))}^{2}$ .

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Step 10.3.1

Rewrite the exponentiation as a product.

$\frac{81}{2} \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} \frac{1}{2} \cdot (1 + \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (1 + \cos (u_{1}))) d u_{1}$

Step 10.3.2

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{81}{2} \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (1 + \cos (u_{1}))) d u_{1}$

Step 10.3.3

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{81}{2} \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1})) d u_{1}$

Step 10.3.4

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{81}{2} \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1})) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1})) d u_{1}$

Step 10.3.5

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{81}{2} \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1})) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1})) d u_{1}$

Step 10.3.6

Apply the distributive property.

Step 10.3.7

Reorder $\frac{1}{2}$ and $1$ .

$\frac{81}{2} \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1})) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1})) d u_{1}$

Step 10.3.8

Reorder $\frac{1}{2}$ and $1$ .

$\frac{81}{2} \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} (1 \cdot \frac{1}{2}) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1})) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1})) d u_{1}$

Step 10.3.9

Move $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{81}{2} \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1})) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1})) d u_{1}$

Step 10.3.10

Reorder $\frac{1}{2}$ and $1$ .

$\frac{81}{2} \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1})) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1})) d u_{1}$

Step 10.3.11

Reorder $\frac{1}{2}$ and $1$ .

$\frac{81}{2} \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (1 \cdot \frac{1}{2}) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1})) d u_{1}$

Step 10.3.12

Move $\cos (u_{1})$ .

$\frac{81}{2} \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1})) d u_{1}$

Step 10.3.13

Reorder $\frac{1}{2}$ and $1$ .

$\frac{81}{2} \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1})) d u_{1}$

Step 10.3.14

Multiply $1$ by $1$ .

$\frac{81}{2} \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} 1 (\frac{1}{2}) \frac{1}{2} + 1 (\frac{1}{2}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 (\frac{1}{2}) \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 10.3.15

Multiply $\frac{1}{2}$ by $1$ .

$\frac{81}{2} \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 (\frac{1}{2}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 (\frac{1}{2}) \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 10.3.16

Multiply $\frac{1}{2}$ by $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{81}{2} \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} \frac{1}{2 \cdot 2} + 1 (\frac{1}{2}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 (\frac{1}{2}) \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 10.3.17

Multiply $2$ by $2$ .

$\frac{81}{2} \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} \frac{1}{4} + 1 (\frac{1}{2}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 (\frac{1}{2}) \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 10.3.18

Multiply $\frac{1}{2}$ by $1$ .

$\frac{81}{2} \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} \frac{1}{4} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 (\frac{1}{2}) \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 10.3.19

Multiply $\frac{1}{2}$ by $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{81}{2} \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} \frac{1}{4} + \frac{1}{2 \cdot 2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 (\frac{1}{2}) \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 10.3.20

Multiply $2$ by $2$ .

$\frac{81}{2} \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} \frac{1}{4} + \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 (\frac{1}{2}) \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 10.3.21

Combine $\frac{1}{4}$ and $\cos (u_{1})$ .

$\frac{81}{2} \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} \frac{1}{4} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4} + 1 (\frac{1}{2}) \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 10.3.22

Multiply $\frac{1}{2}$ by $1$ .

$\frac{81}{2} \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} \frac{1}{4} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4} + \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 10.3.23

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and $\cos (u_{1})$ .

$\frac{81}{2} \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} \frac{1}{4} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 10.3.24

Multiply $\frac{\cos (u_{1})}{2}$ by $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{81}{2} \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} \frac{1}{4} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{2 \cdot 2} + \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 10.3.25

Multiply $2$ by $2$ .

$\frac{81}{2} \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} \frac{1}{4} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4} + \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 10.3.26

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and $\cos (u_{1})$ .

$\frac{81}{2} \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} \frac{1}{4} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 10.3.27

Multiply $\frac{\cos (u_{1})}{2}$ by $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{81}{2} \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} \frac{1}{4} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{2 \cdot 2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 10.3.28

Multiply $2$ by $2$ .

$\frac{81}{2} \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} \frac{1}{4} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 10.3.29

Combine $\frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4}$ and $\cos (u_{1})$ .

$\frac{81}{2} \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} \frac{1}{4} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4} + \frac{\cos (u_{1}) \cos (u_{1})}{4} d u_{1}$

Step 10.3.30

Raise $\cos (u_{1})$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{81}{2} \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} \frac{1}{4} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4} + \frac{\cos^{1} (u_{1}) \cos (u_{1})}{4} d u_{1}$

Step 10.3.31

Raise $\cos (u_{1})$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{81}{2} \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} \frac{1}{4} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4} + \frac{\cos^{1} (u_{1}) \cos^{1} (u_{1})}{4} d u_{1}$

Step 10.3.32

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{81}{2} \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} \frac{1}{4} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4} + \frac{{\cos (u_{1})}^{1 + 1}}{4} d u_{1}$

Step 10.3.33

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\frac{81}{2} \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} \frac{1}{4} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{4} d u_{1}$

Step 10.3.34

Add $\frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4}$ and $\frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4}$ .

$\frac{81}{2} \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} \frac{1}{4} + 2 \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{4} d u_{1}$

Step 10.3.35

Combine $2$ and $\frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4}$ .

$\frac{81}{2} \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} \frac{1}{4} + \frac{2 \cos (u_{1})}{4} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{4} d u_{1}$

Step 10.3.36

Reorder $\frac{2 \cos (u_{1})}{4}$ and $\frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{4}$ .

$\frac{81}{2} \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} \frac{1}{4} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{4} + \frac{2 \cos (u_{1})}{4} d u_{1}$

Step 10.3.37

Reorder $\frac{1}{4}$ and $\frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{4}$ .

$\frac{81}{2} \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{4} + \frac{1}{4} + \frac{2 \cos (u_{1})}{4} d u_{1}$

Step 10.4

Cancel the common factor of $2$ and $4$ .

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Step 10.4.1

Factor $2$ out of $2 \cos (u_{1})$ .

$\frac{81}{2} \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{4} + \frac{1}{4} + \frac{2 (\cos (u_{1}))}{4} d u_{1}$

Step 10.4.2

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 10.4.2.1

Factor $2$ out of $4$ .

$\frac{81}{2} \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{4} + \frac{1}{4} + \frac{2 \cos (u_{1})}{2 \cdot 2} d u_{1}$

Step 10.4.2.2

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{81}{2} \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{4} + \frac{1}{4} + \frac{2 \cos (u_{1})}{2 \cdot 2} d u_{1}$

Step 10.4.2.3

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{81}{2} \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{4} + \frac{1}{4} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{2} d u_{1}$

Step 11

Split the single integral into multiple integrals.

$\frac{81}{2} (\int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{4} d u_{1} + \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} \frac{1}{4} d u_{1} + \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{2} d u_{1})$

Step 12

Since $\frac{1}{4}$ is constant with respect to $u_{1}$ , move $\frac{1}{4}$ out of the integral.

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{1}{4} \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} \cos^{2} (u_{1}) d u_{1} + \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} \frac{1}{4} d u_{1} + \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{2} d u_{1})$

Step 13

Use the half-angle formula to rewrite $\cos^{2} (u_{1})$ as $\frac{1 + \cos (2 u_{1})}{2}$ .

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{1}{4} \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} \frac{1 + \cos (2 u_{1})}{2} d u_{1} + \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} \frac{1}{4} d u_{1} + \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{2} d u_{1})$

Step 14

Since $\frac{1}{2}$ is constant with respect to $u_{1}$ , move $\frac{1}{2}$ out of the integral.

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{1}{4} (\frac{1}{2} \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} 1 + \cos (2 u_{1}) d u_{1}) + \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} \frac{1}{4} d u_{1} + \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{2} d u_{1})$

Step 15

Simplify.

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Step 15.1

Multiply $\frac{1}{2}$ by $\frac{1}{4}$ .

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{1}{2 \cdot 4} \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} 1 + \cos (2 u_{1}) d u_{1} + \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} \frac{1}{4} d u_{1} + \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{2} d u_{1})$

Step 15.2

Multiply $2$ by $4$ .

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{1}{8} \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} 1 + \cos (2 u_{1}) d u_{1} + \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} \frac{1}{4} d u_{1} + \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{2} d u_{1})$

Step 16

Split the single integral into multiple integrals.

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{1}{8} (\int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} d u_{1} + \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} \cos (2 u_{1}) d u_{1}) + \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} \frac{1}{4} d u_{1} + \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{2} d u_{1})$

Step 17

Apply the constant rule.

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{1}{8} (u_{1}]_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} + \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} \cos (2 u_{1}) d u_{1}) + \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} \frac{1}{4} d u_{1} + \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{2} d u_{1})$

Step 18

Let $u_{2} = 2 u_{1}$ . Then $d u_{2} = 2 d u_{1}$ , so $\frac{1}{2} d u_{2} = d u_{1}$ . Rewrite using $u_{2}$ and $d$ $u_{2}$ .

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Step 18.1

Let $u_{2} = 2 u_{1}$ . Find $\frac{d u_{2}}{d u_{1}}$ .

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Step 18.1.1

Differentiate $2 u_{1}$ .

$\frac{d}{d u_{1}} [2 u_{1}]$

Step 18.1.2

Since $2$ is constant with respect to $u_{1}$ , the derivative of $2 u_{1}$ with respect to $u_{1}$ is $2 \frac{d}{d u_{1}} [u_{1}]$ .

$2 \frac{d}{d u_{1}} [u_{1}]$

Step 18.1.3

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u_{1}} [{u_{1}}^{n}]$ is $n {u_{1}}^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$2 \cdot 1$

Step 18.1.4

Multiply $2$ by $1$ .

$2$

Step 18.2

Substitute the lower limit in for $u_{1}$ in $u_{2} = 2 u_{1}$ .

$u_{lower} = 2 \frac{π}{2}$

Step 18.3

Cancel the common factor of $2$ .

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Step 18.3.1

Cancel the common factor.

$u_{lower} = 2 \frac{π}{2}$

Step 18.3.2

Rewrite the expression.

$u_{lower} = π$

Step 18.4

Substitute the upper limit in for $u_{1}$ in $u_{2} = 2 u_{1}$ .

$u_{upper} = 2 \frac{2 π}{3}$

Step 18.5

Multiply $2 \frac{2 π}{3}$ .

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Step 18.5.1

Combine $2$ and $\frac{2 π}{3}$ .

$u_{upper} = \frac{2 (2 π)}{3}$

Step 18.5.2

Multiply $2$ by $2$ .

$u_{upper} = \frac{4 π}{3}$

Step 18.6

The values found for $u_{lower}$ and $u_{upper}$ will be used to evaluate the definite integral.

$u_{lower} = π$

$u_{upper} = \frac{4 π}{3}$

Step 18.7

Rewrite the problem using $u_{2}$ , $d u_{2}$ , and the new limits of integration.

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{1}{8} (u_{1}]_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} + \int_{π}^{\frac{4 π}{3}} \cos (u_{2}) \frac{1}{2} d u_{2}) + \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} \frac{1}{4} d u_{1} + \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{2} d u_{1})$

Step 19

Combine $\cos (u_{2})$ and $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{1}{8} (u_{1}]_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} + \int_{π}^{\frac{4 π}{3}} \frac{\cos (u_{2})}{2} d u_{2}) + \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} \frac{1}{4} d u_{1} + \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{2} d u_{1})$

Step 20

Since $\frac{1}{2}$ is constant with respect to $u_{2}$ , move $\frac{1}{2}$ out of the integral.

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{1}{8} (u_{1}]_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} + \frac{1}{2} \int_{π}^{\frac{4 π}{3}} \cos (u_{2}) d u_{2}) + \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} \frac{1}{4} d u_{1} + \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{2} d u_{1})$

Step 21

The integral of $\cos (u_{2})$ with respect to $u_{2}$ is $\sin (u_{2})$ .

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{1}{8} (u_{1}]_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} + \frac{1}{2} \sin (u_{2})]_{π}^{\frac{4 π}{3}}) + \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} \frac{1}{4} d u_{1} + \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{2} d u_{1})$

Step 22

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and $\sin (u_{2})]_{π}^{\frac{4 π}{3}}$ .

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{1}{8} (u_{1}]_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} + \frac{\sin (u_{2})]_{π}^{\frac{4 π}{3}}}{2}) + \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} \frac{1}{4} d u_{1} + \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{2} d u_{1})$

Step 23

Apply the constant rule.

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{1}{8} (u_{1}]_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} + \frac{\sin (u_{2})]_{π}^{\frac{4 π}{3}}}{2}) + \frac{1}{4} u_{1}]_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} + \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{2} d u_{1})$

Step 24

Combine $\frac{1}{4}$ and $u_{1}$ .

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{1}{8} (u_{1}]_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} + \frac{\sin (u_{2})]_{π}^{\frac{4 π}{3}}}{2}) + \frac{u_{1}}{4}]_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} + \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{2} d u_{1})$

Step 25

Since $\frac{1}{2}$ is constant with respect to $u_{1}$ , move $\frac{1}{2}$ out of the integral.

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{1}{8} (u_{1}]_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} + \frac{\sin (u_{2})]_{π}^{\frac{4 π}{3}}}{2}) + \frac{u_{1}}{4}]_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} + \frac{1}{2} \int_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1})$

Step 26

The integral of $\cos (u_{1})$ with respect to $u_{1}$ is $\sin (u_{1})$ .

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{1}{8} (u_{1}]_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} + \frac{\sin (u_{2})]_{π}^{\frac{4 π}{3}}}{2}) + \frac{u_{1}}{4}]_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} + \frac{1}{2} \sin (u_{1})]_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}})$

Step 27

Simplify.

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Step 27.1

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and $\sin (u_{1})]_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}}$ .

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{1}{8} (u_{1}]_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} + \frac{\sin (u_{2})]_{π}^{\frac{4 π}{3}}}{2}) + \frac{u_{1}}{4}]_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} + \frac{\sin (u_{1})]_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}}}{2})$

Step 27.2

To write $\frac{1}{8} (u_{1}]_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} + \frac{\sin (u_{2})]_{π}^{\frac{4 π}{3}}}{2})$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{1}{8} (u_{1}]_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} + \frac{\sin (u_{2})]_{π}^{\frac{4 π}{3}}}{2}) \cdot \frac{2}{2} + \frac{\sin (u_{1})]_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}}}{2} + \frac{u_{1}}{4}]_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}})$

Step 27.3

Combine $\frac{1}{8} (u_{1}]_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} + \frac{\sin (u_{2})]_{π}^{\frac{4 π}{3}}}{2})$ and $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{\frac{1}{8} (u_{1}]_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} + \frac{\sin (u_{2})]_{π}^{\frac{4 π}{3}}}{2}) \cdot 2}{2} + \frac{\sin (u_{1})]_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}}}{2} + \frac{u_{1}}{4}]_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}})$

Step 27.4

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{\frac{1}{8} (u_{1}]_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} + \frac{\sin (u_{2})]_{π}^{\frac{4 π}{3}}}{2}) \cdot 2 + \sin (u_{1})]_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}}}{2} + \frac{u_{1}}{4}]_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}})$

Step 27.5

Combine $2$ and $\frac{1}{8}$ .

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{\frac{2}{8} (u_{1}]_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} + \frac{\sin (u_{2})]_{π}^{\frac{4 π}{3}}}{2}) + \sin (u_{1})]_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}}}{2} + \frac{u_{1}}{4}]_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}})$

Step 27.6

Cancel the common factor of $2$ and $8$ .

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Step 27.6.1

Factor $2$ out of $2$ .

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{\frac{2 (1)}{8} (u_{1}]_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} + \frac{\sin (u_{2})]_{π}^{\frac{4 π}{3}}}{2}) + \sin (u_{1})]_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}}}{2} + \frac{u_{1}}{4}]_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}})$

Step 27.6.2

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 27.6.2.1

Factor $2$ out of $8$ .

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{\frac{2 \cdot 1}{2 \cdot 4} (u_{1}]_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} + \frac{\sin (u_{2})]_{π}^{\frac{4 π}{3}}}{2}) + \sin (u_{1})]_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}}}{2} + \frac{u_{1}}{4}]_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}})$

Step 27.6.2.2

Cancel the common factor.

Step 27.6.2.3

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{\frac{1}{4} (u_{1}]_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}} + \frac{\sin (u_{2})]_{π}^{\frac{4 π}{3}}}{2}) + \sin (u_{1})]_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}}}{2} + \frac{u_{1}}{4}]_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}})$

Step 28

Substitute and simplify.

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Step 28.1

Evaluate $u_{1}$ at $\frac{2 π}{3}$ and at $\frac{π}{2}$ .

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{\frac{1}{4} ((\frac{2 π}{3}) - \frac{π}{2} + \frac{\sin (u_{2})]_{π}^{\frac{4 π}{3}}}{2}) + \sin (u_{1})]_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}}}{2} + \frac{u_{1}}{4}]_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}})$

Step 28.2

Evaluate $\sin (u_{2})$ at $\frac{4 π}{3}$ and at $π$ .

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{\frac{1}{4} ((\frac{2 π}{3}) - \frac{π}{2} + \frac{(\sin (\frac{4 π}{3})) - \sin (π)}{2}) + \sin (u_{1})]_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}}}{2} + \frac{u_{1}}{4}]_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}})$

Step 28.3

Evaluate $\sin (u_{1})$ at $\frac{2 π}{3}$ and at $\frac{π}{2}$ .

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{\frac{1}{4} ((\frac{2 π}{3}) - \frac{π}{2} + \frac{(\sin (\frac{4 π}{3})) - \sin (π)}{2}) + (\sin (\frac{2 π}{3})) - \sin (\frac{π}{2})}{2} + \frac{u_{1}}{4}]_{\frac{π}{2}}^{\frac{2 π}{3}})$

Step 28.4

Evaluate $\frac{u_{1}}{4}$ at $\frac{2 π}{3}$ and at $\frac{π}{2}$ .

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{\frac{1}{4} ((\frac{2 π}{3}) - \frac{π}{2} + \frac{(\sin (\frac{4 π}{3})) - \sin (π)}{2}) + (\sin (\frac{2 π}{3})) - \sin (\frac{π}{2})}{2} + (\frac{\frac{2 π}{3}}{4}) - \frac{\frac{π}{2}}{4})$

Step 28.5

Simplify.

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Step 28.5.1

To write $\frac{2 π}{3}$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{\frac{1}{4} (\frac{2 π}{3} \cdot \frac{2}{2} - \frac{π}{2} + \frac{(\sin (\frac{4 π}{3})) - \sin (π)}{2}) + (\sin (\frac{2 π}{3})) - \sin (\frac{π}{2})}{2} + (\frac{\frac{2 π}{3}}{4}) - \frac{\frac{π}{2}}{4})$

Step 28.5.2

To write $- \frac{π}{2}$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{3}{3}$ .

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{\frac{1}{4} (\frac{2 π}{3} \cdot \frac{2}{2} - \frac{π}{2} \cdot \frac{3}{3} + \frac{(\sin (\frac{4 π}{3})) - \sin (π)}{2}) + (\sin (\frac{2 π}{3})) - \sin (\frac{π}{2})}{2} + (\frac{\frac{2 π}{3}}{4}) - \frac{\frac{π}{2}}{4})$

Step 28.5.3

Write each expression with a common denominator of $6$ , by multiplying each by an appropriate factor of $1$ .

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Step 28.5.3.1

Multiply $\frac{2 π}{3}$ by $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{\frac{1}{4} (\frac{2 π \cdot 2}{3 \cdot 2} - \frac{π}{2} \cdot \frac{3}{3} + \frac{(\sin (\frac{4 π}{3})) - \sin (π)}{2}) + (\sin (\frac{2 π}{3})) - \sin (\frac{π}{2})}{2} + (\frac{\frac{2 π}{3}}{4}) - \frac{\frac{π}{2}}{4})$

Step 28.5.3.2

Multiply $3$ by $2$ .

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{\frac{1}{4} (\frac{2 π \cdot 2}{6} - \frac{π}{2} \cdot \frac{3}{3} + \frac{(\sin (\frac{4 π}{3})) - \sin (π)}{2}) + (\sin (\frac{2 π}{3})) - \sin (\frac{π}{2})}{2} + (\frac{\frac{2 π}{3}}{4}) - \frac{\frac{π}{2}}{4})$

Step 28.5.3.3

Multiply $\frac{π}{2}$ by $\frac{3}{3}$ .

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{\frac{1}{4} (\frac{2 π \cdot 2}{6} - \frac{π \cdot 3}{2 \cdot 3} + \frac{(\sin (\frac{4 π}{3})) - \sin (π)}{2}) + (\sin (\frac{2 π}{3})) - \sin (\frac{π}{2})}{2} + (\frac{\frac{2 π}{3}}{4}) - \frac{\frac{π}{2}}{4})$

Step 28.5.3.4

Multiply $2$ by $3$ .

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{\frac{1}{4} (\frac{2 π \cdot 2}{6} - \frac{π \cdot 3}{6} + \frac{(\sin (\frac{4 π}{3})) - \sin (π)}{2}) + (\sin (\frac{2 π}{3})) - \sin (\frac{π}{2})}{2} + (\frac{\frac{2 π}{3}}{4}) - \frac{\frac{π}{2}}{4})$

Step 28.5.4

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{\frac{1}{4} (\frac{2 π \cdot 2 - π \cdot 3}{6} + \frac{(\sin (\frac{4 π}{3})) - \sin (π)}{2}) + (\sin (\frac{2 π}{3})) - \sin (\frac{π}{2})}{2} + (\frac{\frac{2 π}{3}}{4}) - \frac{\frac{π}{2}}{4})$

Step 28.5.5

Multiply $2$ by $2$ .

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{\frac{1}{4} (\frac{4 π - π \cdot 3}{6} + \frac{(\sin (\frac{4 π}{3})) - \sin (π)}{2}) + (\sin (\frac{2 π}{3})) - \sin (\frac{π}{2})}{2} + (\frac{\frac{2 π}{3}}{4}) - \frac{\frac{π}{2}}{4})$

Step 28.5.6

Multiply $3$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{\frac{1}{4} (\frac{4 π - 3 π}{6} + \frac{(\sin (\frac{4 π}{3})) - \sin (π)}{2}) + (\sin (\frac{2 π}{3})) - \sin (\frac{π}{2})}{2} + (\frac{\frac{2 π}{3}}{4}) - \frac{\frac{π}{2}}{4})$

Step 28.5.7

Subtract $3 π$ from $4 π$ .

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{\frac{1}{4} (\frac{π}{6} + \frac{(\sin (\frac{4 π}{3})) - \sin (π)}{2}) + (\sin (\frac{2 π}{3})) - \sin (\frac{π}{2})}{2} + (\frac{\frac{2 π}{3}}{4}) - \frac{\frac{π}{2}}{4})$

Step 28.5.8

Rewrite $\frac{\frac{2 π}{3}}{4}$ as a product.

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{\frac{1}{4} (\frac{π}{6} + \frac{\sin (\frac{4 π}{3}) - \sin (π)}{2}) + \sin (\frac{2 π}{3}) - \sin (\frac{π}{2})}{2} + \frac{2 π}{3} \cdot \frac{1}{4} - \frac{\frac{π}{2}}{4})$

Step 28.5.9

Multiply $\frac{2 π}{3}$ by $\frac{1}{4}$ .

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{\frac{1}{4} (\frac{π}{6} + \frac{\sin (\frac{4 π}{3}) - \sin (π)}{2}) + \sin (\frac{2 π}{3}) - \sin (\frac{π}{2})}{2} + \frac{2 π}{3 \cdot 4} - \frac{\frac{π}{2}}{4})$

Step 28.5.10

Multiply $3$ by $4$ .

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{\frac{1}{4} (\frac{π}{6} + \frac{\sin (\frac{4 π}{3}) - \sin (π)}{2}) + \sin (\frac{2 π}{3}) - \sin (\frac{π}{2})}{2} + \frac{2 π}{12} - \frac{\frac{π}{2}}{4})$

Step 28.5.11

Cancel the common factor of $2$ and $12$ .

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Step 28.5.11.1

Factor $2$ out of $2 π$ .

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{\frac{1}{4} (\frac{π}{6} + \frac{\sin (\frac{4 π}{3}) - \sin (π)}{2}) + \sin (\frac{2 π}{3}) - \sin (\frac{π}{2})}{2} + \frac{2 (π)}{12} - \frac{\frac{π}{2}}{4})$

Step 28.5.11.2

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 28.5.11.2.1

Factor $2$ out of $12$ .

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{\frac{1}{4} (\frac{π}{6} + \frac{\sin (\frac{4 π}{3}) - \sin (π)}{2}) + \sin (\frac{2 π}{3}) - \sin (\frac{π}{2})}{2} + \frac{2 π}{2 \cdot 6} - \frac{\frac{π}{2}}{4})$

Step 28.5.11.2.2

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{\frac{1}{4} (\frac{π}{6} + \frac{\sin (\frac{4 π}{3}) - \sin (π)}{2}) + \sin (\frac{2 π}{3}) - \sin (\frac{π}{2})}{2} + \frac{2 π}{2 \cdot 6} - \frac{\frac{π}{2}}{4})$

Step 28.5.11.2.3

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{\frac{1}{4} (\frac{π}{6} + \frac{\sin (\frac{4 π}{3}) - \sin (π)}{2}) + \sin (\frac{2 π}{3}) - \sin (\frac{π}{2})}{2} + \frac{π}{6} - \frac{\frac{π}{2}}{4})$

Step 28.5.12

Rewrite $\frac{\frac{π}{2}}{4}$ as a product.

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{\frac{1}{4} (\frac{π}{6} + \frac{\sin (\frac{4 π}{3}) - \sin (π)}{2}) + \sin (\frac{2 π}{3}) - \sin (\frac{π}{2})}{2} + \frac{π}{6} - (\frac{π}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{4}))$

Step 28.5.13

Multiply $\frac{π}{2}$ by $\frac{1}{4}$ .

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{\frac{1}{4} (\frac{π}{6} + \frac{\sin (\frac{4 π}{3}) - \sin (π)}{2}) + \sin (\frac{2 π}{3}) - \sin (\frac{π}{2})}{2} + \frac{π}{6} - \frac{π}{2 \cdot 4})$

Step 28.5.14

Multiply $2$ by $4$ .

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{\frac{1}{4} (\frac{π}{6} + \frac{\sin (\frac{4 π}{3}) - \sin (π)}{2}) + \sin (\frac{2 π}{3}) - \sin (\frac{π}{2})}{2} + \frac{π}{6} - \frac{π}{8})$

Step 28.5.15

To write $\frac{π}{6}$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{4}{4}$ .

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{\frac{1}{4} (\frac{π}{6} + \frac{\sin (\frac{4 π}{3}) - \sin (π)}{2}) + \sin (\frac{2 π}{3}) - \sin (\frac{π}{2})}{2} + \frac{π}{6} \cdot \frac{4}{4} - \frac{π}{8})$

Step 28.5.16

To write $- \frac{π}{8}$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{3}{3}$ .

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{\frac{1}{4} (\frac{π}{6} + \frac{\sin (\frac{4 π}{3}) - \sin (π)}{2}) + \sin (\frac{2 π}{3}) - \sin (\frac{π}{2})}{2} + \frac{π}{6} \cdot \frac{4}{4} - \frac{π}{8} \cdot \frac{3}{3})$

Step 28.5.17

Write each expression with a common denominator of $24$ , by multiplying each by an appropriate factor of $1$ .

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Step 28.5.17.1

Multiply $\frac{π}{6}$ by $\frac{4}{4}$ .

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{\frac{1}{4} (\frac{π}{6} + \frac{\sin (\frac{4 π}{3}) - \sin (π)}{2}) + \sin (\frac{2 π}{3}) - \sin (\frac{π}{2})}{2} + \frac{π \cdot 4}{6 \cdot 4} - \frac{π}{8} \cdot \frac{3}{3})$

Step 28.5.17.2

Multiply $6$ by $4$ .

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{\frac{1}{4} (\frac{π}{6} + \frac{\sin (\frac{4 π}{3}) - \sin (π)}{2}) + \sin (\frac{2 π}{3}) - \sin (\frac{π}{2})}{2} + \frac{π \cdot 4}{24} - \frac{π}{8} \cdot \frac{3}{3})$

Step 28.5.17.3

Multiply $\frac{π}{8}$ by $\frac{3}{3}$ .

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{\frac{1}{4} (\frac{π}{6} + \frac{\sin (\frac{4 π}{3}) - \sin (π)}{2}) + \sin (\frac{2 π}{3}) - \sin (\frac{π}{2})}{2} + \frac{π \cdot 4}{24} - \frac{π \cdot 3}{8 \cdot 3})$

Step 28.5.17.4

Multiply $8$ by $3$ .

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{\frac{1}{4} (\frac{π}{6} + \frac{\sin (\frac{4 π}{3}) - \sin (π)}{2}) + \sin (\frac{2 π}{3}) - \sin (\frac{π}{2})}{2} + \frac{π \cdot 4}{24} - \frac{π \cdot 3}{24})$

Step 28.5.18

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{\frac{1}{4} (\frac{π}{6} + \frac{\sin (\frac{4 π}{3}) - \sin (π)}{2}) + \sin (\frac{2 π}{3}) - \sin (\frac{π}{2})}{2} + \frac{π \cdot 4 - π \cdot 3}{24})$

Step 28.5.19

Move $4$ to the left of $π$ .

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{\frac{1}{4} (\frac{π}{6} + \frac{\sin (\frac{4 π}{3}) - \sin (π)}{2}) + \sin (\frac{2 π}{3}) - \sin (\frac{π}{2})}{2} + \frac{4 \cdot π - π \cdot 3}{24})$

Step 28.5.20

Multiply $3$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{\frac{1}{4} (\frac{π}{6} + \frac{\sin (\frac{4 π}{3}) - \sin (π)}{2}) + \sin (\frac{2 π}{3}) - \sin (\frac{π}{2})}{2} + \frac{4 π - 3 π}{24})$

Step 28.5.21

Subtract $3 π$ from $4 π$ .

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{\frac{1}{4} (\frac{π}{6} + \frac{\sin (\frac{4 π}{3}) - \sin (π)}{2}) + \sin (\frac{2 π}{3}) - \sin (\frac{π}{2})}{2} + \frac{π}{24})$

Step 29

Simplify.

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Step 29.1

The exact value of $\sin (\frac{π}{2})$ is $1$ .

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{\frac{1}{4} (\frac{π}{6} + \frac{\sin (\frac{4 π}{3}) - \sin (π)}{2}) + \sin (\frac{2 π}{3}) - 1 \cdot 1}{2} + \frac{π}{24})$

Step 29.2

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{\frac{1}{4} (\frac{π}{6} + \frac{\sin (\frac{4 π}{3}) - \sin (π)}{2}) + \sin (\frac{2 π}{3}) - 1}{2} + \frac{π}{24})$

Step 30

Simplify.

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Step 30.1

Apply the reference angle by finding the angle with equivalent trig values in the first quadrant.

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{\frac{1}{4} (\frac{π}{6} + \frac{\sin (\frac{4 π}{3}) - \sin (0)}{2}) + \sin (\frac{2 π}{3}) - 1}{2} + \frac{π}{24})$

Step 30.2

The exact value of $\sin (0)$ is $0$ .

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{\frac{1}{4} (\frac{π}{6} + \frac{\sin (\frac{4 π}{3}) - 0}{2}) + \sin (\frac{2 π}{3}) - 1}{2} + \frac{π}{24})$

Step 30.3

Multiply $- 1$ by $0$ .

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{\frac{1}{4} (\frac{π}{6} + \frac{\sin (\frac{4 π}{3}) + 0}{2}) + \sin (\frac{2 π}{3}) - 1}{2} + \frac{π}{24})$

Step 30.4

Add $\sin (\frac{4 π}{3})$ and $0$ .

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{\frac{1}{4} (\frac{π}{6} + \frac{\sin (\frac{4 π}{3})}{2}) + \sin (\frac{2 π}{3}) - 1}{2} + \frac{π}{24})$

Step 30.5

Simplify each term.

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Step 30.5.1

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 30.5.1.1

Apply the reference angle by finding the angle with equivalent trig values in the first quadrant. Make the expression negative because sine is negative in the third quadrant.

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{\frac{1}{4} (\frac{π}{6} + \frac{- \sin (\frac{π}{3})}{2}) + \sin (\frac{2 π}{3}) - 1}{2} + \frac{π}{24})$

Step 30.5.1.2

The exact value of $\sin (\frac{π}{3})$ is $\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}$ .

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{\frac{1}{4} (\frac{π}{6} + \frac{- \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}}{2}) + \sin (\frac{2 π}{3}) - 1}{2} + \frac{π}{24})$

Step 30.5.2

Multiply the numerator by the reciprocal of the denominator.

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{\frac{1}{4} (\frac{π}{6} - \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2}) + \sin (\frac{2 π}{3}) - 1}{2} + \frac{π}{24})$

Step 30.5.3

Multiply $- \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2}$ .

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Step 30.5.3.1

Multiply $\frac{1}{2}$ by $\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}$ .

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{\frac{1}{4} (\frac{π}{6} - \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2 \cdot 2}) + \sin (\frac{2 π}{3}) - 1}{2} + \frac{π}{24})$

Step 30.5.3.2

Multiply $2$ by $2$ .

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{\frac{1}{4} (\frac{π}{6} - \frac{\sqrt{3}}{4}) + \sin (\frac{2 π}{3}) - 1}{2} + \frac{π}{24})$

Step 30.6

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{\frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{π}{6} + \frac{1}{4} (- \frac{\sqrt{3}}{4}) + \sin (\frac{2 π}{3}) - 1}{2} + \frac{π}{24})$

Step 30.7

Multiply $\frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{π}{6}$ .

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Step 30.7.1

Multiply $\frac{1}{4}$ by $\frac{π}{6}$ .

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{\frac{π}{4 \cdot 6} + \frac{1}{4} (- \frac{\sqrt{3}}{4}) + \sin (\frac{2 π}{3}) - 1}{2} + \frac{π}{24})$

Step 30.7.2

Multiply $4$ by $6$ .

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{\frac{π}{24} + \frac{1}{4} (- \frac{\sqrt{3}}{4}) + \sin (\frac{2 π}{3}) - 1}{2} + \frac{π}{24})$

Step 30.8

Multiply $\frac{1}{4} (- \frac{\sqrt{3}}{4})$ .

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Step 30.8.1

Multiply $\frac{1}{4}$ by $\frac{\sqrt{3}}{4}$ .

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{\frac{π}{24} - \frac{\sqrt{3}}{4 \cdot 4} + \sin (\frac{2 π}{3}) - 1}{2} + \frac{π}{24})$

Step 30.8.2

Multiply $4$ by $4$ .

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{\frac{π}{24} - \frac{\sqrt{3}}{16} + \sin (\frac{2 π}{3}) - 1}{2} + \frac{π}{24})$

Step 30.9

Simplify each term.

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Step 30.9.1

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 30.9.1.1

Apply the reference angle by finding the angle with equivalent trig values in the first quadrant.

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{\frac{π}{24} - \frac{\sqrt{3}}{16} + \sin (\frac{π}{3}) - 1}{2} + \frac{π}{24})$

Step 30.9.1.2

The exact value of $\sin (\frac{π}{3})$ is $\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}$ .

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{\frac{π}{24} - \frac{\sqrt{3}}{16} + \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} - 1}{2} + \frac{π}{24})$

Step 30.9.1.3

To write $\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{8}{8}$ .

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{\frac{π}{24} - \frac{\sqrt{3}}{16} + \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} \cdot \frac{8}{8} - 1}{2} + \frac{π}{24})$

Step 30.9.1.4

Write each expression with a common denominator of $16$ , by multiplying each by an appropriate factor of $1$ .

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Step 30.9.1.4.1

Multiply $\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}$ by $\frac{8}{8}$ .

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{\frac{π}{24} - \frac{\sqrt{3}}{16} + \frac{\sqrt{3} \cdot 8}{2 \cdot 8} - 1}{2} + \frac{π}{24})$

Step 30.9.1.4.2

Multiply $2$ by $8$ .

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{\frac{π}{24} - \frac{\sqrt{3}}{16} + \frac{\sqrt{3} \cdot 8}{16} - 1}{2} + \frac{π}{24})$

Step 30.9.1.5

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{\frac{π}{24} + \frac{- \sqrt{3} + \sqrt{3} \cdot 8}{16} - 1}{2} + \frac{π}{24})$

Step 30.9.1.6

To write $\frac{π}{24}$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{\frac{π}{24} \cdot \frac{2}{2} + \frac{- \sqrt{3} + \sqrt{3} \cdot 8}{16} - 1}{2} + \frac{π}{24})$

Step 30.9.1.7

To write $\frac{- \sqrt{3} + \sqrt{3} \cdot 8}{16}$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{3}{3}$ .

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{\frac{π}{24} \cdot \frac{2}{2} + \frac{- \sqrt{3} + \sqrt{3} \cdot 8}{16} \cdot \frac{3}{3} - 1}{2} + \frac{π}{24})$

Step 30.9.1.8

Write each expression with a common denominator of $48$ , by multiplying each by an appropriate factor of $1$ .

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Step 30.9.1.8.1

Multiply $\frac{π}{24}$ by $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{\frac{π \cdot 2}{24 \cdot 2} + \frac{- \sqrt{3} + \sqrt{3} \cdot 8}{16} \cdot \frac{3}{3} - 1}{2} + \frac{π}{24})$

Step 30.9.1.8.2

Multiply $24$ by $2$ .

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{\frac{π \cdot 2}{48} + \frac{- \sqrt{3} + \sqrt{3} \cdot 8}{16} \cdot \frac{3}{3} - 1}{2} + \frac{π}{24})$

Step 30.9.1.8.3

Multiply $\frac{- \sqrt{3} + \sqrt{3} \cdot 8}{16}$ by $\frac{3}{3}$ .

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{\frac{π \cdot 2}{48} + \frac{(- \sqrt{3} + \sqrt{3} \cdot 8) \cdot 3}{16 \cdot 3} - 1}{2} + \frac{π}{24})$

Step 30.9.1.8.4

Multiply $16$ by $3$ .

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{\frac{π \cdot 2}{48} + \frac{(- \sqrt{3} + \sqrt{3} \cdot 8) \cdot 3}{48} - 1}{2} + \frac{π}{24})$

Step 30.9.1.9

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{\frac{π \cdot 2 + (- \sqrt{3} + \sqrt{3} \cdot 8) \cdot 3}{48} - 1}{2} + \frac{π}{24})$

Step 30.9.1.10

Reorder the factors of $\sqrt{3} \cdot 8$ .

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{\frac{π \cdot 2 + (- \sqrt{3} + 8 \sqrt{3}) \cdot 3}{48} - 1}{2} + \frac{π}{24})$

Step 30.9.1.11

Add $- \sqrt{3}$ and $8 \sqrt{3}$ .

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{\frac{π \cdot 2 + 7 \sqrt{3} \cdot 3}{48} - 1}{2} + \frac{π}{24})$

Step 30.9.1.12

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 30.9.1.12.1

Move $2$ to the left of $π$ .

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{\frac{2 \cdot π + 7 \sqrt{3} \cdot 3}{48} - 1}{2} + \frac{π}{24})$

Step 30.9.1.12.2

Multiply $3$ by $7$ .

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{\frac{2 π + 21 \sqrt{3}}{48} - 1}{2} + \frac{π}{24})$

Step 30.9.1.13

To write $- 1$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{48}{48}$ .

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{\frac{2 π + 21 \sqrt{3}}{48} - 1 \cdot \frac{48}{48}}{2} + \frac{π}{24})$

Step 30.9.1.14

Combine $- 1$ and $\frac{48}{48}$ .

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{\frac{2 π + 21 \sqrt{3}}{48} + \frac{- 1 \cdot 48}{48}}{2} + \frac{π}{24})$

Step 30.9.1.15

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{\frac{2 π + 21 \sqrt{3} - 1 \cdot 48}{48}}{2} + \frac{π}{24})$

Step 30.9.1.16

Multiply $- 1$ by $48$ .

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{\frac{2 π + 21 \sqrt{3} - 48}{48}}{2} + \frac{π}{24})$

Step 30.9.2

Multiply the numerator by the reciprocal of the denominator.

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{2 π + 21 \sqrt{3} - 48}{48} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + \frac{π}{24})$

Step 30.9.3

Multiply $\frac{2 π + 21 \sqrt{3} - 48}{48} \cdot \frac{1}{2}$ .

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Step 30.9.3.1

Multiply $\frac{2 π + 21 \sqrt{3} - 48}{48}$ by $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{2 π + 21 \sqrt{3} - 48}{48 \cdot 2} + \frac{π}{24})$

Step 30.9.3.2

Multiply $48$ by $2$ .

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{2 π + 21 \sqrt{3} - 48}{96} + \frac{π}{24})$

Step 30.10

To write $\frac{π}{24}$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{4}{4}$ .

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{2 π + 21 \sqrt{3} - 48}{96} + \frac{π}{24} \cdot \frac{4}{4})$

Step 30.11

Write each expression with a common denominator of $96$ , by multiplying each by an appropriate factor of $1$ .

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Step 30.11.1

Multiply $\frac{π}{24}$ by $\frac{4}{4}$ .

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{2 π + 21 \sqrt{3} - 48}{96} + \frac{π \cdot 4}{24 \cdot 4})$

Step 30.11.2

Multiply $24$ by $4$ .

$\frac{81}{2} (\frac{2 π + 21 \sqrt{3} - 48}{96} + \frac{π \cdot 4}{96})$

Step 30.12

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{81}{2} \cdot \frac{2 π + 21 \sqrt{3} - 48 + π \cdot 4}{96}$

Step 30.13

Move $4$ to the left of $π$ .

$\frac{81}{2} \cdot \frac{2 π + 21 \sqrt{3} - 48 + 4 \cdot π}{96}$

Step 30.14

Cancel the common factor of $3$ .

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Step 30.14.1

Factor $3$ out of $81$ .

$\frac{3 (27)}{2} \cdot \frac{2 π + 21 \sqrt{3} - 48 + 4 π}{96}$

Step 30.14.2

Factor $3$ out of $96$ .

$\frac{3 \cdot 27}{2} \cdot \frac{2 π + 21 \sqrt{3} - 48 + 4 π}{3 \cdot 32}$

Step 30.14.3

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{3 \cdot 27}{2} \cdot \frac{2 π + 21 \sqrt{3} - 48 + 4 π}{3 \cdot 32}$

Step 30.14.4

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{27}{2} \cdot \frac{2 π + 21 \sqrt{3} - 48 + 4 π}{32}$

Step 30.15

Multiply $\frac{27}{2}$ by $\frac{2 π + 21 \sqrt{3} - 48 + 4 π}{32}$ .

$\frac{27 (2 π + 21 \sqrt{3} - 48 + 4 π)}{2 \cdot 32}$

Step 30.16

Multiply $2$ by $32$ .

$\frac{27 (2 π + 21 \sqrt{3} - 48 + 4 π)}{64}$

Step 30.17

Add $2 π$ and $4 π$ .

$\frac{27 (6 π + 21 \sqrt{3} - 48)}{64}$

Step 30.18

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{27 (6 π) + 27 (21 \sqrt{3}) + 27 \cdot - 48}{64}$

Step 30.19

Simplify.

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Step 30.19.1

Multiply $6$ by $27$ .

$\frac{162 π + 27 (21 \sqrt{3}) + 27 \cdot - 48}{64}$

Step 30.19.2

Multiply $21$ by $27$ .

$\frac{162 π + 567 \sqrt{3} + 27 \cdot - 48}{64}$

Step 30.19.3

Multiply $27$ by $- 48$ .

$\frac{162 π + 567 \sqrt{3} - 1296}{64}$

Step 31

The result can be shown in multiple forms.

Exact Form:

$\frac{162 π + 567 \sqrt{3} - 1296}{64}$

Decimal Form:

$3.04704402 \dots$

Step 32