Precalculus Examples

$r = 4 - 4 \cos (θ)$

Step 1

Using the formula $r = a \pm b \sin (θ)$ or $r = a \pm b \cos (θ)$ , where $a > 0$ , $b > 0$ and $a = b$ , graph the cardioid.

$r = 4 - 4 \cos (θ)$

Step 2