Algebra Examples

$\ln (\sqrt{\frac{c^{2} - z^{2}}{c^{2} + z^{2}}})$

Step 1

Use $\sqrt[n]{a^{x}} = a^{\frac{x}{n}}$ to rewrite $\sqrt{\frac{c^{2} - z^{2}}{c^{2} + z^{2}}}$ as ${(\frac{c^{2} - z^{2}}{c^{2} + z^{2}})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{d}{d c} [\ln ({(\frac{c^{2} - z^{2}}{c^{2} + z^{2}})}^{\frac{1}{2}})]$

Step 2

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d c} [f (g (c))]$ is $f' (g (c)) g' (c)$ where $f (c) = \ln (c)$ and $g (c) = {(\frac{c^{2} - z^{2}}{c^{2} + z^{2}})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

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Step 2.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u_{1}$ as ${(\frac{c^{2} - z^{2}}{c^{2} + z^{2}})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{d}{d u_{1}} [\ln (u_{1})] \frac{d}{d c} [{(\frac{c^{2} - z^{2}}{c^{2} + z^{2}})}^{\frac{1}{2}}]$

Step 2.2

The derivative of $\ln (u_{1})$ with respect to $u_{1}$ is $\frac{1}{u_{1}}$ .

$\frac{1}{u_{1}} \frac{d}{d c} [{(\frac{c^{2} - z^{2}}{c^{2} + z^{2}})}^{\frac{1}{2}}]$

Step 2.3

Replace all occurrences of $u_{1}$ with ${(\frac{c^{2} - z^{2}}{c^{2} + z^{2}})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{{(\frac{c^{2} - z^{2}}{c^{2} + z^{2}})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d c} [{(\frac{c^{2} - z^{2}}{c^{2} + z^{2}})}^{\frac{1}{2}}]$

Step 3

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d c} [f (g (c))]$ is $f' (g (c)) g' (c)$ where $f (c) = c^{\frac{1}{2}}$ and $g (c) = \frac{c^{2} - z^{2}}{c^{2} + z^{2}}$ .

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Step 3.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u_{2}$ as $\frac{c^{2} - z^{2}}{c^{2} + z^{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{{(\frac{c^{2} - z^{2}}{c^{2} + z^{2}})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{d}{d u_{2}} [{u_{2}}^{\frac{1}{2}}] \frac{d}{d c} [\frac{c^{2} - z^{2}}{c^{2} + z^{2}}])$

Step 3.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u_{2}} [{u_{2}}^{n}]$ is $n {u_{2}}^{n - 1}$ where $n = \frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{{(\frac{c^{2} - z^{2}}{c^{2} + z^{2}})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{1}{2} {u_{2}}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1} \frac{d}{d c} [\frac{c^{2} - z^{2}}{c^{2} + z^{2}}])$

Step 3.3

Replace all occurrences of $u_{2}$ with $\frac{c^{2} - z^{2}}{c^{2} + z^{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{{(\frac{c^{2} - z^{2}}{c^{2} + z^{2}})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{1}{2} {(\frac{c^{2} - z^{2}}{c^{2} + z^{2}})}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1} \frac{d}{d c} [\frac{c^{2} - z^{2}}{c^{2} + z^{2}}])$

Step 4

To write $- 1$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{{(\frac{c^{2} - z^{2}}{c^{2} + z^{2}})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{1}{2} {(\frac{c^{2} - z^{2}}{c^{2} + z^{2}})}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot \frac{2}{2}} \frac{d}{d c} [\frac{c^{2} - z^{2}}{c^{2} + z^{2}}])$

Step 5

Combine $- 1$ and $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{{(\frac{c^{2} - z^{2}}{c^{2} + z^{2}})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{1}{2} {(\frac{c^{2} - z^{2}}{c^{2} + z^{2}})}^{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{- 1 \cdot 2}{2}} \frac{d}{d c} [\frac{c^{2} - z^{2}}{c^{2} + z^{2}}])$

Step 6

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{1}{{(\frac{c^{2} - z^{2}}{c^{2} + z^{2}})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{1}{2} {(\frac{c^{2} - z^{2}}{c^{2} + z^{2}})}^{\frac{1 - 1 \cdot 2}{2}} \frac{d}{d c} [\frac{c^{2} - z^{2}}{c^{2} + z^{2}}])$

Step 7

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 7.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $2$ .

$\frac{1}{{(\frac{c^{2} - z^{2}}{c^{2} + z^{2}})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{1}{2} {(\frac{c^{2} - z^{2}}{c^{2} + z^{2}})}^{\frac{1 - 2}{2}} \frac{d}{d c} [\frac{c^{2} - z^{2}}{c^{2} + z^{2}}])$

Step 7.2

Subtract $2$ from $1$ .

$\frac{1}{{(\frac{c^{2} - z^{2}}{c^{2} + z^{2}})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{1}{2} {(\frac{c^{2} - z^{2}}{c^{2} + z^{2}})}^{\frac{- 1}{2}} \frac{d}{d c} [\frac{c^{2} - z^{2}}{c^{2} + z^{2}}])$

Step 8

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$\frac{1}{{(\frac{c^{2} - z^{2}}{c^{2} + z^{2}})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{1}{2} {(\frac{c^{2} - z^{2}}{c^{2} + z^{2}})}^{- \frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d c} [\frac{c^{2} - z^{2}}{c^{2} + z^{2}}])$

Step 9

Differentiate using the Quotient Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d c} [\frac{f (c)}{g (c)}]$ is $\frac{g (c) \frac{d}{d c} [f (c)] - f (c) \frac{d}{d c} [g (c)]}{{g (c)}^{2}}$ where $f (c) = c^{2} - z^{2}$ and $g (c) = c^{2} + z^{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{{(\frac{c^{2} - z^{2}}{c^{2} + z^{2}})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{1}{2} {(\frac{c^{2} - z^{2}}{c^{2} + z^{2}})}^{- \frac{1}{2}} \frac{(c^{2} + z^{2}) \frac{d}{d c} [c^{2} - z^{2}] - (c^{2} - z^{2}) \frac{d}{d c} [c^{2} + z^{2}]}{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{2}})$

Step 10

Differentiate.

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Step 10.1

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $c^{2} - z^{2}$ with respect to $c$ is $\frac{d}{d c} [c^{2}] + \frac{d}{d c} [- z^{2}]$ .

$\frac{1}{{(\frac{c^{2} - z^{2}}{c^{2} + z^{2}})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{1}{2} {(\frac{c^{2} - z^{2}}{c^{2} + z^{2}})}^{- \frac{1}{2}} \frac{(c^{2} + z^{2}) (\frac{d}{d c} [c^{2}] + \frac{d}{d c} [- z^{2}]) - (c^{2} - z^{2}) \frac{d}{d c} [c^{2} + z^{2}]}{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{2}})$

Step 10.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d c} [c^{n}]$ is $n c^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$\frac{1}{{(\frac{c^{2} - z^{2}}{c^{2} + z^{2}})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{1}{2} {(\frac{c^{2} - z^{2}}{c^{2} + z^{2}})}^{- \frac{1}{2}} \frac{(c^{2} + z^{2}) (2 c + \frac{d}{d c} [- z^{2}]) - (c^{2} - z^{2}) \frac{d}{d c} [c^{2} + z^{2}]}{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{2}})$

Step 10.3

Since $- z^{2}$ is constant with respect to $c$ , the derivative of $- z^{2}$ with respect to $c$ is $0$ .

$\frac{1}{{(\frac{c^{2} - z^{2}}{c^{2} + z^{2}})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{1}{2} {(\frac{c^{2} - z^{2}}{c^{2} + z^{2}})}^{- \frac{1}{2}} \frac{(c^{2} + z^{2}) (2 c + 0) - (c^{2} - z^{2}) \frac{d}{d c} [c^{2} + z^{2}]}{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{2}})$

Step 10.4

Simplify the expression.

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Step 10.4.1

Add $2 c$ and $0$ .

$\frac{1}{{(\frac{c^{2} - z^{2}}{c^{2} + z^{2}})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{1}{2} {(\frac{c^{2} - z^{2}}{c^{2} + z^{2}})}^{- \frac{1}{2}} \frac{(c^{2} + z^{2}) (2 c) - (c^{2} - z^{2}) \frac{d}{d c} [c^{2} + z^{2}]}{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{2}})$

Step 10.4.2

Move $2$ to the left of $c^{2} + z^{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{{(\frac{c^{2} - z^{2}}{c^{2} + z^{2}})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{1}{2} {(\frac{c^{2} - z^{2}}{c^{2} + z^{2}})}^{- \frac{1}{2}} \frac{2 \cdot (c^{2} + z^{2}) c - (c^{2} - z^{2}) \frac{d}{d c} [c^{2} + z^{2}]}{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{2}})$

Step 10.5

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $c^{2} + z^{2}$ with respect to $c$ is $\frac{d}{d c} [c^{2}] + \frac{d}{d c} [z^{2}]$ .

$\frac{1}{{(\frac{c^{2} - z^{2}}{c^{2} + z^{2}})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{1}{2} {(\frac{c^{2} - z^{2}}{c^{2} + z^{2}})}^{- \frac{1}{2}} \frac{2 (c^{2} + z^{2}) c - (c^{2} - z^{2}) (\frac{d}{d c} [c^{2}] + \frac{d}{d c} [z^{2}])}{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{2}})$

Step 10.6

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d c} [c^{n}]$ is $n c^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$\frac{1}{{(\frac{c^{2} - z^{2}}{c^{2} + z^{2}})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{1}{2} {(\frac{c^{2} - z^{2}}{c^{2} + z^{2}})}^{- \frac{1}{2}} \frac{2 (c^{2} + z^{2}) c - (c^{2} - z^{2}) (2 c + \frac{d}{d c} [z^{2}])}{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{2}})$

Step 10.7

Since $z^{2}$ is constant with respect to $c$ , the derivative of $z^{2}$ with respect to $c$ is $0$ .

Step 10.8

Combine fractions.

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Step 10.8.1

Add $2 c$ and $0$ .

Step 10.8.2

Multiply $2$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{1}{{(\frac{c^{2} - z^{2}}{c^{2} + z^{2}})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{1}{2} {(\frac{c^{2} - z^{2}}{c^{2} + z^{2}})}^{- \frac{1}{2}} \frac{2 (c^{2} + z^{2}) c - 2 (c^{2} - z^{2}) c}{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{2}})$

Step 10.8.3

Multiply $\frac{2 (c^{2} + z^{2}) c - 2 (c^{2} - z^{2}) c}{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{2}}$ by $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{{(\frac{c^{2} - z^{2}}{c^{2} + z^{2}})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{2 (c^{2} + z^{2}) c - 2 (c^{2} - z^{2}) c}{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{2} \cdot 2} {(\frac{c^{2} - z^{2}}{c^{2} + z^{2}})}^{- \frac{1}{2}})$

Step 10.8.4

Move $2$ to the left of ${(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{{(\frac{c^{2} - z^{2}}{c^{2} + z^{2}})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{2 (c^{2} + z^{2}) c - 2 (c^{2} - z^{2}) c}{2 \cdot {(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{2}} {(\frac{c^{2} - z^{2}}{c^{2} + z^{2}})}^{- \frac{1}{2}})$

Step 11

Simplify.

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Step 11.1

Change the sign of the exponent by rewriting the base as its reciprocal.

$\frac{1}{{(\frac{c^{2} - z^{2}}{c^{2} + z^{2}})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{2 (c^{2} + z^{2}) c - 2 (c^{2} - z^{2}) c}{2 {(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{2}} {(\frac{c^{2} + z^{2}}{c^{2} - z^{2}})}^{\frac{1}{2}})$

Step 11.2

Apply the product rule to $\frac{c^{2} - z^{2}}{c^{2} + z^{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{\frac{{(c^{2} - z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}} (\frac{2 (c^{2} + z^{2}) c - 2 (c^{2} - z^{2}) c}{2 {(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{2}} {(\frac{c^{2} + z^{2}}{c^{2} - z^{2}})}^{\frac{1}{2}})$

Step 11.3

Apply the product rule to $\frac{c^{2} + z^{2}}{c^{2} - z^{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{\frac{{(c^{2} - z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}} (\frac{2 (c^{2} + z^{2}) c - 2 (c^{2} - z^{2}) c}{2 {(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{2}} \cdot \frac{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(c^{2} - z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}})$

Step 11.4

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{1}{\frac{{(c^{2} - z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}} (\frac{(2 c^{2} + 2 z^{2}) c - 2 (c^{2} - z^{2}) c}{2 {(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{2}} \cdot \frac{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(c^{2} - z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}})$

Step 11.5

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{1}{\frac{{(c^{2} - z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}} (\frac{2 c^{2} c + 2 z^{2} c - 2 (c^{2} - z^{2}) c}{2 {(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{2}} \cdot \frac{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(c^{2} - z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}})$

Step 11.6

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{1}{\frac{{(c^{2} - z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}} (\frac{2 c^{2} c + 2 z^{2} c + (- 2 c^{2} - 2 (- z^{2})) c}{2 {(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{2}} \cdot \frac{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(c^{2} - z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}})$

Step 11.7

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{1}{\frac{{(c^{2} - z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}} (\frac{2 c^{2} c + 2 z^{2} c - 2 c^{2} c - 2 (- z^{2}) c}{2 {(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{2}} \cdot \frac{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(c^{2} - z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}})$

Step 11.8

Combine terms.

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Step 11.8.1

Multiply by the reciprocal of the fraction to divide by $\frac{{(c^{2} - z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ .

$1 \frac{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(c^{2} - z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{2 c^{2} c + 2 z^{2} c - 2 c^{2} c - 2 (- z^{2}) c}{2 {(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{2}} \cdot \frac{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(c^{2} - z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}})$

Step 11.8.2

Multiply $\frac{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(c^{2} - z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ by $1$ .

$\frac{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(c^{2} - z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{2 c^{2} c + 2 z^{2} c - 2 c^{2} c - 2 (- z^{2}) c}{2 {(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{2}} \cdot \frac{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(c^{2} - z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}})$

Step 11.8.3

Raise $c$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(c^{2} - z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{2 (c^{1} c^{2}) + 2 z^{2} c - 2 c^{2} c - 2 (- z^{2}) c}{2 {(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{2}} \cdot \frac{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(c^{2} - z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}})$

Step 11.8.4

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(c^{2} - z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{2 c^{1 + 2} + 2 z^{2} c - 2 c^{2} c - 2 (- z^{2}) c}{2 {(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{2}} \cdot \frac{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(c^{2} - z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}})$

Step 11.8.5

Add $1$ and $2$ .

$\frac{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(c^{2} - z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{2 c^{3} + 2 z^{2} c - 2 c^{2} c - 2 (- z^{2}) c}{2 {(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{2}} \cdot \frac{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(c^{2} - z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}})$

Step 11.8.6

Raise $c$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(c^{2} - z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{2 c^{3} + 2 z^{2} c - 2 (c^{1} c^{2}) - 2 (- z^{2}) c}{2 {(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{2}} \cdot \frac{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(c^{2} - z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}})$

Step 11.8.7

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(c^{2} - z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{2 c^{3} + 2 z^{2} c - 2 c^{1 + 2} - 2 (- z^{2}) c}{2 {(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{2}} \cdot \frac{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(c^{2} - z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}})$

Step 11.8.8

Add $1$ and $2$ .

$\frac{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(c^{2} - z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{2 c^{3} + 2 z^{2} c - 2 c^{3} - 2 (- z^{2}) c}{2 {(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{2}} \cdot \frac{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(c^{2} - z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}})$

Step 11.8.9

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 2$ .

$\frac{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(c^{2} - z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{2 c^{3} + 2 z^{2} c - 2 c^{3} + 2 z^{2} c}{2 {(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{2}} \cdot \frac{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(c^{2} - z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}})$

Step 11.8.10

Subtract $2 c^{3}$ from $2 c^{3}$ .

$\frac{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(c^{2} - z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{2 z^{2} c + 0 + 2 z^{2} c}{2 {(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{2}} \cdot \frac{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(c^{2} - z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}})$

Step 11.8.11

Add $2 z^{2} c$ and $0$ .

$\frac{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(c^{2} - z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{2 z^{2} c + 2 z^{2} c}{2 {(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{2}} \cdot \frac{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(c^{2} - z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}})$

Step 11.8.12

Add $2 z^{2} c$ and $2 z^{2} c$ .

$\frac{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(c^{2} - z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{4 z^{2} c}{2 {(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{2}} \cdot \frac{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(c^{2} - z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}})$

Step 11.8.13

Cancel the common factor of $4$ and $2$ .

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Step 11.8.13.1

Factor $2$ out of $4 z^{2} c$ .

$\frac{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(c^{2} - z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{2 (2 z^{2} c)}{2 {(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{2}} \cdot \frac{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(c^{2} - z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}})$

Step 11.8.13.2

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 11.8.13.2.1

Factor $2$ out of $2 {(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{2}$ .

$\frac{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(c^{2} - z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{2 (2 z^{2} c)}{2 ({(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{2})} \cdot \frac{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(c^{2} - z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}})$

Step 11.8.13.2.2

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(c^{2} - z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{2 (2 z^{2} c)}{2 {(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{2}} \cdot \frac{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(c^{2} - z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}})$

Step 11.8.13.2.3

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(c^{2} - z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{2 z^{2} c}{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{2}} \cdot \frac{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(c^{2} - z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}})$

Step 11.8.14

Multiply $\frac{2 z^{2} c}{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{2}}$ by $\frac{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(c^{2} - z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ .

$\frac{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(c^{2} - z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{2 z^{2} c {(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{2} {(c^{2} - z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 11.8.15

Move ${(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ to the denominator using the negative exponent rule $b^{n} = \frac{1}{b^{- n}}$ .

$\frac{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(c^{2} - z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{2 z^{2} c}{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{2} {(c^{2} - z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{- \frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 11.8.16

Multiply ${(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{2}$ by ${(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 11.8.16.1

Move ${(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(c^{2} - z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{2 z^{2} c}{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{- \frac{1}{2}} {(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{2} {(c^{2} - z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 11.8.16.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(c^{2} - z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{2 z^{2} c}{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{- \frac{1}{2} + 2} {(c^{2} - z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 11.8.16.3

To write $2$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$\frac{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(c^{2} - z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{2 z^{2} c}{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{- \frac{1}{2} + 2 \cdot \frac{2}{2}} {(c^{2} - z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 11.8.16.4

Combine $2$ and $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$\frac{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(c^{2} - z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{2 z^{2} c}{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{- \frac{1}{2} + \frac{2 \cdot 2}{2}} {(c^{2} - z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 11.8.16.5

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(c^{2} - z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{2 z^{2} c}{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{- 1 + 2 \cdot 2}{2}} {(c^{2} - z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 11.8.16.6

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 11.8.16.6.1

Multiply $2$ by $2$ .

$\frac{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(c^{2} - z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{2 z^{2} c}{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{- 1 + 4}{2}} {(c^{2} - z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 11.8.16.6.2

Add $- 1$ and $4$ .

$\frac{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(c^{2} - z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{2 z^{2} c}{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{3}{2}} {(c^{2} - z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 11.8.17

Multiply $\frac{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(c^{2} - z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ by $\frac{2 z^{2} c}{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{3}{2}} {(c^{2} - z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ .

$\frac{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} (2 z^{2} c)}{{(c^{2} - z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} ({(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{3}{2}} {(c^{2} - z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}})}$

Step 11.8.18

Multiply ${(c^{2} - z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ by ${(c^{2} - z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 11.8.18.1

Move ${(c^{2} - z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} (2 z^{2} c)}{{(c^{2} - z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(c^{2} - z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{3}{2}}}$

Step 11.8.18.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} (2 z^{2} c)}{{(c^{2} - z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2}} {(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{3}{2}}}$

Step 11.8.18.3

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} (2 z^{2} c)}{{(c^{2} - z^{2})}^{\frac{1 + 1}{2}} {(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{3}{2}}}$

Step 11.8.18.4

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\frac{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} (2 z^{2} c)}{{(c^{2} - z^{2})}^{\frac{2}{2}} {(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{3}{2}}}$

Step 11.8.18.5

Divide $2$ by $2$ .

$\frac{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} (2 z^{2} c)}{{(c^{2} - z^{2})}^{1} {(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{3}{2}}}$

Step 11.8.19

Simplify ${(c^{2} - z^{2})}^{1} {(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{3}{2}}$ .

$\frac{{(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} (2 z^{2} c)}{(c^{2} - z^{2}) {(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{3}{2}}}$

Step 11.8.20

Move $2$ to the left of ${(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{2 \cdot {(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} z^{2} c}{(c^{2} - z^{2}) {(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{3}{2}}}$

Step 11.8.21

Move ${(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ to the denominator using the negative exponent rule $b^{n} = \frac{1}{b^{- n}}$ .

$\frac{2 z^{2} c}{(c^{2} - z^{2}) {(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{3}{2}} {(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{- \frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 11.8.22

Simplify the denominator.

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Step 11.8.22.1

Multiply ${(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{3}{2}}$ by ${(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 11.8.22.1.1

Move ${(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{2 z^{2} c}{(c^{2} - z^{2}) ({(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{- \frac{1}{2}} {(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{3}{2}})}$

Step 11.8.22.1.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{2 z^{2} c}{(c^{2} - z^{2}) {(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{- \frac{1}{2} + \frac{3}{2}}}$

Step 11.8.22.1.3

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{2 z^{2} c}{(c^{2} - z^{2}) {(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{- 1 + 3}{2}}}$

Step 11.8.22.1.4

Add $- 1$ and $3$ .

$\frac{2 z^{2} c}{(c^{2} - z^{2}) {(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{\frac{2}{2}}}$

Step 11.8.22.1.5

Divide $2$ by $2$ .

$\frac{2 z^{2} c}{(c^{2} - z^{2}) {(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{1}}$

Step 11.8.22.2

Simplify $(c^{2} - z^{2}) {(c^{2} + z^{2})}^{1}$ .

$\frac{2 z^{2} c}{(c^{2} - z^{2}) (c^{2} + z^{2})}$

Step 11.9

Reorder terms.

$\frac{2 z^{2} c}{(c^{2} + z^{2}) (c^{2} - z^{2})}$

Step 11.10

Since both terms are perfect squares, factor using the difference of squares formula, $a^{2} - b^{2} = (a + b) (a - b)$ where $a = c$ and $b = z$ .

$\frac{2 z^{2} c}{(c^{2} + z^{2}) (c + z) (c - z)}$