Algebra Examples

$(\frac{1}{x + 1} - \frac{3}{x^{3} + 1} + \frac{3}{x^{2} - x + 1}) \div (x - \frac{2 x - 1}{x + 1})$

Step 1

Rewrite the division as a fraction.

$\frac{\frac{1}{x + 1} - \frac{3}{x^{3} + 1} + \frac{3}{x^{2} - x + 1}}{x - \frac{2 x - 1}{x + 1}}$

Step 2

Multiply the numerator and denominator of the fraction by $(x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1)$ .

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Step 2.1

Multiply $\frac{\frac{1}{x + 1} - \frac{3}{x^{3} + 1} + \frac{3}{x^{2} - x + 1}}{x - \frac{2 x - 1}{x + 1}}$ by $\frac{(x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1)}{(x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1)}$ .

$\frac{(x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1)}{(x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1)} \cdot \frac{\frac{1}{x + 1} - \frac{3}{x^{3} + 1} + \frac{3}{x^{2} - x + 1}}{x - \frac{2 x - 1}{x + 1}}$

Step 2.2

Combine.

$\frac{(x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) (\frac{1}{x + 1} - \frac{3}{x^{3} + 1} + \frac{3}{x^{2} - x + 1})}{(x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) (x - \frac{2 x - 1}{x + 1})}$

Step 3

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{(x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) \frac{1}{x + 1} + (x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) (- \frac{3}{x^{3} + 1}) + (x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) \frac{3}{x^{2} - x + 1}}{(x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) x + (x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) (- \frac{2 x - 1}{x + 1})}$

Step 4

Simplify by cancelling.

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Step 4.1

Cancel the common factor of $x + 1$ .

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Step 4.1.1

Factor $x + 1$ out of $(x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1)$ .

$\frac{(x + 1) ((x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1)) \frac{1}{x + 1} + (x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) (- \frac{3}{x^{3} + 1}) + (x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) \frac{3}{x^{2} - x + 1}}{(x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) x + (x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) (- \frac{2 x - 1}{x + 1})}$

Step 4.1.2

Cancel the common factor.

Step 4.1.3

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{(x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) + (x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) (- \frac{3}{x^{3} + 1}) + (x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) \frac{3}{x^{2} - x + 1}}{(x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) x + (x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) (- \frac{2 x - 1}{x + 1})}$

Step 4.2

Cancel the common factor of $x^{3} + 1$ .

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Step 4.2.1

Move the leading negative in $- \frac{3}{x^{3} + 1}$ into the numerator.

$\frac{(x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) + (x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) \frac{- 3}{x^{3} + 1} + (x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) \frac{3}{x^{2} - x + 1}}{(x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) x + (x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) (- \frac{2 x - 1}{x + 1})}$

Step 4.2.2

Factor $x^{3} + 1$ out of $(x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1)$ .

$\frac{(x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) + (x^{3} + 1) ((x + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1)) \frac{- 3}{x^{3} + 1} + (x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) \frac{3}{x^{2} - x + 1}}{(x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) x + (x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) (- \frac{2 x - 1}{x + 1})}$

Step 4.2.3

Cancel the common factor.

Step 4.2.4

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{(x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) + (x + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) \cdot - 3 + (x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) \frac{3}{x^{2} - x + 1}}{(x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) x + (x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) (- \frac{2 x - 1}{x + 1})}$

Step 4.3

Cancel the common factor of $x^{2} - x + 1$ .

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Step 4.3.1

Factor $x^{2} - x + 1$ out of $(x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1)$ .

$\frac{(x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) + (x + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) \cdot - 3 + (x^{2} - x + 1) ((x + 1) (x^{3} + 1)) \frac{3}{x^{2} - x + 1}}{(x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) x + (x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) (- \frac{2 x - 1}{x + 1})}$

Step 4.3.2

Cancel the common factor.

Step 4.3.3

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{(x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) + (x + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) \cdot - 3 + (x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) \cdot 3}{(x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) x + (x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) (- \frac{2 x - 1}{x + 1})}$

Step 4.4

Cancel the common factor of $x + 1$ .

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Step 4.4.1

Move the leading negative in $- \frac{2 x - 1}{x + 1}$ into the numerator.

$\frac{(x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) + (x + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) \cdot - 3 + (x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) \cdot 3}{(x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) x + (x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) \frac{- (2 x - 1)}{x + 1}}$

Step 4.4.2

Factor $x + 1$ out of $(x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1)$ .

$\frac{(x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) + (x + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) \cdot - 3 + (x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) \cdot 3}{(x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) x + (x + 1) ((x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1)) \frac{- (2 x - 1)}{x + 1}}$

Step 4.4.3

Cancel the common factor.

Step 4.4.4

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{(x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) + (x + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) \cdot - 3 + (x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) \cdot 3}{(x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) x + (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) (- (2 x - 1))}$

Step 5

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 5.1

Expand $(x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1)$ by multiplying each term in the first expression by each term in the second expression.

$\frac{x^{3} x^{2} + x^{3} (- x) + x^{3} \cdot 1 + 1 x^{2} + 1 (- x) + 1 \cdot 1 + (x + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) \cdot - 3 + (x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) \cdot 3}{(x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) x + (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) (- (2 x - 1))}$

Step 5.2

Simplify each term.

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Step 5.2.1

Multiply $x^{3}$ by $x^{2}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 5.2.1.1

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{x^{3 + 2} + x^{3} (- x) + x^{3} \cdot 1 + 1 x^{2} + 1 (- x) + 1 \cdot 1 + (x + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) \cdot - 3 + (x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) \cdot 3}{(x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) x + (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) (- (2 x - 1))}$

Step 5.2.1.2

Add $3$ and $2$ .

$\frac{x^{5} + x^{3} (- x) + x^{3} \cdot 1 + 1 x^{2} + 1 (- x) + 1 \cdot 1 + (x + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) \cdot - 3 + (x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) \cdot 3}{(x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) x + (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) (- (2 x - 1))}$

Step 5.2.2

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$\frac{x^{5} - x^{3} x + x^{3} \cdot 1 + 1 x^{2} + 1 (- x) + 1 \cdot 1 + (x + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) \cdot - 3 + (x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) \cdot 3}{(x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) x + (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) (- (2 x - 1))}$

Step 5.2.3

Multiply $x^{3}$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 5.2.3.1

Move $x$ .

$\frac{x^{5} - (x \cdot x^{3}) + x^{3} \cdot 1 + 1 x^{2} + 1 (- x) + 1 \cdot 1 + (x + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) \cdot - 3 + (x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) \cdot 3}{(x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) x + (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) (- (2 x - 1))}$

Step 5.2.3.2

Multiply $x$ by $x^{3}$ .

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Step 5.2.3.2.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{x^{5} - (x^{1} x^{3}) + x^{3} \cdot 1 + 1 x^{2} + 1 (- x) + 1 \cdot 1 + (x + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) \cdot - 3 + (x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) \cdot 3}{(x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) x + (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) (- (2 x - 1))}$

Step 5.2.3.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{x^{5} - x^{1 + 3} + x^{3} \cdot 1 + 1 x^{2} + 1 (- x) + 1 \cdot 1 + (x + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) \cdot - 3 + (x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) \cdot 3}{(x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) x + (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) (- (2 x - 1))}$

Step 5.2.3.3

Add $1$ and $3$ .

$\frac{x^{5} - x^{4} + x^{3} \cdot 1 + 1 x^{2} + 1 (- x) + 1 \cdot 1 + (x + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) \cdot - 3 + (x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) \cdot 3}{(x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) x + (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) (- (2 x - 1))}$

Step 5.2.4

Multiply $x^{3}$ by $1$ .

$\frac{x^{5} - x^{4} + x^{3} + 1 x^{2} + 1 (- x) + 1 \cdot 1 + (x + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) \cdot - 3 + (x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) \cdot 3}{(x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) x + (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) (- (2 x - 1))}$

Step 5.2.5

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $1$ .

$\frac{x^{5} - x^{4} + x^{3} + x^{2} + 1 (- x) + 1 \cdot 1 + (x + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) \cdot - 3 + (x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) \cdot 3}{(x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) x + (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) (- (2 x - 1))}$

Step 5.2.6

Multiply $- x$ by $1$ .

$\frac{x^{5} - x^{4} + x^{3} + x^{2} - x + 1 \cdot 1 + (x + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) \cdot - 3 + (x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) \cdot 3}{(x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) x + (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) (- (2 x - 1))}$

Step 5.2.7

Multiply $1$ by $1$ .

$\frac{x^{5} - x^{4} + x^{3} + x^{2} - x + 1 + (x + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) \cdot - 3 + (x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) \cdot 3}{(x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) x + (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) (- (2 x - 1))}$

Step 5.3

Expand $(x + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1)$ by multiplying each term in the first expression by each term in the second expression.

$\frac{x^{5} - x^{4} + x^{3} + x^{2} - x + 1 + (x \cdot x^{2} + x (- x) + x \cdot 1 + 1 x^{2} + 1 (- x) + 1 \cdot 1) \cdot - 3 + (x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) \cdot 3}{(x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) x + (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) (- (2 x - 1))}$

Step 5.4

Simplify each term.

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Step 5.4.1

Multiply $x$ by $x^{2}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 5.4.1.1

Multiply $x$ by $x^{2}$ .

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Step 5.4.1.1.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{x^{5} - x^{4} + x^{3} + x^{2} - x + 1 + (x^{1} x^{2} + x (- x) + x \cdot 1 + 1 x^{2} + 1 (- x) + 1 \cdot 1) \cdot - 3 + (x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) \cdot 3}{(x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) x + (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) (- (2 x - 1))}$

Step 5.4.1.1.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{x^{5} - x^{4} + x^{3} + x^{2} - x + 1 + (x^{1 + 2} + x (- x) + x \cdot 1 + 1 x^{2} + 1 (- x) + 1 \cdot 1) \cdot - 3 + (x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) \cdot 3}{(x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) x + (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) (- (2 x - 1))}$

Step 5.4.1.2

Add $1$ and $2$ .

$\frac{x^{5} - x^{4} + x^{3} + x^{2} - x + 1 + (x^{3} + x (- x) + x \cdot 1 + 1 x^{2} + 1 (- x) + 1 \cdot 1) \cdot - 3 + (x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) \cdot 3}{(x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) x + (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) (- (2 x - 1))}$

Step 5.4.2

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$\frac{x^{5} - x^{4} + x^{3} + x^{2} - x + 1 + (x^{3} - x \cdot x + x \cdot 1 + 1 x^{2} + 1 (- x) + 1 \cdot 1) \cdot - 3 + (x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) \cdot 3}{(x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) x + (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) (- (2 x - 1))}$

Step 5.4.3

Multiply $x$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 5.4.3.1

Move $x$ .

$\frac{x^{5} - x^{4} + x^{3} + x^{2} - x + 1 + (x^{3} - (x \cdot x) + x \cdot 1 + 1 x^{2} + 1 (- x) + 1 \cdot 1) \cdot - 3 + (x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) \cdot 3}{(x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) x + (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) (- (2 x - 1))}$

Step 5.4.3.2

Multiply $x$ by $x$ .

$\frac{x^{5} - x^{4} + x^{3} + x^{2} - x + 1 + (x^{3} - x^{2} + x \cdot 1 + 1 x^{2} + 1 (- x) + 1 \cdot 1) \cdot - 3 + (x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) \cdot 3}{(x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) x + (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) (- (2 x - 1))}$

Step 5.4.4

Multiply $x$ by $1$ .

$\frac{x^{5} - x^{4} + x^{3} + x^{2} - x + 1 + (x^{3} - x^{2} + x + 1 x^{2} + 1 (- x) + 1 \cdot 1) \cdot - 3 + (x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) \cdot 3}{(x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) x + (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) (- (2 x - 1))}$

Step 5.4.5

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $1$ .

$\frac{x^{5} - x^{4} + x^{3} + x^{2} - x + 1 + (x^{3} - x^{2} + x + x^{2} + 1 (- x) + 1 \cdot 1) \cdot - 3 + (x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) \cdot 3}{(x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) x + (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) (- (2 x - 1))}$

Step 5.4.6

Multiply $- x$ by $1$ .

$\frac{x^{5} - x^{4} + x^{3} + x^{2} - x + 1 + (x^{3} - x^{2} + x + x^{2} - x + 1 \cdot 1) \cdot - 3 + (x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) \cdot 3}{(x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) x + (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) (- (2 x - 1))}$

Step 5.4.7

Multiply $1$ by $1$ .

$\frac{x^{5} - x^{4} + x^{3} + x^{2} - x + 1 + (x^{3} - x^{2} + x + x^{2} - x + 1) \cdot - 3 + (x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) \cdot 3}{(x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) x + (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) (- (2 x - 1))}$

Step 5.5

Combine the opposite terms in $x^{3} - x^{2} + x + x^{2} - x + 1$ .

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Step 5.5.1

Add $- x^{2}$ and $x^{2}$ .

$\frac{x^{5} - x^{4} + x^{3} + x^{2} - x + 1 + (x^{3} + x + 0 - x + 1) \cdot - 3 + (x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) \cdot 3}{(x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) x + (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) (- (2 x - 1))}$

Step 5.5.2

Add $x^{3} + x$ and $0$ .

$\frac{x^{5} - x^{4} + x^{3} + x^{2} - x + 1 + (x^{3} + x - x + 1) \cdot - 3 + (x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) \cdot 3}{(x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) x + (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) (- (2 x - 1))}$

Step 5.5.3

Subtract $x$ from $x$ .

$\frac{x^{5} - x^{4} + x^{3} + x^{2} - x + 1 + (x^{3} + 0 + 1) \cdot - 3 + (x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) \cdot 3}{(x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) x + (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) (- (2 x - 1))}$

Step 5.5.4

Add $x^{3}$ and $0$ .

$\frac{x^{5} - x^{4} + x^{3} + x^{2} - x + 1 + (x^{3} + 1) \cdot - 3 + (x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) \cdot 3}{(x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) x + (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) (- (2 x - 1))}$

Step 5.6

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{x^{5} - x^{4} + x^{3} + x^{2} - x + 1 + x^{3} \cdot - 3 + 1 \cdot - 3 + (x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) \cdot 3}{(x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) x + (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) (- (2 x - 1))}$

Step 5.7

Move $- 3$ to the left of $x^{3}$ .

$\frac{x^{5} - x^{4} + x^{3} + x^{2} - x + 1 - 3 \cdot x^{3} + 1 \cdot - 3 + (x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) \cdot 3}{(x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) x + (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) (- (2 x - 1))}$

Step 5.8

Multiply $- 3$ by $1$ .

$\frac{x^{5} - x^{4} + x^{3} + x^{2} - x + 1 - 3 \cdot x^{3} - 3 + (x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) \cdot 3}{(x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) x + (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) (- (2 x - 1))}$

Step 5.9

Expand $(x + 1) (x^{3} + 1)$ using the FOIL Method.

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Step 5.9.1

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{x^{5} - x^{4} + x^{3} + x^{2} - x + 1 - 3 x^{3} - 3 + (x (x^{3} + 1) + 1 (x^{3} + 1)) \cdot 3}{(x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) x + (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) (- (2 x - 1))}$

Step 5.9.2

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{x^{5} - x^{4} + x^{3} + x^{2} - x + 1 - 3 x^{3} - 3 + (x \cdot x^{3} + x \cdot 1 + 1 (x^{3} + 1)) \cdot 3}{(x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) x + (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) (- (2 x - 1))}$

Step 5.9.3

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{x^{5} - x^{4} + x^{3} + x^{2} - x + 1 - 3 x^{3} - 3 + (x \cdot x^{3} + x \cdot 1 + 1 x^{3} + 1 \cdot 1) \cdot 3}{(x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) x + (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) (- (2 x - 1))}$

Step 5.10

Simplify each term.

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Step 5.10.1

Multiply $x$ by $x^{3}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 5.10.1.1

Multiply $x$ by $x^{3}$ .

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Step 5.10.1.1.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{x^{5} - x^{4} + x^{3} + x^{2} - x + 1 - 3 x^{3} - 3 + (x^{1} x^{3} + x \cdot 1 + 1 x^{3} + 1 \cdot 1) \cdot 3}{(x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) x + (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) (- (2 x - 1))}$

Step 5.10.1.1.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{x^{5} - x^{4} + x^{3} + x^{2} - x + 1 - 3 x^{3} - 3 + (x^{1 + 3} + x \cdot 1 + 1 x^{3} + 1 \cdot 1) \cdot 3}{(x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) x + (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) (- (2 x - 1))}$

Step 5.10.1.2

Add $1$ and $3$ .

$\frac{x^{5} - x^{4} + x^{3} + x^{2} - x + 1 - 3 x^{3} - 3 + (x^{4} + x \cdot 1 + 1 x^{3} + 1 \cdot 1) \cdot 3}{(x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) x + (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) (- (2 x - 1))}$

Step 5.10.2

Multiply $x$ by $1$ .

$\frac{x^{5} - x^{4} + x^{3} + x^{2} - x + 1 - 3 x^{3} - 3 + (x^{4} + x + 1 x^{3} + 1 \cdot 1) \cdot 3}{(x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) x + (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) (- (2 x - 1))}$

Step 5.10.3

Multiply $x^{3}$ by $1$ .

$\frac{x^{5} - x^{4} + x^{3} + x^{2} - x + 1 - 3 x^{3} - 3 + (x^{4} + x + x^{3} + 1 \cdot 1) \cdot 3}{(x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) x + (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) (- (2 x - 1))}$

Step 5.10.4

Multiply $1$ by $1$ .

$\frac{x^{5} - x^{4} + x^{3} + x^{2} - x + 1 - 3 x^{3} - 3 + (x^{4} + x + x^{3} + 1) \cdot 3}{(x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) x + (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) (- (2 x - 1))}$

Step 5.11

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{x^{5} - x^{4} + x^{3} + x^{2} - x + 1 - 3 x^{3} - 3 + x^{4} \cdot 3 + x \cdot 3 + x^{3} \cdot 3 + 1 \cdot 3}{(x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) x + (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) (- (2 x - 1))}$

Step 5.12

Simplify.

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Step 5.12.1

Move $3$ to the left of $x^{4}$ .

$\frac{x^{5} - x^{4} + x^{3} + x^{2} - x + 1 - 3 x^{3} - 3 + 3 \cdot x^{4} + x \cdot 3 + x^{3} \cdot 3 + 1 \cdot 3}{(x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) x + (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) (- (2 x - 1))}$

Step 5.12.2

Move $3$ to the left of $x$ .

$\frac{x^{5} - x^{4} + x^{3} + x^{2} - x + 1 - 3 x^{3} - 3 + 3 \cdot x^{4} + 3 \cdot x + x^{3} \cdot 3 + 1 \cdot 3}{(x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) x + (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) (- (2 x - 1))}$

Step 5.12.3

Move $3$ to the left of $x^{3}$ .

$\frac{x^{5} - x^{4} + x^{3} + x^{2} - x + 1 - 3 x^{3} - 3 + 3 \cdot x^{4} + 3 \cdot x + 3 \cdot x^{3} + 1 \cdot 3}{(x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) x + (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) (- (2 x - 1))}$

Step 5.12.4

Multiply $3$ by $1$ .

$\frac{x^{5} - x^{4} + x^{3} + x^{2} - x + 1 - 3 x^{3} - 3 + 3 \cdot x^{4} + 3 \cdot x + 3 \cdot x^{3} + 3}{(x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) x + (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) (- (2 x - 1))}$

Step 5.13

Multiply $3$ by $x^{3}$ .

$\frac{x^{5} - x^{4} + x^{3} + x^{2} - x + 1 - 3 x^{3} - 3 + 3 x^{4} + 3 x + 3 x^{3} + 3}{(x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) x + (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) (- (2 x - 1))}$

Step 5.14

Add $- x^{4}$ and $3 x^{4}$ .

$\frac{x^{5} + 2 x^{4} + x^{3} + x^{2} - x + 1 - 3 x^{3} - 3 + 3 x + 3 x^{3} + 3}{(x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) x + (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) (- (2 x - 1))}$

Step 5.15

Subtract $3 x^{3}$ from $x^{3}$ .

$\frac{x^{5} + 2 x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + x^{2} - x + 1 - 3 + 3 x + 3 x^{3} + 3}{(x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) x + (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) (- (2 x - 1))}$

Step 5.16

Add $- 2 x^{3}$ and $3 x^{3}$ .

$\frac{x^{5} + 2 x^{4} + x^{3} + x^{2} - x + 1 - 3 + 3 x + 3}{(x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) x + (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) (- (2 x - 1))}$

Step 5.17

Add $- x$ and $3 x$ .

$\frac{x^{5} + 2 x^{4} + x^{3} + x^{2} + 2 x + 1 - 3 + 3}{(x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) x + (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) (- (2 x - 1))}$

Step 5.18

Subtract $3$ from $1$ .

$\frac{x^{5} + 2 x^{4} + x^{3} + x^{2} + 2 x - 2 + 3}{(x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) x + (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) (- (2 x - 1))}$

Step 5.19

Add $- 2$ and $3$ .

$\frac{x^{5} + 2 x^{4} + x^{3} + x^{2} + 2 x + 1}{(x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) x + (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) (- (2 x - 1))}$

Step 6

Simplify the denominator.

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Step 6.1

Factor $(x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1)$ out of $(x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) x + (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) (- (2 x - 1))$ .

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Step 6.1.1

Factor $(x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1)$ out of $(x + 1) (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) x$ .

$\frac{x^{5} + 2 x^{4} + x^{3} + x^{2} + 2 x + 1}{(x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) ((x + 1) x) + (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) (- (2 x - 1))}$

Step 6.1.2

Factor $(x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1)$ out of $(x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) ((x + 1) x) + (x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) (- (2 x - 1))$ .

$\frac{x^{5} + 2 x^{4} + x^{3} + x^{2} + 2 x + 1}{(x^{3} + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) ((x + 1) x - (2 x - 1))}$

Step 6.2

Rewrite $1$ as $1^{3}$ .

$\frac{x^{5} + 2 x^{4} + x^{3} + x^{2} + 2 x + 1}{(x^{3} + 1^{3}) (x^{2} - x + 1) ((x + 1) x - (2 x - 1))}$

Step 6.3

Since both terms are perfect cubes, factor using the sum of cubes formula, $a^{3} + b^{3} = (a + b) (a^{2} - a b + b^{2})$ where $a = x$ and $b = 1$ .

$\frac{x^{5} + 2 x^{4} + x^{3} + x^{2} + 2 x + 1}{(x + 1) (x^{2} - x \cdot 1 + 1^{2}) (x^{2} - x + 1) ((x + 1) x - (2 x - 1))}$

Step 6.4

Simplify.

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Step 6.4.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$\frac{x^{5} + 2 x^{4} + x^{3} + x^{2} + 2 x + 1}{(x + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1^{2}) (x^{2} - x + 1) ((x + 1) x - (2 x - 1))}$

Step 6.4.2

One to any power is one.

$\frac{x^{5} + 2 x^{4} + x^{3} + x^{2} + 2 x + 1}{(x + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) (x^{2} - x + 1) ((x + 1) x - (2 x - 1))}$

Step 6.5

Combine exponents.

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Step 6.5.1

Raise $x^{2} - x + 1$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{x^{5} + 2 x^{4} + x^{3} + x^{2} + 2 x + 1}{(x + 1) ({(x^{2} - x + 1)}^{1} (x^{2} - x + 1)) ((x + 1) x - (2 x - 1))}$

Step 6.5.2

Raise $x^{2} - x + 1$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{x^{5} + 2 x^{4} + x^{3} + x^{2} + 2 x + 1}{(x + 1) ({(x^{2} - x + 1)}^{1} {(x^{2} - x + 1)}^{1}) ((x + 1) x - (2 x - 1))}$

Step 6.5.3

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{x^{5} + 2 x^{4} + x^{3} + x^{2} + 2 x + 1}{(x + 1) {(x^{2} - x + 1)}^{1 + 1} ((x + 1) x - (2 x - 1))}$

Step 6.5.4

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\frac{x^{5} + 2 x^{4} + x^{3} + x^{2} + 2 x + 1}{(x + 1) {(x^{2} - x + 1)}^{2} ((x + 1) x - (2 x - 1))}$

Step 6.6

Simplify each term.

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Step 6.6.1

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{x^{5} + 2 x^{4} + x^{3} + x^{2} + 2 x + 1}{(x + 1) {(x^{2} - x + 1)}^{2} (x \cdot x + 1 x - (2 x - 1))}$

Step 6.6.2

Multiply $x$ by $x$ .

$\frac{x^{5} + 2 x^{4} + x^{3} + x^{2} + 2 x + 1}{(x + 1) {(x^{2} - x + 1)}^{2} (x^{2} + 1 x - (2 x - 1))}$

Step 6.6.3

Multiply $x$ by $1$ .

$\frac{x^{5} + 2 x^{4} + x^{3} + x^{2} + 2 x + 1}{(x + 1) {(x^{2} - x + 1)}^{2} (x^{2} + x - (2 x - 1))}$

Step 6.6.4

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{x^{5} + 2 x^{4} + x^{3} + x^{2} + 2 x + 1}{(x + 1) {(x^{2} - x + 1)}^{2} (x^{2} + x - (2 x) - - 1)}$

Step 6.6.5

Multiply $2$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{x^{5} + 2 x^{4} + x^{3} + x^{2} + 2 x + 1}{(x + 1) {(x^{2} - x + 1)}^{2} (x^{2} + x - 2 x - - 1)}$

Step 6.6.6

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{x^{5} + 2 x^{4} + x^{3} + x^{2} + 2 x + 1}{(x + 1) {(x^{2} - x + 1)}^{2} (x^{2} + x - 2 x + 1)}$

Step 6.7

Subtract $2 x$ from $x$ .

$\frac{x^{5} + 2 x^{4} + x^{3} + x^{2} + 2 x + 1}{(x + 1) {(x^{2} - x + 1)}^{2} (x^{2} - x + 1)}$

Step 6.8

Combine exponents.

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Step 6.8.1

Raise $x^{2} - x + 1$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{x^{5} + 2 x^{4} + x^{3} + x^{2} + 2 x + 1}{(x + 1) ({(x^{2} - x + 1)}^{1} {(x^{2} - x + 1)}^{2})}$

Step 6.8.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{x^{5} + 2 x^{4} + x^{3} + x^{2} + 2 x + 1}{(x + 1) {(x^{2} - x + 1)}^{1 + 2}}$

Step 6.8.3

Add $1$ and $2$ .

$\frac{x^{5} + 2 x^{4} + x^{3} + x^{2} + 2 x + 1}{(x + 1) {(x^{2} - x + 1)}^{3}}$