Algebra Examples

$\frac{x + 1}{2 x - 2} - \frac{x - 1}{2 x + 2} - \frac{2}{1 - x^{2}}$

Step 1

Simplify each term.

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Step 1.1

Factor $2$ out of $2 x - 2$ .

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Step 1.1.1

Factor $2$ out of $2 x$ .

$\frac{x + 1}{2 (x) - 2} - \frac{x - 1}{2 x + 2} - \frac{2}{1 - x^{2}}$

Step 1.1.2

Factor $2$ out of $- 2$ .

$\frac{x + 1}{2 (x) + 2 (- 1)} - \frac{x - 1}{2 x + 2} - \frac{2}{1 - x^{2}}$

Step 1.1.3

Factor $2$ out of $2 (x) + 2 (- 1)$ .

$\frac{x + 1}{2 (x - 1)} - \frac{x - 1}{2 x + 2} - \frac{2}{1 - x^{2}}$

Step 1.2

Factor $2$ out of $2 x + 2$ .

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Step 1.2.1

Factor $2$ out of $2 x$ .

$\frac{x + 1}{2 (x - 1)} - \frac{x - 1}{2 (x) + 2} - \frac{2}{1 - x^{2}}$

Step 1.2.2

Factor $2$ out of $2$ .

$\frac{x + 1}{2 (x - 1)} - \frac{x - 1}{2 (x) + 2 (1)} - \frac{2}{1 - x^{2}}$

Step 1.2.3

Factor $2$ out of $2 (x) + 2 (1)$ .

$\frac{x + 1}{2 (x - 1)} - \frac{x - 1}{2 (x + 1)} - \frac{2}{1 - x^{2}}$

Step 1.3

Simplify the denominator.

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Step 1.3.1

Rewrite $1$ as $1^{2}$ .

$\frac{x + 1}{2 (x - 1)} - \frac{x - 1}{2 (x + 1)} - \frac{2}{1^{2} - x^{2}}$

Step 1.3.2

Since both terms are perfect squares, factor using the difference of squares formula, $a^{2} - b^{2} = (a + b) (a - b)$ where $a = 1$ and $b = x$ .

$\frac{x + 1}{2 (x - 1)} - \frac{x - 1}{2 (x + 1)} - \frac{2}{(1 + x) (1 - x)}$

Step 2

Find the common denominator.

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Step 2.1

Multiply $\frac{x + 1}{2 (x - 1)}$ by $\frac{{(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x)}{{(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x)}$ .

$\frac{x + 1}{2 (x - 1)} \cdot \frac{{(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x)}{{(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x)} - \frac{x - 1}{2 (x + 1)} - \frac{2}{(1 + x) (1 - x)}$

Step 2.2

Multiply $\frac{x + 1}{2 (x - 1)}$ by $\frac{{(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x)}{{(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x)}$ .

$\frac{(x + 1) ({(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x))}{2 (x - 1) ({(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x))} - \frac{x - 1}{2 (x + 1)} - \frac{2}{(1 + x) (1 - x)}$

Step 2.3

Multiply $\frac{x - 1}{2 (x + 1)}$ by $\frac{- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x)}{- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x)}$ .

$\frac{(x + 1) ({(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x))}{2 (x - 1) ({(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x))} - (\frac{x - 1}{2 (x + 1)} \cdot \frac{- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x)}{- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x)}) - \frac{2}{(1 + x) (1 - x)}$

Step 2.4

Multiply $\frac{x - 1}{2 (x + 1)}$ by $\frac{- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x)}{- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x)}$ .

$\frac{(x + 1) ({(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x))}{2 (x - 1) ({(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x))} - \frac{(x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{2 (x + 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))} - \frac{2}{(1 + x) (1 - x)}$

Step 2.5

Multiply $\frac{2}{(1 + x) (1 - x)}$ by $\frac{2 (x - 1) (x + 1)}{2 (x - 1) (x + 1)}$ .

$\frac{(x + 1) ({(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x))}{2 (x - 1) ({(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x))} - \frac{(x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{2 (x + 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))} - (\frac{2}{(1 + x) (1 - x)} \cdot \frac{2 (x - 1) (x + 1)}{2 (x - 1) (x + 1)})$

Step 2.6

Multiply $\frac{2}{(1 + x) (1 - x)}$ by $\frac{2 (x - 1) (x + 1)}{2 (x - 1) (x + 1)}$ .

$\frac{(x + 1) ({(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x))}{2 (x - 1) ({(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x))} - \frac{(x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{2 (x + 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))} - \frac{2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{(1 + x) (1 - x) (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}$

Step 2.7

Reorder the factors of $2 (x - 1) ({(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x))$ .

$\frac{(x + 1) ({(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x))}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x) (x - 1)} - \frac{(x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{2 (x + 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))} - \frac{2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{(1 + x) (1 - x) (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}$

Step 2.8

Rewrite $1$ as $- 1 (- 1)$ .

$\frac{(x + 1) ({(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x))}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} (- 1 (- 1) - x) (x - 1)} - \frac{(x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{2 (x + 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))} - \frac{2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{(1 + x) (1 - x) (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}$

Step 2.9

Factor $- 1$ out of $- x$ .

$\frac{(x + 1) ({(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x))}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} (- 1 (- 1) - (x)) (x - 1)} - \frac{(x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{2 (x + 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))} - \frac{2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{(1 + x) (1 - x) (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}$

Step 2.10

Factor $- 1$ out of $- 1 (- 1) - (x)$ .

$\frac{(x + 1) ({(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x))}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} (- 1 (- 1 + x)) (x - 1)} - \frac{(x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{2 (x + 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))} - \frac{2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{(1 + x) (1 - x) (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}$

Step 2.11

Reorder terms.

$\frac{(x + 1) ({(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x))}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} \cdot - 1 (x - 1) (x - 1)} - \frac{(x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{2 (x + 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))} - \frac{2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{(1 + x) (1 - x) (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}$

Step 2.12

Raise $x - 1$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{(x + 1) ({(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x))}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} \cdot - 1 ({(x - 1)}^{1} (x - 1))} - \frac{(x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{2 (x + 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))} - \frac{2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{(1 + x) (1 - x) (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}$

Step 2.13

Raise $x - 1$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{(x + 1) ({(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x))}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} \cdot - 1 ({(x - 1)}^{1} {(x - 1)}^{1})} - \frac{(x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{2 (x + 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))} - \frac{2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{(1 + x) (1 - x) (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}$

Step 2.14

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{(x + 1) ({(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x))}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} \cdot - 1 {(x - 1)}^{1 + 1}} - \frac{(x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{2 (x + 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))} - \frac{2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{(1 + x) (1 - x) (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}$

Step 2.15

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\frac{(x + 1) ({(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x))}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} \cdot - 1 {(x - 1)}^{2}} - \frac{(x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{2 (x + 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))} - \frac{2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{(1 + x) (1 - x) (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}$

Step 2.16

Multiply $- 1$ by $2$ .

$\frac{(x + 1) ({(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} - \frac{(x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{2 (x + 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))} - \frac{2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{(1 + x) (1 - x) (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}$

Step 2.17

Reorder the factors of $2 (x + 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))$ .

$\frac{(x + 1) ({(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} - \frac{(x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 1 \cdot 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x) (x + 1)} - \frac{2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{(1 + x) (1 - x) (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}$

Step 2.18

Multiply $- 1$ by $2$ .

$\frac{(x + 1) ({(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} - \frac{(x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x) (x + 1)} - \frac{2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{(1 + x) (1 - x) (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}$

Step 2.19

Reorder terms.

$\frac{(x + 1) ({(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} - \frac{(x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (x + 1) (x + 1)} - \frac{2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{(1 + x) (1 - x) (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}$

Step 2.20

Raise $x + 1$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{(x + 1) ({(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} - \frac{(x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} ({(x + 1)}^{1} (x + 1))} - \frac{2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{(1 + x) (1 - x) (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}$

Step 2.21

Raise $x + 1$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{(x + 1) ({(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} - \frac{(x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} ({(x + 1)}^{1} {(x + 1)}^{1})} - \frac{2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{(1 + x) (1 - x) (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}$

Step 2.22

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{(x + 1) ({(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} - \frac{(x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{1 + 1}} - \frac{2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{(1 + x) (1 - x) (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}$

Step 2.23

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\frac{(x + 1) ({(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} - \frac{(x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}} - \frac{2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{(1 + x) (1 - x) (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}$

Step 2.24

Reorder the factors of $(1 + x) (1 - x) (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))$ .

$\frac{(x + 1) ({(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} - \frac{(x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}} - \frac{2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{2 (1 + x) (1 - x) (x + 1) (x - 1)}$

Step 2.25

Reorder terms.

$\frac{(x + 1) ({(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} - \frac{(x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}} - \frac{2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{2 (x + 1) (1 - x) (x + 1) (x - 1)}$

Step 2.26

Raise $x + 1$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{(x + 1) ({(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} - \frac{(x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}} - \frac{2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{2 ({(x + 1)}^{1} (x + 1)) (1 - x) (x - 1)}$

Step 2.27

Raise $x + 1$ to the power of $1$ .

Step 2.28

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{(x + 1) ({(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} - \frac{(x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}} - \frac{2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{2 {(x + 1)}^{1 + 1} (1 - x) (x - 1)}$

Step 2.29

Add $1$ and $1$ .

Step 2.30

Rewrite $1$ as $- 1 (- 1)$ .

Step 2.31

Factor $- 1$ out of $- x$ .

Step 2.32

Factor $- 1$ out of $- 1 (- 1) - (x)$ .

Step 2.33

Reorder terms.

Step 2.34

Raise $x - 1$ to the power of $1$ .

Step 2.35

Raise $x - 1$ to the power of $1$ .

Step 2.36

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

Step 2.37

Add $1$ and $1$ .

Step 2.38

Multiply $- 1$ by $2$ .

$\frac{(x + 1) ({(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} - \frac{(x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}} - \frac{2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{(x + 1) ({(x + 1)}^{2} (1 - x)) - 2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4

Simplify each term.

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Step 4.1

Multiply $x + 1$ by ${(x + 1)}^{2}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 4.1.1

Move ${(x + 1)}^{2}$ .

$\frac{{(x + 1)}^{2} (x + 1) (1 - x) - 2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.1.2

Multiply ${(x + 1)}^{2}$ by $x + 1$ .

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Step 4.1.2.1

Raise $x + 1$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{{(x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{1} (1 - x) - 2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.1.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{{(x + 1)}^{2 + 1} (1 - x) - 2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.1.3

Add $2$ and $1$ .

$\frac{{(x + 1)}^{3} (1 - x) - 2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.2

Use the Binomial Theorem.

$\frac{(x^{3} + 3 x^{2} \cdot 1 + 3 x \cdot 1^{2} + 1^{3}) (1 - x) - 2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.3

Simplify each term.

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Step 4.3.1

Multiply $3$ by $1$ .

$\frac{(x^{3} + 3 x^{2} + 3 x \cdot 1^{2} + 1^{3}) (1 - x) - 2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.3.2

One to any power is one.

$\frac{(x^{3} + 3 x^{2} + 3 x \cdot 1 + 1^{3}) (1 - x) - 2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.3.3

Multiply $3$ by $1$ .

$\frac{(x^{3} + 3 x^{2} + 3 x + 1^{3}) (1 - x) - 2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.3.4

One to any power is one.

$\frac{(x^{3} + 3 x^{2} + 3 x + 1) (1 - x) - 2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.4

Expand $(x^{3} + 3 x^{2} + 3 x + 1) (1 - x)$ by multiplying each term in the first expression by each term in the second expression.

$\frac{x^{3} \cdot 1 + x^{3} (- x) + 3 x^{2} \cdot 1 + 3 x^{2} (- x) + 3 x \cdot 1 + 3 x (- x) + 1 \cdot 1 + 1 (- x) - 2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.5

Simplify each term.

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Step 4.5.1

Multiply $x^{3}$ by $1$ .

$\frac{x^{3} + x^{3} (- x) + 3 x^{2} \cdot 1 + 3 x^{2} (- x) + 3 x \cdot 1 + 3 x (- x) + 1 \cdot 1 + 1 (- x) - 2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.5.2

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$\frac{x^{3} - x^{3} x + 3 x^{2} \cdot 1 + 3 x^{2} (- x) + 3 x \cdot 1 + 3 x (- x) + 1 \cdot 1 + 1 (- x) - 2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.5.3

Multiply $x^{3}$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 4.5.3.1

Move $x$ .

$\frac{x^{3} - (x \cdot x^{3}) + 3 x^{2} \cdot 1 + 3 x^{2} (- x) + 3 x \cdot 1 + 3 x (- x) + 1 \cdot 1 + 1 (- x) - 2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.5.3.2

Multiply $x$ by $x^{3}$ .

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Step 4.5.3.2.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{x^{3} - (x^{1} x^{3}) + 3 x^{2} \cdot 1 + 3 x^{2} (- x) + 3 x \cdot 1 + 3 x (- x) + 1 \cdot 1 + 1 (- x) - 2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.5.3.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{x^{3} - x^{1 + 3} + 3 x^{2} \cdot 1 + 3 x^{2} (- x) + 3 x \cdot 1 + 3 x (- x) + 1 \cdot 1 + 1 (- x) - 2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.5.3.3

Add $1$ and $3$ .

$\frac{x^{3} - x^{4} + 3 x^{2} \cdot 1 + 3 x^{2} (- x) + 3 x \cdot 1 + 3 x (- x) + 1 \cdot 1 + 1 (- x) - 2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.5.4

Multiply $3$ by $1$ .

$\frac{x^{3} - x^{4} + 3 x^{2} + 3 x^{2} (- x) + 3 x \cdot 1 + 3 x (- x) + 1 \cdot 1 + 1 (- x) - 2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.5.5

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$\frac{x^{3} - x^{4} + 3 x^{2} + 3 \cdot - 1 x^{2} x + 3 x \cdot 1 + 3 x (- x) + 1 \cdot 1 + 1 (- x) - 2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.5.6

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 4.5.6.1

Move $x$ .

$\frac{x^{3} - x^{4} + 3 x^{2} + 3 \cdot - 1 (x \cdot x^{2}) + 3 x \cdot 1 + 3 x (- x) + 1 \cdot 1 + 1 (- x) - 2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.5.6.2

Multiply $x$ by $x^{2}$ .

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Step 4.5.6.2.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{x^{3} - x^{4} + 3 x^{2} + 3 \cdot - 1 (x^{1} x^{2}) + 3 x \cdot 1 + 3 x (- x) + 1 \cdot 1 + 1 (- x) - 2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.5.6.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{x^{3} - x^{4} + 3 x^{2} + 3 \cdot - 1 x^{1 + 2} + 3 x \cdot 1 + 3 x (- x) + 1 \cdot 1 + 1 (- x) - 2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.5.6.3

Add $1$ and $2$ .

$\frac{x^{3} - x^{4} + 3 x^{2} + 3 \cdot - 1 x^{3} + 3 x \cdot 1 + 3 x (- x) + 1 \cdot 1 + 1 (- x) - 2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.5.7

Multiply $3$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{x^{3} - x^{4} + 3 x^{2} - 3 x^{3} + 3 x \cdot 1 + 3 x (- x) + 1 \cdot 1 + 1 (- x) - 2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.5.8

Multiply $3$ by $1$ .

$\frac{x^{3} - x^{4} + 3 x^{2} - 3 x^{3} + 3 x + 3 x (- x) + 1 \cdot 1 + 1 (- x) - 2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.5.9

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$\frac{x^{3} - x^{4} + 3 x^{2} - 3 x^{3} + 3 x + 3 \cdot - 1 x \cdot x + 1 \cdot 1 + 1 (- x) - 2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.5.10

Multiply $x$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 4.5.10.1

Move $x$ .

$\frac{x^{3} - x^{4} + 3 x^{2} - 3 x^{3} + 3 x + 3 \cdot - 1 (x \cdot x) + 1 \cdot 1 + 1 (- x) - 2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.5.10.2

Multiply $x$ by $x$ .

$\frac{x^{3} - x^{4} + 3 x^{2} - 3 x^{3} + 3 x + 3 \cdot - 1 x^{2} + 1 \cdot 1 + 1 (- x) - 2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.5.11

Multiply $3$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{x^{3} - x^{4} + 3 x^{2} - 3 x^{3} + 3 x - 3 x^{2} + 1 \cdot 1 + 1 (- x) - 2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.5.12

Multiply $1$ by $1$ .

$\frac{x^{3} - x^{4} + 3 x^{2} - 3 x^{3} + 3 x - 3 x^{2} + 1 + 1 (- x) - 2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.5.13

Multiply $- x$ by $1$ .

$\frac{x^{3} - x^{4} + 3 x^{2} - 3 x^{3} + 3 x - 3 x^{2} + 1 - x - 2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.6

Combine the opposite terms in $x^{3} - x^{4} + 3 x^{2} - 3 x^{3} + 3 x - 3 x^{2} + 1 - x$ .

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Step 4.6.1

Subtract $3 x^{2}$ from $3 x^{2}$ .

$\frac{x^{3} - x^{4} - 3 x^{3} + 3 x + 0 + 1 - x - 2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.6.2

Add $x^{3} - x^{4} - 3 x^{3} + 3 x$ and $0$ .

$\frac{x^{3} - x^{4} - 3 x^{3} + 3 x + 1 - x - 2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.7

Subtract $3 x^{3}$ from $x^{3}$ .

$\frac{- x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 3 x + 1 - x - 2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.8

Subtract $x$ from $3 x$ .

$\frac{- x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x + 1 - 2 (2 (x - 1) (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.9

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{- x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x + 1 - 2 ((2 x + 2 \cdot - 1) (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.10

Multiply $2$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{- x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x + 1 - 2 ((2 x - 2) (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.11

Expand $(2 x - 2) (x + 1)$ using the FOIL Method.

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Step 4.11.1

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{- x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x + 1 - 2 (2 x (x + 1) - 2 (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.11.2

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{- x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x + 1 - 2 (2 x \cdot x + 2 x \cdot 1 - 2 (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.11.3

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{- x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x + 1 - 2 (2 x \cdot x + 2 x \cdot 1 - 2 x - 2 \cdot 1)}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.12

Simplify and combine like terms.

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Step 4.12.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 4.12.1.1

Multiply $x$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 4.12.1.1.1

Move $x$ .

$\frac{- x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x + 1 - 2 (2 (x \cdot x) + 2 x \cdot 1 - 2 x - 2 \cdot 1)}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.12.1.1.2

Multiply $x$ by $x$ .

$\frac{- x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x + 1 - 2 (2 x^{2} + 2 x \cdot 1 - 2 x - 2 \cdot 1)}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.12.1.2

Multiply $2$ by $1$ .

$\frac{- x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x + 1 - 2 (2 x^{2} + 2 x - 2 x - 2 \cdot 1)}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.12.1.3

Multiply $- 2$ by $1$ .

$\frac{- x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x + 1 - 2 (2 x^{2} + 2 x - 2 x - 2)}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.12.2

Subtract $2 x$ from $2 x$ .

$\frac{- x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x + 1 - 2 (2 x^{2} + 0 - 2)}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.12.3

Add $2 x^{2}$ and $0$ .

$\frac{- x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x + 1 - 2 (2 x^{2} - 2)}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.13

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{- x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x + 1 - 2 (2 x^{2}) - 2 \cdot - 2}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.14

Multiply $2$ by $- 2$ .

$\frac{- x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x + 1 - 4 x^{2} - 2 \cdot - 2}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.15

Multiply $- 2$ by $- 2$ .

$\frac{- x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x + 1 - 4 x^{2} + 4}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 5

Simplify the expression.

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Step 5.1

Add $1$ and $4$ .

$\frac{- x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x - 4 x^{2} + 5}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 5.2

Move $2 x$ .

$\frac{- x^{4} - 2 x^{3} - 4 x^{2} + 2 x + 5}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 6

Simplify each term.

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Step 6.1

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$- \frac{- x^{4} - 2 x^{3} - 4 x^{2} + 2 x + 5}{(2) {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 6.2

Cancel the common factor of ${(- x + 1)}^{2}$ .

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Step 6.2.1

Cancel the common factor.

$- \frac{- x^{4} - 2 x^{3} - 4 x^{2} + 2 x + 5}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2} (1 + x))}{- 2 {(- x + 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 6.2.2

Rewrite the expression.

$- \frac{- x^{4} - 2 x^{3} - 4 x^{2} + 2 x + 5}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 (1 + x))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 6.3

Cancel the common factor of $1 + x$ and ${(x + 1)}^{2}$ .

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Step 6.3.1

Reorder terms.

$- \frac{- x^{4} - 2 x^{3} - 4 x^{2} + 2 x + 5}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) (- 1 (x + 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 6.3.2

Factor $x + 1$ out of $- (x - 1) (- 1 (x + 1))$ .

$- \frac{- x^{4} - 2 x^{3} - 4 x^{2} + 2 x + 5}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{(x + 1) (- (x - 1) \cdot (- 1))}{- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 6.3.3

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 6.3.3.1

Factor $x + 1$ out of $- 2 {(x + 1)}^{2}$ .

$- \frac{- x^{4} - 2 x^{3} - 4 x^{2} + 2 x + 5}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{(x + 1) (- (x - 1) \cdot (- 1))}{(x + 1) (- 2 (x + 1))}$

Step 6.3.3.2

Cancel the common factor.

$- \frac{- x^{4} - 2 x^{3} - 4 x^{2} + 2 x + 5}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{(x + 1) (- (x - 1) \cdot (- 1))}{(x + 1) (- 2 (x + 1))}$

Step 6.3.3.3

Rewrite the expression.

$- \frac{- x^{4} - 2 x^{3} - 4 x^{2} + 2 x + 5}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- (x - 1) \cdot (- 1)}{- 2 (x + 1)}$

Step 6.4

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 6.4.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$- \frac{- x^{4} - 2 x^{3} - 4 x^{2} + 2 x + 5}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{1 (x - 1)}{- 2 (x + 1)}$

Step 6.4.2

Multiply $x - 1$ by $1$ .

$- \frac{- x^{4} - 2 x^{3} - 4 x^{2} + 2 x + 5}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{x - 1}{- 2 (x + 1)}$

Step 6.5

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$- \frac{- x^{4} - 2 x^{3} - 4 x^{2} + 2 x + 5}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} - \frac{x - 1}{2 (x + 1)}$

Step 7

To write $- \frac{x - 1}{2 (x + 1)}$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{(x + 1) {(x - 1)}^{2}}{(x + 1) {(x - 1)}^{2}}$ .

$- \frac{- x^{4} - 2 x^{3} - 4 x^{2} + 2 x + 5}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} - \frac{x - 1}{2 (x + 1)} \cdot \frac{(x + 1) {(x - 1)}^{2}}{(x + 1) {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 8

Write each expression with a common denominator of $2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}$ , by multiplying each by an appropriate factor of $1$ .

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Step 8.1

Multiply $\frac{x - 1}{2 (x + 1)}$ by $\frac{(x + 1) {(x - 1)}^{2}}{(x + 1) {(x - 1)}^{2}}$ .

$- \frac{- x^{4} - 2 x^{3} - 4 x^{2} + 2 x + 5}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} - \frac{(x - 1) ((x + 1) {(x - 1)}^{2})}{2 (x + 1) ((x + 1) {(x - 1)}^{2})}$

Step 8.2

Raise $x + 1$ to the power of $1$ .

$- \frac{- x^{4} - 2 x^{3} - 4 x^{2} + 2 x + 5}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} - \frac{(x - 1) ((x + 1) {(x - 1)}^{2})}{2 ({(x + 1)}^{1} (x + 1)) {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 8.3

Raise $x + 1$ to the power of $1$ .

$- \frac{- x^{4} - 2 x^{3} - 4 x^{2} + 2 x + 5}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} - \frac{(x - 1) ((x + 1) {(x - 1)}^{2})}{2 ({(x + 1)}^{1} {(x + 1)}^{1}) {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 8.4

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$- \frac{- x^{4} - 2 x^{3} - 4 x^{2} + 2 x + 5}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} - \frac{(x - 1) ((x + 1) {(x - 1)}^{2})}{2 {(x + 1)}^{1 + 1} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 8.5

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$- \frac{- x^{4} - 2 x^{3} - 4 x^{2} + 2 x + 5}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}} - \frac{(x - 1) ((x + 1) {(x - 1)}^{2})}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 9

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{- (- x^{4} - 2 x^{3} - 4 x^{2} + 2 x + 5) - (x - 1) ((x + 1) {(x - 1)}^{2})}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 10

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 10.1

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{- - x^{4} - (- 2 x^{3}) - (- 4 x^{2}) - (2 x) - 1 \cdot 5 - (x - 1) ((x + 1) {(x - 1)}^{2})}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 10.2

Simplify.

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Step 10.2.1

Multiply $- - x^{4}$ .

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Step 10.2.1.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{1 x^{4} - (- 2 x^{3}) - (- 4 x^{2}) - (2 x) - 1 \cdot 5 - (x - 1) ((x + 1) {(x - 1)}^{2})}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 10.2.1.2

Multiply $x^{4}$ by $1$ .

$\frac{x^{4} - (- 2 x^{3}) - (- 4 x^{2}) - (2 x) - 1 \cdot 5 - (x - 1) ((x + 1) {(x - 1)}^{2})}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 10.2.2

Multiply $- 2$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{x^{4} + 2 x^{3} - (- 4 x^{2}) - (2 x) - 1 \cdot 5 - (x - 1) ((x + 1) {(x - 1)}^{2})}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 10.2.3

Multiply $- 4$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - (2 x) - 1 \cdot 5 - (x - 1) ((x + 1) {(x - 1)}^{2})}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 10.2.4

Multiply $2$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x - 1 \cdot 5 - (x - 1) ((x + 1) {(x - 1)}^{2})}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 10.2.5

Multiply $- 1$ by $5$ .

$\frac{x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x - 5 - (x - 1) ((x + 1) {(x - 1)}^{2})}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 10.3

Multiply $x - 1$ by ${(x - 1)}^{2}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 10.3.1

Move ${(x - 1)}^{2}$ .

$\frac{x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x - 5 - ({(x - 1)}^{2} (x - 1)) (x + 1)}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 10.3.2

Multiply ${(x - 1)}^{2}$ by $x - 1$ .

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Step 10.3.2.1

Raise $x - 1$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x - 5 - ({(x - 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{1}) (x + 1)}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 10.3.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x - 5 - {(x - 1)}^{2 + 1} (x + 1)}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 10.3.3

Add $2$ and $1$ .

$\frac{x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x - 5 - {(x - 1)}^{3} (x + 1)}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 10.4

Use the Binomial Theorem.

$\frac{x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x - 5 - (x^{3} + 3 x^{2} \cdot - 1 + 3 x {(- 1)}^{2} + {(- 1)}^{3}) (x + 1)}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 10.5

Simplify each term.

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Step 10.5.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $3$ .

$\frac{x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x - 5 - (x^{3} - 3 x^{2} + 3 x {(- 1)}^{2} + {(- 1)}^{3}) (x + 1)}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 10.5.2

Raise $- 1$ to the power of $2$ .

$\frac{x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x - 5 - (x^{3} - 3 x^{2} + 3 x \cdot 1 + {(- 1)}^{3}) (x + 1)}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 10.5.3

Multiply $3$ by $1$ .

$\frac{x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x - 5 - (x^{3} - 3 x^{2} + 3 x + {(- 1)}^{3}) (x + 1)}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 10.5.4

Raise $- 1$ to the power of $3$ .

$\frac{x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x - 5 - (x^{3} - 3 x^{2} + 3 x - 1) (x + 1)}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 10.6

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x - 5 + (- x^{3} - (- 3 x^{2}) - (3 x) - - 1) (x + 1)}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 10.7

Simplify.

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Step 10.7.1

Multiply $- 3$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x - 5 + (- x^{3} + 3 x^{2} - (3 x) - - 1) (x + 1)}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 10.7.2

Multiply $3$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x - 5 + (- x^{3} + 3 x^{2} - 3 x - - 1) (x + 1)}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 10.7.3

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x - 5 + (- x^{3} + 3 x^{2} - 3 x + 1) (x + 1)}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 10.8

Expand $(- x^{3} + 3 x^{2} - 3 x + 1) (x + 1)$ by multiplying each term in the first expression by each term in the second expression.

$\frac{x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x - 5 - x^{3} x - x^{3} \cdot 1 + 3 x^{2} x + 3 x^{2} \cdot 1 - 3 x \cdot x - 3 x \cdot 1 + 1 x + 1 \cdot 1}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 10.9

Simplify each term.

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Step 10.9.1

Multiply $x^{3}$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 10.9.1.1

Move $x$ .

$\frac{x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x - 5 - (x \cdot x^{3}) - x^{3} \cdot 1 + 3 x^{2} x + 3 x^{2} \cdot 1 - 3 x \cdot x - 3 x \cdot 1 + 1 x + 1 \cdot 1}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 10.9.1.2

Multiply $x$ by $x^{3}$ .

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Step 10.9.1.2.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x - 5 - (x^{1} x^{3}) - x^{3} \cdot 1 + 3 x^{2} x + 3 x^{2} \cdot 1 - 3 x \cdot x - 3 x \cdot 1 + 1 x + 1 \cdot 1}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 10.9.1.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x - 5 - x^{1 + 3} - x^{3} \cdot 1 + 3 x^{2} x + 3 x^{2} \cdot 1 - 3 x \cdot x - 3 x \cdot 1 + 1 x + 1 \cdot 1}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 10.9.1.3

Add $1$ and $3$ .

$\frac{x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x - 5 - x^{4} - x^{3} \cdot 1 + 3 x^{2} x + 3 x^{2} \cdot 1 - 3 x \cdot x - 3 x \cdot 1 + 1 x + 1 \cdot 1}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 10.9.2

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$\frac{x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x - 5 - x^{4} - x^{3} + 3 x^{2} x + 3 x^{2} \cdot 1 - 3 x \cdot x - 3 x \cdot 1 + 1 x + 1 \cdot 1}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 10.9.3

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 10.9.3.1

Move $x$ .

$\frac{x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x - 5 - x^{4} - x^{3} + 3 (x \cdot x^{2}) + 3 x^{2} \cdot 1 - 3 x \cdot x - 3 x \cdot 1 + 1 x + 1 \cdot 1}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 10.9.3.2

Multiply $x$ by $x^{2}$ .

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Step 10.9.3.2.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x - 5 - x^{4} - x^{3} + 3 (x^{1} x^{2}) + 3 x^{2} \cdot 1 - 3 x \cdot x - 3 x \cdot 1 + 1 x + 1 \cdot 1}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 10.9.3.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x - 5 - x^{4} - x^{3} + 3 x^{1 + 2} + 3 x^{2} \cdot 1 - 3 x \cdot x - 3 x \cdot 1 + 1 x + 1 \cdot 1}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 10.9.3.3

Add $1$ and $2$ .

$\frac{x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x - 5 - x^{4} - x^{3} + 3 x^{3} + 3 x^{2} \cdot 1 - 3 x \cdot x - 3 x \cdot 1 + 1 x + 1 \cdot 1}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 10.9.4

Multiply $3$ by $1$ .

$\frac{x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x - 5 - x^{4} - x^{3} + 3 x^{3} + 3 x^{2} - 3 x \cdot x - 3 x \cdot 1 + 1 x + 1 \cdot 1}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 10.9.5

Multiply $x$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 10.9.5.1

Move $x$ .

$\frac{x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x - 5 - x^{4} - x^{3} + 3 x^{3} + 3 x^{2} - 3 (x \cdot x) - 3 x \cdot 1 + 1 x + 1 \cdot 1}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 10.9.5.2

Multiply $x$ by $x$ .

$\frac{x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x - 5 - x^{4} - x^{3} + 3 x^{3} + 3 x^{2} - 3 x^{2} - 3 x \cdot 1 + 1 x + 1 \cdot 1}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 10.9.6

Multiply $- 3$ by $1$ .

$\frac{x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x - 5 - x^{4} - x^{3} + 3 x^{3} + 3 x^{2} - 3 x^{2} - 3 x + 1 x + 1 \cdot 1}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 10.9.7

Multiply $x$ by $1$ .

$\frac{x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x - 5 - x^{4} - x^{3} + 3 x^{3} + 3 x^{2} - 3 x^{2} - 3 x + x + 1 \cdot 1}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 10.9.8

Multiply $1$ by $1$ .

$\frac{x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x - 5 - x^{4} - x^{3} + 3 x^{3} + 3 x^{2} - 3 x^{2} - 3 x + x + 1}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 10.10

Combine the opposite terms in $- x^{4} - x^{3} + 3 x^{3} + 3 x^{2} - 3 x^{2} - 3 x + x + 1$ .

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Step 10.10.1

Subtract $3 x^{2}$ from $3 x^{2}$ .

$\frac{x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x - 5 - x^{4} - x^{3} + 3 x^{3} + 0 - 3 x + x + 1}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 10.10.2

Add $- x^{4} - x^{3} + 3 x^{3}$ and $0$ .

$\frac{x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x - 5 - x^{4} - x^{3} + 3 x^{3} - 3 x + x + 1}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 10.11

Add $- x^{3}$ and $3 x^{3}$ .

$\frac{x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x - 5 - x^{4} + 2 x^{3} - 3 x + x + 1}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 10.12

Add $- 3 x$ and $x$ .

$\frac{x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x - 5 - x^{4} + 2 x^{3} - 2 x + 1}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 10.13

Subtract $x^{4}$ from $x^{4}$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x - 5 + 0 + 2 x^{3} - 2 x + 1}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 10.14

Add $2 x^{3}$ and $0$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x - 5 + 2 x^{3} - 2 x + 1}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 10.15

Add $2 x^{3}$ and $2 x^{3}$ .

$\frac{4 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x - 5 - 2 x + 1}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 10.16

Subtract $2 x$ from $- 2 x$ .

$\frac{4 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 4 x - 5 + 1}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 10.17

Add $- 5$ and $1$ .

$\frac{4 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 4 x - 4}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 10.18

Rewrite $4 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 4 x - 4$ in a factored form.

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Step 10.18.1

Factor $4$ out of $4 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 4 x - 4$ .

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Step 10.18.1.1

Factor $4$ out of $4 x^{3}$ .

$\frac{4 (x^{3}) + 4 x^{2} - 4 x - 4}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 10.18.1.2

Factor $4$ out of $4 x^{2}$ .

$\frac{4 (x^{3}) + 4 (x^{2}) - 4 x - 4}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 10.18.1.3

Factor $4$ out of $- 4 x$ .

$\frac{4 (x^{3}) + 4 (x^{2}) + 4 (- x) - 4}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 10.18.1.4

Factor $4$ out of $- 4$ .

$\frac{4 (x^{3}) + 4 (x^{2}) + 4 (- x) + 4 (- 1)}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 10.18.1.5

Factor $4$ out of $4 (x^{3}) + 4 (x^{2})$ .

$\frac{4 (x^{3} + x^{2}) + 4 (- x) + 4 (- 1)}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 10.18.1.6

Factor $4$ out of $4 (x^{3} + x^{2}) + 4 (- x)$ .

$\frac{4 (x^{3} + x^{2} - x) + 4 (- 1)}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 10.18.1.7

Factor $4$ out of $4 (x^{3} + x^{2} - x) + 4 (- 1)$ .

$\frac{4 (x^{3} + x^{2} - x - 1)}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 10.18.2

Factor out the greatest common factor from each group.

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Step 10.18.2.1

Group the first two terms and the last two terms.

$\frac{4 ((x^{3} + x^{2}) - x - 1)}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 10.18.2.2

Factor out the greatest common factor (GCF) from each group.

$\frac{4 (x^{2} (x + 1) - (x + 1))}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 10.18.3

Factor the polynomial by factoring out the greatest common factor, $x + 1$ .

$\frac{4 ((x + 1) (x^{2} - 1))}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 10.18.4

Rewrite $1$ as $1^{2}$ .

$\frac{4 ((x + 1) (x^{2} - 1^{2}))}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 10.18.5

Since both terms are perfect squares, factor using the difference of squares formula, $a^{2} - b^{2} = (a + b) (a - b)$ where $a = x$ and $b = 1$ .

$\frac{4 ((x + 1) (x + 1) (x - 1))}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 10.18.6

Combine exponents.

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Step 10.18.6.1

Raise $x + 1$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{4 ({(x + 1)}^{1} (x + 1) (x - 1))}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 10.18.6.2

Raise $x + 1$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{4 ({(x + 1)}^{1} {(x + 1)}^{1} (x - 1))}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 10.18.6.3

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{4 ({(x + 1)}^{1 + 1} (x - 1))}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 10.18.6.4

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\frac{4 ({(x + 1)}^{2} (x - 1))}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

$\frac{4 {(x + 1)}^{2} (x - 1)}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 11

Reduce the expression by cancelling the common factors.

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Step 11.1

Cancel the common factor of $4$ and $2$ .

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Step 11.1.1

Factor $2$ out of $4 {(x + 1)}^{2} (x - 1)$ .

$\frac{2 (2 {(x + 1)}^{2} (x - 1))}{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 11.1.2

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 11.1.2.1

Factor $2$ out of $2 {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}$ .

$\frac{2 (2 {(x + 1)}^{2} (x - 1))}{2 ({(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2})}$

Step 11.1.2.2

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{2 (2 {(x + 1)}^{2} (x - 1))}{2 ({(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2})}$

Step 11.1.2.3

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} (x - 1)}{{(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 11.2

Cancel the common factor of ${(x + 1)}^{2}$ .

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Step 11.2.1

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{2 {(x + 1)}^{2} (x - 1)}{{(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 11.2.2

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{2 (x - 1)}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 11.3

Cancel the common factor of $x - 1$ and ${(x - 1)}^{2}$ .

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Step 11.3.1

Factor $x - 1$ out of $2 (x - 1)$ .

$\frac{(x - 1) \cdot 2}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 11.3.2

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 11.3.2.1

Factor $x - 1$ out of ${(x - 1)}^{2}$ .

$\frac{(x - 1) \cdot 2}{(x - 1) (x - 1)}$

Step 11.3.2.2

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{(x - 1) \cdot 2}{(x - 1) (x - 1)}$

Step 11.3.2.3

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{2}{x - 1}$