Algebra Examples

$\frac{\frac{a}{a - 1} + \frac{1 + a}{- a}}{\frac{1 - a}{a} + \frac{a}{1 + a}}$

Step 1

Multiply the numerator and denominator of the fraction by $(a - 1) \cdot - 1 a (1 + a)$ .

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Step 1.1

Multiply $\frac{\frac{a}{a - 1} + \frac{1 + a}{- a}}{\frac{1 - a}{a} + \frac{a}{1 + a}}$ by $\frac{(a - 1) \cdot - 1 a (1 + a)}{(a - 1) \cdot - 1 a (1 + a)}$ .

$\frac{(a - 1) \cdot - 1 a (1 + a)}{(a - 1) \cdot - 1 a (1 + a)} \cdot \frac{\frac{a}{a - 1} + \frac{1 + a}{- a}}{\frac{1 - a}{a} + \frac{a}{1 + a}}$

Step 1.2

Combine.

$\frac{(a - 1) \cdot - 1 a (1 + a) (\frac{a}{a - 1} + \frac{1 + a}{- a})}{(a - 1) \cdot - 1 a (1 + a) (\frac{1 - a}{a} + \frac{a}{1 + a})}$

Step 2

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{(a - 1) \cdot - 1 a (1 + a) \frac{a}{a - 1} + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 a (1 + a) \frac{1 + a}{- a}}{(a - 1) \cdot - 1 a (1 + a) \frac{1 - a}{a} + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 a (1 + a) \frac{a}{1 + a}}$

Step 3

Simplify by cancelling.

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Step 3.1

Cancel the common factor of $a - 1$ .

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Step 3.1.1

Factor $a - 1$ out of $(a - 1) \cdot - 1 a (1 + a)$ .

$\frac{(a - 1) (- a (1 + a)) \frac{a}{a - 1} + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 a (1 + a) \frac{1 + a}{- a}}{(a - 1) \cdot - 1 a (1 + a) \frac{1 - a}{a} + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 a (1 + a) \frac{a}{1 + a}}$

Step 3.1.2

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{(a - 1) (- a (1 + a)) \frac{a}{a - 1} + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 a (1 + a) \frac{1 + a}{- a}}{(a - 1) \cdot - 1 a (1 + a) \frac{1 - a}{a} + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 a (1 + a) \frac{a}{1 + a}}$

Step 3.1.3

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{- a (1 + a) a + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 a (1 + a) \frac{1 + a}{- a}}{(a - 1) \cdot - 1 a (1 + a) \frac{1 - a}{a} + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 a (1 + a) \frac{a}{1 + a}}$

Step 3.2

Raise $a$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{- (a^{1} a) (1 + a) + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 a (1 + a) \frac{1 + a}{- a}}{(a - 1) \cdot - 1 a (1 + a) \frac{1 - a}{a} + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 a (1 + a) \frac{a}{1 + a}}$

Step 3.3

Raise $a$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{- (a^{1} a^{1}) (1 + a) + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 a (1 + a) \frac{1 + a}{- a}}{(a - 1) \cdot - 1 a (1 + a) \frac{1 - a}{a} + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 a (1 + a) \frac{a}{1 + a}}$

Step 3.4

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{- a^{1 + 1} (1 + a) + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 a (1 + a) \frac{1 + a}{- a}}{(a - 1) \cdot - 1 a (1 + a) \frac{1 - a}{a} + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 a (1 + a) \frac{a}{1 + a}}$

Step 3.5

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\frac{- a^{2} (1 + a) + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 a (1 + a) \frac{1 + a}{- a}}{(a - 1) \cdot - 1 a (1 + a) \frac{1 - a}{a} + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 a (1 + a) \frac{a}{1 + a}}$

Step 3.6

Cancel the common factor of $(- 1) a$ .

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Step 3.6.1

Factor $(- 1) a$ out of $(a - 1) \cdot - 1 a (1 + a)$ .

$\frac{- a^{2} (1 + a) - a ((a - 1) (1 + a)) \frac{1 + a}{- a}}{(a - 1) \cdot - 1 a (1 + a) \frac{1 - a}{a} + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 a (1 + a) \frac{a}{1 + a}}$

Step 3.6.2

Factor $(- 1) a$ out of $- a$ .

$\frac{- a^{2} (1 + a) - a ((a - 1) (1 + a)) \frac{1 + a}{- a (1)}}{(a - 1) \cdot - 1 a (1 + a) \frac{1 - a}{a} + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 a (1 + a) \frac{a}{1 + a}}$

Step 3.6.3

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{- a^{2} (1 + a) - a ((a - 1) (1 + a)) \frac{1 + a}{- a \cdot 1}}{(a - 1) \cdot - 1 a (1 + a) \frac{1 - a}{a} + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 a (1 + a) \frac{a}{1 + a}}$

Step 3.6.4

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{- a^{2} (1 + a) + (a - 1) (1 + a) (1 + a)}{(a - 1) \cdot - 1 a (1 + a) \frac{1 - a}{a} + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 a (1 + a) \frac{a}{1 + a}}$

Step 3.7

Raise $1 + a$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{- a^{2} (1 + a) + (a - 1) ({(1 + a)}^{1} (1 + a))}{(a - 1) \cdot - 1 a (1 + a) \frac{1 - a}{a} + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 a (1 + a) \frac{a}{1 + a}}$

Step 3.8

Raise $1 + a$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{- a^{2} (1 + a) + (a - 1) ({(1 + a)}^{1} {(1 + a)}^{1})}{(a - 1) \cdot - 1 a (1 + a) \frac{1 - a}{a} + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 a (1 + a) \frac{a}{1 + a}}$

Step 3.9

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{- a^{2} (1 + a) + (a - 1) {(1 + a)}^{1 + 1}}{(a - 1) \cdot - 1 a (1 + a) \frac{1 - a}{a} + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 a (1 + a) \frac{a}{1 + a}}$

Step 3.10

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\frac{- a^{2} (1 + a) + (a - 1) {(1 + a)}^{2}}{(a - 1) \cdot - 1 a (1 + a) \frac{1 - a}{a} + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 a (1 + a) \frac{a}{1 + a}}$

Step 3.11

Cancel the common factor of $a$ .

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Step 3.11.1

Factor $a$ out of $(a - 1) \cdot - 1 a (1 + a)$ .

$\frac{- a^{2} (1 + a) + (a - 1) {(1 + a)}^{2}}{a ((a - 1) \cdot - 1 (1 + a)) \frac{1 - a}{a} + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 a (1 + a) \frac{a}{1 + a}}$

Step 3.11.2

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{- a^{2} (1 + a) + (a - 1) {(1 + a)}^{2}}{a ((a - 1) \cdot - 1 (1 + a)) \frac{1 - a}{a} + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 a (1 + a) \frac{a}{1 + a}}$

Step 3.11.3

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{- a^{2} (1 + a) + (a - 1) {(1 + a)}^{2}}{(a - 1) \cdot - 1 (1 + a) (1 - a) + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 a (1 + a) \frac{a}{1 + a}}$

Step 3.12

Factor $- 1$ out of $a$ .

$\frac{- a^{2} (1 + a) + (a - 1) {(1 + a)}^{2}}{(- 1 (- a) - 1) \cdot - 1 (1 + a) (1 - a) + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 a (1 + a) \frac{a}{1 + a}}$

Step 3.13

Rewrite $- 1$ as $- 1 (1)$ .

$\frac{- a^{2} (1 + a) + (a - 1) {(1 + a)}^{2}}{(- 1 (- a) - 1 (1)) \cdot - 1 (1 + a) (1 - a) + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 a (1 + a) \frac{a}{1 + a}}$

Step 3.14

Factor $- 1$ out of $- 1 (- a) - 1 (1)$ .

$\frac{- a^{2} (1 + a) + (a - 1) {(1 + a)}^{2}}{- 1 (- a + 1) \cdot - 1 (1 + a) (1 - a) + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 a (1 + a) \frac{a}{1 + a}}$

Step 3.15

Reorder terms.

$\frac{- a^{2} (1 + a) + (a - 1) {(1 + a)}^{2}}{- 1 (- a + 1) \cdot - 1 (1 + a) (- a + 1) + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 a (1 + a) \frac{a}{1 + a}}$

Step 3.16

Raise $- a + 1$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{- a^{2} (1 + a) + (a - 1) {(1 + a)}^{2}}{- 1 \cdot - 1 (1 + a) ({(- a + 1)}^{1} (- a + 1)) + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 a (1 + a) \frac{a}{1 + a}}$

Step 3.17

Raise $- a + 1$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{- a^{2} (1 + a) + (a - 1) {(1 + a)}^{2}}{- 1 \cdot - 1 (1 + a) ({(- a + 1)}^{1} {(- a + 1)}^{1}) + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 a (1 + a) \frac{a}{1 + a}}$

Step 3.18

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{- a^{2} (1 + a) + (a - 1) {(1 + a)}^{2}}{- 1 \cdot - 1 (1 + a) {(- a + 1)}^{1 + 1} + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 a (1 + a) \frac{a}{1 + a}}$

Step 3.19

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\frac{- a^{2} (1 + a) + (a - 1) {(1 + a)}^{2}}{- 1 \cdot - 1 (1 + a) {(- a + 1)}^{2} + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 a (1 + a) \frac{a}{1 + a}}$

Step 3.20

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{- a^{2} (1 + a) + (a - 1) {(1 + a)}^{2}}{1 (1 + a) {(- a + 1)}^{2} + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 a (1 + a) \frac{a}{1 + a}}$

Step 3.21

Multiply $1 + a$ by $1$ .

$\frac{- a^{2} (1 + a) + (a - 1) {(1 + a)}^{2}}{(1 + a) {(- a + 1)}^{2} + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 a (1 + a) \frac{a}{1 + a}}$

Step 3.22

Cancel the common factor of $1 + a$ .

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Step 3.22.1

Factor $1 + a$ out of $(a - 1) \cdot - 1 a (1 + a)$ .

$\frac{- a^{2} (1 + a) + (a - 1) {(1 + a)}^{2}}{(1 + a) {(- a + 1)}^{2} + (1 + a) ((a - 1) \cdot - 1 a) \frac{a}{1 + a}}$

Step 3.22.2

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{- a^{2} (1 + a) + (a - 1) {(1 + a)}^{2}}{(1 + a) {(- a + 1)}^{2} + (1 + a) ((a - 1) \cdot - 1 a) \frac{a}{1 + a}}$

Step 3.22.3

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{- a^{2} (1 + a) + (a - 1) {(1 + a)}^{2}}{(1 + a) {(- a + 1)}^{2} + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 a \cdot a}$

Step 3.23

Raise $a$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{- a^{2} (1 + a) + (a - 1) {(1 + a)}^{2}}{(1 + a) {(- a + 1)}^{2} + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 (a^{1} a)}$

Step 3.24

Raise $a$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{- a^{2} (1 + a) + (a - 1) {(1 + a)}^{2}}{(1 + a) {(- a + 1)}^{2} + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 (a^{1} a^{1})}$

Step 3.25

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{- a^{2} (1 + a) + (a - 1) {(1 + a)}^{2}}{(1 + a) {(- a + 1)}^{2} + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 a^{1 + 1}}$

Step 3.26

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\frac{- a^{2} (1 + a) + (a - 1) {(1 + a)}^{2}}{(1 + a) {(- a + 1)}^{2} + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 a^{2}}$

Step 4

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 4.1

Factor $1 + a$ out of $- a^{2} (1 + a) + (a - 1) {(1 + a)}^{2}$ .

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Step 4.1.1

Factor $1 + a$ out of $- a^{2} (1 + a)$ .

$\frac{(1 + a) (- a^{2}) + (a - 1) {(1 + a)}^{2}}{(1 + a) {(- a + 1)}^{2} + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 a^{2}}$

Step 4.1.2

Factor $1 + a$ out of $(a - 1) {(1 + a)}^{2}$ .

$\frac{(1 + a) (- a^{2}) + (1 + a) ((a - 1) (1 + a))}{(1 + a) {(- a + 1)}^{2} + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 a^{2}}$

Step 4.1.3

Factor $1 + a$ out of $(1 + a) (- a^{2}) + (1 + a) ((a - 1) (1 + a))$ .

$\frac{(1 + a) (- a^{2} + (a - 1) (1 + a))}{(1 + a) {(- a + 1)}^{2} + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 a^{2}}$

Step 4.2

Expand $(a - 1) (1 + a)$ using the FOIL Method.

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Step 4.2.1

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{(1 + a) (- a^{2} + a (1 + a) - 1 (1 + a))}{(1 + a) {(- a + 1)}^{2} + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 a^{2}}$

Step 4.2.2

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{(1 + a) (- a^{2} + a \cdot 1 + a \cdot a - 1 (1 + a))}{(1 + a) {(- a + 1)}^{2} + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 a^{2}}$

Step 4.2.3

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{(1 + a) (- a^{2} + a \cdot 1 + a \cdot a - 1 \cdot 1 - 1 a)}{(1 + a) {(- a + 1)}^{2} + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 a^{2}}$

Step 4.3

Combine the opposite terms in $a \cdot 1 + a \cdot a - 1 \cdot 1 - 1 a$ .

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Step 4.3.1

Reorder the factors in the terms $a \cdot 1$ and $- 1 a$ .

$\frac{(1 + a) (- a^{2} + 1 a + a \cdot a - 1 \cdot 1 - 1 a)}{(1 + a) {(- a + 1)}^{2} + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 a^{2}}$

Step 4.3.2

Subtract $1 a$ from $1 a$ .

$\frac{(1 + a) (- a^{2} + 0 + a \cdot a - 1 \cdot 1)}{(1 + a) {(- a + 1)}^{2} + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 a^{2}}$

Step 4.3.3

Add $0$ and $a \cdot a$ .

$\frac{(1 + a) (- a^{2} + a \cdot a - 1 \cdot 1)}{(1 + a) {(- a + 1)}^{2} + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 a^{2}}$

Step 4.4

Simplify each term.

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Step 4.4.1

Multiply $a$ by $a$ .

$\frac{(1 + a) (- a^{2} + a^{2} - 1 \cdot 1)}{(1 + a) {(- a + 1)}^{2} + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 a^{2}}$

Step 4.4.2

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$\frac{(1 + a) (- a^{2} + a^{2} - 1)}{(1 + a) {(- a + 1)}^{2} + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 a^{2}}$

Step 4.5

Add $- a^{2}$ and $a^{2}$ .

$\frac{(1 + a) (0 - 1)}{(1 + a) {(- a + 1)}^{2} + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 a^{2}}$

Step 4.6

Subtract $1$ from $0$ .

$\frac{(1 + a) \cdot - 1}{(1 + a) {(- a + 1)}^{2} + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 a^{2}}$

Step 5

Simplify the denominator.

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Step 5.1

Rewrite ${(- a + 1)}^{2}$ as $(- a + 1) (- a + 1)$ .

$\frac{(1 + a) \cdot - 1}{(1 + a) ((- a + 1) (- a + 1)) + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 a^{2}}$

Step 5.2

Expand $(- a + 1) (- a + 1)$ using the FOIL Method.

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Step 5.2.1

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{(1 + a) \cdot - 1}{(1 + a) (- a (- a + 1) + 1 (- a + 1)) + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 a^{2}}$

Step 5.2.2

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{(1 + a) \cdot - 1}{(1 + a) (- a (- a) - a \cdot 1 + 1 (- a + 1)) + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 a^{2}}$

Step 5.2.3

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{(1 + a) \cdot - 1}{(1 + a) (- a (- a) - a \cdot 1 + 1 (- a) + 1 \cdot 1) + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 a^{2}}$

Step 5.3

Simplify and combine like terms.

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Step 5.3.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 5.3.1.1

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$\frac{(1 + a) \cdot - 1}{(1 + a) (- 1 \cdot - 1 a \cdot a - a \cdot 1 + 1 (- a) + 1 \cdot 1) + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 a^{2}}$

Step 5.3.1.2

Multiply $a$ by $a$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 5.3.1.2.1

Move $a$ .

$\frac{(1 + a) \cdot - 1}{(1 + a) (- 1 \cdot - 1 (a \cdot a) - a \cdot 1 + 1 (- a) + 1 \cdot 1) + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 a^{2}}$

Step 5.3.1.2.2

Multiply $a$ by $a$ .

$\frac{(1 + a) \cdot - 1}{(1 + a) (- 1 \cdot - 1 a^{2} - a \cdot 1 + 1 (- a) + 1 \cdot 1) + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 a^{2}}$

Step 5.3.1.3

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{(1 + a) \cdot - 1}{(1 + a) (1 a^{2} - a \cdot 1 + 1 (- a) + 1 \cdot 1) + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 a^{2}}$

Step 5.3.1.4

Multiply $a^{2}$ by $1$ .

$\frac{(1 + a) \cdot - 1}{(1 + a) (a^{2} - a \cdot 1 + 1 (- a) + 1 \cdot 1) + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 a^{2}}$

Step 5.3.1.5

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$\frac{(1 + a) \cdot - 1}{(1 + a) (a^{2} - a + 1 (- a) + 1 \cdot 1) + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 a^{2}}$

Step 5.3.1.6

Multiply $- a$ by $1$ .

$\frac{(1 + a) \cdot - 1}{(1 + a) (a^{2} - a - a + 1 \cdot 1) + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 a^{2}}$

Step 5.3.1.7

Multiply $1$ by $1$ .

$\frac{(1 + a) \cdot - 1}{(1 + a) (a^{2} - a - a + 1) + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 a^{2}}$

Step 5.3.2

Subtract $a$ from $- a$ .

$\frac{(1 + a) \cdot - 1}{(1 + a) (a^{2} - 2 a + 1) + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 a^{2}}$

Step 5.4

Expand $(1 + a) (a^{2} - 2 a + 1)$ by multiplying each term in the first expression by each term in the second expression.

$\frac{(1 + a) \cdot - 1}{1 a^{2} + 1 (- 2 a) + 1 \cdot 1 + a \cdot a^{2} + a (- 2 a) + a \cdot 1 + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 a^{2}}$

Step 5.5

Simplify each term.

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Step 5.5.1

Multiply $a^{2}$ by $1$ .

$\frac{(1 + a) \cdot - 1}{a^{2} + 1 (- 2 a) + 1 \cdot 1 + a \cdot a^{2} + a (- 2 a) + a \cdot 1 + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 a^{2}}$

Step 5.5.2

Multiply $- 2 a$ by $1$ .

$\frac{(1 + a) \cdot - 1}{a^{2} - 2 a + 1 \cdot 1 + a \cdot a^{2} + a (- 2 a) + a \cdot 1 + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 a^{2}}$

Step 5.5.3

Multiply $1$ by $1$ .

$\frac{(1 + a) \cdot - 1}{a^{2} - 2 a + 1 + a \cdot a^{2} + a (- 2 a) + a \cdot 1 + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 a^{2}}$

Step 5.5.4

Multiply $a$ by $a^{2}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 5.5.4.1

Multiply $a$ by $a^{2}$ .

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Step 5.5.4.1.1

Raise $a$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{(1 + a) \cdot - 1}{a^{2} - 2 a + 1 + a^{1} a^{2} + a (- 2 a) + a \cdot 1 + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 a^{2}}$

Step 5.5.4.1.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{(1 + a) \cdot - 1}{a^{2} - 2 a + 1 + a^{1 + 2} + a (- 2 a) + a \cdot 1 + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 a^{2}}$

Step 5.5.4.2

Add $1$ and $2$ .

$\frac{(1 + a) \cdot - 1}{a^{2} - 2 a + 1 + a^{3} + a (- 2 a) + a \cdot 1 + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 a^{2}}$

Step 5.5.5

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$\frac{(1 + a) \cdot - 1}{a^{2} - 2 a + 1 + a^{3} - 2 a \cdot a + a \cdot 1 + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 a^{2}}$

Step 5.5.6

Multiply $a$ by $a$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 5.5.6.1

Move $a$ .

$\frac{(1 + a) \cdot - 1}{a^{2} - 2 a + 1 + a^{3} - 2 (a \cdot a) + a \cdot 1 + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 a^{2}}$

Step 5.5.6.2

Multiply $a$ by $a$ .

$\frac{(1 + a) \cdot - 1}{a^{2} - 2 a + 1 + a^{3} - 2 a^{2} + a \cdot 1 + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 a^{2}}$

Step 5.5.7

Multiply $a$ by $1$ .

$\frac{(1 + a) \cdot - 1}{a^{2} - 2 a + 1 + a^{3} - 2 a^{2} + a + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 a^{2}}$

Step 5.6

Subtract $2 a^{2}$ from $a^{2}$ .

$\frac{(1 + a) \cdot - 1}{- a^{2} - 2 a + 1 + a^{3} + a + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 a^{2}}$

Step 5.7

Add $- 2 a$ and $a$ .

$\frac{(1 + a) \cdot - 1}{- a^{2} - a + 1 + a^{3} + (a - 1) \cdot - 1 a^{2}}$

Step 5.8

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{(1 + a) \cdot - 1}{- a^{2} - a + 1 + a^{3} + (a \cdot - 1 - 1 \cdot - 1) a^{2}}$

Step 5.9

Move $- 1$ to the left of $a$ .

$\frac{(1 + a) \cdot - 1}{- a^{2} - a + 1 + a^{3} + (- 1 \cdot a - 1 \cdot - 1) a^{2}}$

Step 5.10

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{(1 + a) \cdot - 1}{- a^{2} - a + 1 + a^{3} + (- 1 \cdot a + 1) a^{2}}$

Step 5.11

Rewrite $- 1 a$ as $- a$ .

$\frac{(1 + a) \cdot - 1}{- a^{2} - a + 1 + a^{3} + (- a + 1) a^{2}}$

Step 5.12

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{(1 + a) \cdot - 1}{- a^{2} - a + 1 + a^{3} - a \cdot a^{2} + 1 a^{2}}$

Step 5.13

Multiply $a$ by $a^{2}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 5.13.1

Move $a^{2}$ .

$\frac{(1 + a) \cdot - 1}{- a^{2} - a + 1 + a^{3} - (a^{2} a) + 1 a^{2}}$

Step 5.13.2

Multiply $a^{2}$ by $a$ .

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Step 5.13.2.1

Raise $a$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{(1 + a) \cdot - 1}{- a^{2} - a + 1 + a^{3} - (a^{2} a^{1}) + 1 a^{2}}$

Step 5.13.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{(1 + a) \cdot - 1}{- a^{2} - a + 1 + a^{3} - a^{2 + 1} + 1 a^{2}}$

Step 5.13.3

Add $2$ and $1$ .

$\frac{(1 + a) \cdot - 1}{- a^{2} - a + 1 + a^{3} - a^{3} + 1 a^{2}}$

Step 5.14

Multiply $a^{2}$ by $1$ .

$\frac{(1 + a) \cdot - 1}{- a^{2} - a + 1 + a^{3} - a^{3} + a^{2}}$

Step 5.15

Add $- a^{2}$ and $a^{2}$ .

$\frac{(1 + a) \cdot - 1}{- a + 1 + a^{3} - a^{3} + 0}$

Step 5.16

Add $- a + 1 + a^{3} - a^{3}$ and $0$ .

$\frac{(1 + a) \cdot - 1}{- a + 1 + a^{3} - a^{3}}$

Step 5.17

Subtract $a^{3}$ from $a^{3}$ .

$\frac{(1 + a) \cdot - 1}{- a + 1 + 0}$

Step 5.18

Add $- a + 1$ and $0$ .

$\frac{(1 + a) \cdot - 1}{- a + 1}$

Step 6

Simplify with factoring out.

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Step 6.1

Move $- 1$ to the left of $1 + a$ .

$\frac{- 1 \cdot (1 + a)}{- a + 1}$

Step 6.2

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$- \frac{1 + a}{- a + 1}$

Step 6.3

Factor $- 1$ out of $- a$ .

$- \frac{1 + a}{- (a) + 1}$

Step 6.4

Rewrite $1$ as $- 1 (- 1)$ .

$- \frac{1 + a}{- (a) - 1 (- 1)}$

Step 6.5

Factor $- 1$ out of $- (a) - 1 (- 1)$ .

$- \frac{1 + a}{- (a - 1)}$

Step 6.6

Simplify the expression.

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Step 6.6.1

Rewrite $- (a - 1)$ as $- 1 (a - 1)$ .

$- \frac{1 + a}{- 1 (a - 1)}$

Step 6.6.2

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$- - \frac{1 + a}{a - 1}$

Step 6.6.3

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$1 \frac{1 + a}{a - 1}$

Step 6.6.4

Multiply $\frac{1 + a}{a - 1}$ by $1$ .

$\frac{1 + a}{a - 1}$