Algebra Examples

$\frac{3 x^{2}}{x^{2} + x + 1} - \frac{x^{3}}{x^{3} - 1} - \frac{2 x}{x - 1}$

Step 1

Simplify the denominator.

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Step 1.1

Rewrite $1$ as $1^{3}$ .

$\frac{3 x^{2}}{x^{2} + x + 1} - \frac{x^{3}}{x^{3} - 1^{3}} - \frac{2 x}{x - 1}$

Step 1.2

Since both terms are perfect cubes, factor using the difference of cubes formula, $a^{3} - b^{3} = (a - b) (a^{2} + a b + b^{2})$ where $a = x$ and $b = 1$ .

$\frac{3 x^{2}}{x^{2} + x + 1} - \frac{x^{3}}{(x - 1) (x^{2} + x \cdot 1 + 1^{2})} - \frac{2 x}{x - 1}$

Step 1.3

Simplify.

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Step 1.3.1

Multiply $x$ by $1$ .

$\frac{3 x^{2}}{x^{2} + x + 1} - \frac{x^{3}}{(x - 1) (x^{2} + x + 1^{2})} - \frac{2 x}{x - 1}$

Step 1.3.2

One to any power is one.

$\frac{3 x^{2}}{x^{2} + x + 1} - \frac{x^{3}}{(x - 1) (x^{2} + x + 1)} - \frac{2 x}{x - 1}$

Step 2

To write $\frac{3 x^{2}}{x^{2} + x + 1}$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{x - 1}{x - 1}$ .

$\frac{3 x^{2}}{x^{2} + x + 1} \cdot \frac{x - 1}{x - 1} - \frac{x^{3}}{(x - 1) (x^{2} + x + 1)} - \frac{2 x}{x - 1}$

Step 3

Write each expression with a common denominator of $(x^{2} + x + 1) (x - 1)$ , by multiplying each by an appropriate factor of $1$ .

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Step 3.1

Multiply $\frac{3 x^{2}}{x^{2} + x + 1}$ by $\frac{x - 1}{x - 1}$ .

$\frac{3 x^{2} (x - 1)}{(x^{2} + x + 1) (x - 1)} - \frac{x^{3}}{(x - 1) (x^{2} + x + 1)} - \frac{2 x}{x - 1}$

Step 3.2

Reorder the factors of $(x^{2} + x + 1) (x - 1)$ .

$\frac{3 x^{2} (x - 1)}{(x - 1) (x^{2} + x + 1)} - \frac{x^{3}}{(x - 1) (x^{2} + x + 1)} - \frac{2 x}{x - 1}$

Step 4

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{3 x^{2} (x - 1) - x^{3}}{(x - 1) (x^{2} + x + 1)} - \frac{2 x}{x - 1}$

Step 5

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 5.1

Factor $x^{2}$ out of $3 x^{2} (x - 1) - x^{3}$ .

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Step 5.1.1

Factor $x^{2}$ out of $3 x^{2} (x - 1)$ .

$\frac{x^{2} (3 (x - 1)) - x^{3}}{(x - 1) (x^{2} + x + 1)} - \frac{2 x}{x - 1}$

Step 5.1.2

Factor $x^{2}$ out of $- x^{3}$ .

$\frac{x^{2} (3 (x - 1)) + x^{2} (- x)}{(x - 1) (x^{2} + x + 1)} - \frac{2 x}{x - 1}$

Step 5.1.3

Factor $x^{2}$ out of $x^{2} (3 (x - 1)) + x^{2} (- x)$ .

$\frac{x^{2} (3 (x - 1) - x)}{(x - 1) (x^{2} + x + 1)} - \frac{2 x}{x - 1}$

Step 5.2

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{x^{2} (3 x + 3 \cdot - 1 - x)}{(x - 1) (x^{2} + x + 1)} - \frac{2 x}{x - 1}$

Step 5.3

Multiply $3$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{x^{2} (3 x - 3 - x)}{(x - 1) (x^{2} + x + 1)} - \frac{2 x}{x - 1}$

Step 5.4

Subtract $x$ from $3 x$ .

$\frac{x^{2} (2 x - 3)}{(x - 1) (x^{2} + x + 1)} - \frac{2 x}{x - 1}$

Step 6

To write $- \frac{2 x}{x - 1}$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{x^{2} + x + 1}{x^{2} + x + 1}$ .

$\frac{x^{2} (2 x - 3)}{(x - 1) (x^{2} + x + 1)} - \frac{2 x}{x - 1} \cdot \frac{x^{2} + x + 1}{x^{2} + x + 1}$

Step 7

Simplify terms.

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Step 7.1

Multiply $\frac{2 x}{x - 1}$ by $\frac{x^{2} + x + 1}{x^{2} + x + 1}$ .

$\frac{x^{2} (2 x - 3)}{(x - 1) (x^{2} + x + 1)} - \frac{2 x (x^{2} + x + 1)}{(x - 1) (x^{2} + x + 1)}$

Step 7.2

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{x^{2} (2 x - 3) - 2 x (x^{2} + x + 1)}{(x - 1) (x^{2} + x + 1)}$

Step 8

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 8.1

Factor $x$ out of $x^{2} (2 x - 3) - 2 x (x^{2} + x + 1)$ .

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Step 8.1.1

Factor $x$ out of $x^{2} (2 x - 3)$ .

$\frac{x (x (2 x - 3)) - 2 x (x^{2} + x + 1)}{(x - 1) (x^{2} + x + 1)}$

Step 8.1.2

Factor $x$ out of $- 2 x (x^{2} + x + 1)$ .

$\frac{x (x (2 x - 3)) + x (- 2 (x^{2} + x + 1))}{(x - 1) (x^{2} + x + 1)}$

Step 8.1.3

Factor $x$ out of $x (x (2 x - 3)) + x (- 2 (x^{2} + x + 1))$ .

$\frac{x (x (2 x - 3) - 2 (x^{2} + x + 1))}{(x - 1) (x^{2} + x + 1)}$

Step 8.2

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{x (x (2 x) + x \cdot - 3 - 2 (x^{2} + x + 1))}{(x - 1) (x^{2} + x + 1)}$

Step 8.3

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$\frac{x (2 x \cdot x + x \cdot - 3 - 2 (x^{2} + x + 1))}{(x - 1) (x^{2} + x + 1)}$

Step 8.4

Move $- 3$ to the left of $x$ .

$\frac{x (2 x \cdot x - 3 \cdot x - 2 (x^{2} + x + 1))}{(x - 1) (x^{2} + x + 1)}$

Step 8.5

Multiply $x$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 8.5.1

Move $x$ .

$\frac{x (2 (x \cdot x) - 3 \cdot x - 2 (x^{2} + x + 1))}{(x - 1) (x^{2} + x + 1)}$

Step 8.5.2

Multiply $x$ by $x$ .

$\frac{x (2 x^{2} - 3 \cdot x - 2 (x^{2} + x + 1))}{(x - 1) (x^{2} + x + 1)}$

$\frac{x (2 x^{2} - 3 x - 2 (x^{2} + x + 1))}{(x - 1) (x^{2} + x + 1)}$

Step 8.6

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{x (2 x^{2} - 3 x - 2 x^{2} - 2 x - 2 \cdot 1)}{(x - 1) (x^{2} + x + 1)}$

Step 8.7

Multiply $- 2$ by $1$ .

$\frac{x (2 x^{2} - 3 x - 2 x^{2} - 2 x - 2)}{(x - 1) (x^{2} + x + 1)}$

Step 8.8

Subtract $2 x^{2}$ from $2 x^{2}$ .

$\frac{x (- 3 x + 0 - 2 x - 2)}{(x - 1) (x^{2} + x + 1)}$

Step 8.9

Add $- 3 x$ and $0$ .

$\frac{x (- 3 x - 2 x - 2)}{(x - 1) (x^{2} + x + 1)}$

Step 8.10

Subtract $2 x$ from $- 3 x$ .

$\frac{x (- 5 x - 2)}{(x - 1) (x^{2} + x + 1)}$

Step 9

Simplify with factoring out.

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Step 9.1

Factor $- 1$ out of $- 5 x$ .

$\frac{x (- (5 x) - 2)}{(x - 1) (x^{2} + x + 1)}$

Step 9.2

Rewrite $- 2$ as $- 1 (2)$ .

$\frac{x (- (5 x) - 1 (2))}{(x - 1) (x^{2} + x + 1)}$

Step 9.3

Factor $- 1$ out of $- (5 x) - 1 (2)$ .

$\frac{x (- (5 x + 2))}{(x - 1) (x^{2} + x + 1)}$

Step 9.4

Simplify the expression.

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Step 9.4.1

Rewrite $- (5 x + 2)$ as $- 1 (5 x + 2)$ .

$\frac{x (- 1 (5 x + 2))}{(x - 1) (x^{2} + x + 1)}$

Step 9.4.2

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$- \frac{x (5 x + 2)}{(x - 1) (x^{2} + x + 1)}$