Algebra Examples

$f (x) = x^{6} + 4 x^{4} - 41 x^{2} + 36$

Step 1

Factor $x^{6} + 4 x^{4} - 41 x^{2} + 36$ using the rational roots test.

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.1

If a polynomial function has integer coefficients, then every rational zero will have the form $\frac{p}{q}$ where $p$ is a factor of the constant and $q$ is a factor of the leading coefficient.

$p = \pm 1, \pm 36, \pm 2, \pm 18, \pm 3, \pm 12, \pm 4, \pm 9, \pm 6$

$q = \pm 1$

Step 1.2

Find every combination of $\pm \frac{p}{q}$ . These are the possible roots of the polynomial function.

$\pm 1, \pm 36, \pm 2, \pm 18, \pm 3, \pm 12, \pm 4, \pm 9, \pm 6$

Step 1.3

Substitute $- 1$ and simplify the expression. In this case, the expression is equal to $0$ so $- 1$ is a root of the polynomial.

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.3.1

Substitute $- 1$ into the polynomial.

${(- 1)}^{6} + 4 {(- 1)}^{4} - 41 {(- 1)}^{2} + 36$

Step 1.3.2

Raise $- 1$ to the power of $6$ .

$1 + 4 {(- 1)}^{4} - 41 {(- 1)}^{2} + 36$

Step 1.3.3

Raise $- 1$ to the power of $4$ .

$1 + 4 \cdot 1 - 41 {(- 1)}^{2} + 36$

Step 1.3.4

Multiply $4$ by $1$ .

$1 + 4 - 41 {(- 1)}^{2} + 36$

Step 1.3.5

Add $1$ and $4$ .

$5 - 41 {(- 1)}^{2} + 36$

Step 1.3.6

Raise $- 1$ to the power of $2$ .

$5 - 41 \cdot 1 + 36$

Step 1.3.7

Multiply $- 41$ by $1$ .

$5 - 41 + 36$

Step 1.3.8

Subtract $41$ from $5$ .

$- 36 + 36$

Step 1.3.9

Add $- 36$ and $36$ .

$0$

Step 1.4

Since $- 1$ is a known root, divide the polynomial by $x + 1$ to find the quotient polynomial. This polynomial can then be used to find the remaining roots.

$\frac{x^{6} + 4 x^{4} - 41 x^{2} + 36}{x + 1}$

Step 1.5

Divide $x^{6} + 4 x^{4} - 41 x^{2} + 36$ by $x + 1$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.5.1

Set up the polynomials to be divided. If there is not a term for every exponent, insert one with a value of $0$ .

$x$

$1$

$x^{6}$

$0 x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$41 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$36$

Step 1.5.2

Divide the highest order term in the dividend $x^{6}$ by the highest order term in divisor $x$ .

$x^{5}$

$x$

$1$

$x^{6}$

$0 x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$41 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$36$

Step 1.5.3

Multiply the new quotient term by the divisor.

$x^{5}$

$x$

$1$

$x^{6}$

$0 x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$41 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$36$

$x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

Step 1.5.4

The expression needs to be subtracted from the dividend, so change all the signs in $x^{6} + x^{5}$

$x^{5}$

$x$

$1$

$x^{6}$

$0 x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$41 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$36$

$x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

Step 1.5.5

After changing the signs, add the last dividend from the multiplied polynomial to find the new dividend.

$x^{5}$

$x$

$1$

$x^{6}$

$0 x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$41 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$36$

$x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

Step 1.5.6

Pull the next terms from the original dividend down into the current dividend.

$x^{5}$

$x$

$1$

$x^{6}$

$0 x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$41 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$36$

$x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

Step 1.5.7

Divide the highest order term in the dividend $- x^{5}$ by the highest order term in divisor $x$ .

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$x$

$1$

$x^{6}$

$0 x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$41 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$36$

$x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

Step 1.5.8

Multiply the new quotient term by the divisor.

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$x$

$1$

$x^{6}$

$0 x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$41 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$36$

$x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

Step 1.5.9

The expression needs to be subtracted from the dividend, so change all the signs in $- x^{5} - x^{4}$

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$x$

$1$

$x^{6}$

$0 x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$41 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$36$

$x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

Step 1.5.10

After changing the signs, add the last dividend from the multiplied polynomial to find the new dividend.

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$x$

$1$

$x^{6}$

$0 x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$41 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$36$

$x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$5 x^{4}$

Step 1.5.11

Pull the next terms from the original dividend down into the current dividend.

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$x$

$1$

$x^{6}$

$0 x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$41 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$36$

$x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$5 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

Step 1.5.12

Divide the highest order term in the dividend $5 x^{4}$ by the highest order term in divisor $x$ .

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$5 x^{3}$

$x$

$1$

$x^{6}$

$0 x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$41 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$36$

$x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$5 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

Step 1.5.13

Multiply the new quotient term by the divisor.

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$5 x^{3}$

$x$

$1$

$x^{6}$

$0 x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$41 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$36$

$x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$5 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$5 x^{4}$

$5 x^{3}$

Step 1.5.14

The expression needs to be subtracted from the dividend, so change all the signs in $5 x^{4} + 5 x^{3}$

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$5 x^{3}$

$x$

$1$

$x^{6}$

$0 x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$41 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$36$

$x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$5 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$5 x^{4}$

$5 x^{3}$

Step 1.5.15

After changing the signs, add the last dividend from the multiplied polynomial to find the new dividend.

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$5 x^{3}$

$x$

$1$

$x^{6}$

$0 x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$41 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$36$

$x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$5 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$5 x^{4}$

$5 x^{3}$

Step 1.5.16

Pull the next terms from the original dividend down into the current dividend.

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$5 x^{3}$

$x$

$1$

$x^{6}$

$0 x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$41 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$36$

$x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$5 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$5 x^{4}$

$5 x^{3}$

$41 x^{2}$

Step 1.5.17

Divide the highest order term in the dividend $- 5 x^{3}$ by the highest order term in divisor $x$ .

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$5 x^{3}$

$5 x^{2}$

$x$

$1$

$x^{6}$

$0 x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$41 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$36$

$x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$5 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$5 x^{4}$

$5 x^{3}$

$41 x^{2}$

Step 1.5.18

Multiply the new quotient term by the divisor.

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$5 x^{3}$

$5 x^{2}$

$x$

$1$

$x^{6}$

$0 x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$41 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$36$

$x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$5 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$5 x^{4}$

$5 x^{3}$

$41 x^{2}$

$5 x^{3}$

$5 x^{2}$

Step 1.5.19

The expression needs to be subtracted from the dividend, so change all the signs in $- 5 x^{3} - 5 x^{2}$

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$5 x^{3}$

$5 x^{2}$

$x$

$1$

$x^{6}$

$0 x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$41 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$36$

$x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$5 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$5 x^{4}$

$5 x^{3}$

$41 x^{2}$

$5 x^{3}$

$5 x^{2}$

Step 1.5.20

After changing the signs, add the last dividend from the multiplied polynomial to find the new dividend.

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$5 x^{3}$

$5 x^{2}$

$x$

$1$

$x^{6}$

$0 x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$41 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$36$

$x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$5 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$5 x^{4}$

$5 x^{3}$

$41 x^{2}$

$5 x^{3}$

$5 x^{2}$

$36 x^{2}$

Step 1.5.21

Pull the next terms from the original dividend down into the current dividend.

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$5 x^{3}$

$5 x^{2}$

$x$

$1$

$x^{6}$

$0 x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$41 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$36$

$x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$5 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$5 x^{4}$

$5 x^{3}$

$41 x^{2}$

$5 x^{3}$

$5 x^{2}$

$36 x^{2}$

$0 x$

Step 1.5.22

Divide the highest order term in the dividend $- 36 x^{2}$ by the highest order term in divisor $x$ .

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$5 x^{3}$

$5 x^{2}$

$36 x$

$x$

$1$

$x^{6}$

$0 x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$41 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$36$

$x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$5 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$5 x^{4}$

$5 x^{3}$

$41 x^{2}$

$5 x^{3}$

$5 x^{2}$

$36 x^{2}$

$0 x$

Step 1.5.23

Multiply the new quotient term by the divisor.

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$5 x^{3}$

$5 x^{2}$

$36 x$

$x$

$1$

$x^{6}$

$0 x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$41 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$36$

$x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$5 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$5 x^{4}$

$5 x^{3}$

$41 x^{2}$

$5 x^{3}$

$5 x^{2}$

$36 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$36 x^{2}$

$36 x$

Step 1.5.24

The expression needs to be subtracted from the dividend, so change all the signs in $- 36 x^{2} - 36 x$

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$5 x^{3}$

$5 x^{2}$

$36 x$

$x$

$1$

$x^{6}$

$0 x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$41 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$36$

$x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$5 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$5 x^{4}$

$5 x^{3}$

$41 x^{2}$

$5 x^{3}$

$5 x^{2}$

$36 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$36 x^{2}$

$36 x$

Step 1.5.25

After changing the signs, add the last dividend from the multiplied polynomial to find the new dividend.

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$5 x^{3}$

$5 x^{2}$

$36 x$

$x$

$1$

$x^{6}$

$0 x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$41 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$36$

$x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$5 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$5 x^{4}$

$5 x^{3}$

$41 x^{2}$

$5 x^{3}$

$5 x^{2}$

$36 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$36 x^{2}$

$36 x$

Step 1.5.26

Pull the next terms from the original dividend down into the current dividend.

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$5 x^{3}$

$5 x^{2}$

$36 x$

$x$

$1$

$x^{6}$

$0 x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$41 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$36$

$x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$5 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$5 x^{4}$

$5 x^{3}$

$41 x^{2}$

$5 x^{3}$

$5 x^{2}$

$36 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$36 x^{2}$

$36 x$

$36$

Step 1.5.27

Divide the highest order term in the dividend $36 x$ by the highest order term in divisor $x$ .

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$5 x^{3}$

$5 x^{2}$

$36 x$

$36$

$x$

$1$

$x^{6}$

$0 x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$41 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$36$

$x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$5 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$5 x^{4}$

$5 x^{3}$

$41 x^{2}$

$5 x^{3}$

$5 x^{2}$

$36 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$36 x^{2}$

$36 x$

$36$

Step 1.5.28

Multiply the new quotient term by the divisor.

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$5 x^{3}$

$5 x^{2}$

$36 x$

$36$

$x$

$1$

$x^{6}$

$0 x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$41 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$36$

$x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$5 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$5 x^{4}$

$5 x^{3}$

$41 x^{2}$

$5 x^{3}$

$5 x^{2}$

$36 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$36 x^{2}$

$36 x$

$36$

$36 x$

$36$

Step 1.5.29

The expression needs to be subtracted from the dividend, so change all the signs in $36 x + 36$

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$5 x^{3}$

$5 x^{2}$

$36 x$

$36$

$x$

$1$

$x^{6}$

$0 x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$41 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$36$

$x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$5 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$5 x^{4}$

$5 x^{3}$

$41 x^{2}$

$5 x^{3}$

$5 x^{2}$

$36 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$36 x^{2}$

$36 x$

$36$

$36 x$

$36$

Step 1.5.30

After changing the signs, add the last dividend from the multiplied polynomial to find the new dividend.

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$5 x^{3}$

$5 x^{2}$

$36 x$

$36$

$x$

$1$

$x^{6}$

$0 x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$41 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$36$

$x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$5 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$5 x^{4}$

$5 x^{3}$

$41 x^{2}$

$5 x^{3}$

$5 x^{2}$

$36 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$36 x^{2}$

$36 x$

$36$

$36 x$

$36$

$0$

Step 1.5.31

Since the remander is $0$ , the final answer is the quotient.

$x^{5} - x^{4} + 5 x^{3} - 5 x^{2} - 36 x + 36$

Step 1.6

Write $x^{6} + 4 x^{4} - 41 x^{2} + 36$ as a set of factors.

$f (x) = (x + 1) (x^{5} - x^{4} + 5 x^{3} - 5 x^{2} - 36 x + 36)$

Step 2

Regroup terms.

$f (x) = (x + 1) (x^{5} + 5 x^{3} - 36 x - x^{4} - 5 x^{2} + 36)$

Step 3

Factor $x$ out of $x^{5} + 5 x^{3} - 36 x$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 3.1

Factor $x$ out of $x^{5}$ .

$f (x) = (x + 1) (x \cdot x^{4} + 5 x^{3} - 36 x - x^{4} - 5 x^{2} + 36)$

Step 3.2

Factor $x$ out of $5 x^{3}$ .

$f (x) = (x + 1) (x \cdot x^{4} + x (5 x^{2}) - 36 x - x^{4} - 5 x^{2} + 36)$

Step 3.3

Factor $x$ out of $- 36 x$ .

$f (x) = (x + 1) (x \cdot x^{4} + x (5 x^{2}) + x \cdot - 36 - x^{4} - 5 x^{2} + 36)$

Step 3.4

Factor $x$ out of $x \cdot x^{4} + x (5 x^{2})$ .

$f (x) = (x + 1) (x (x^{4} + 5 x^{2}) + x \cdot - 36 - x^{4} - 5 x^{2} + 36)$

Step 3.5

Factor $x$ out of $x (x^{4} + 5 x^{2}) + x \cdot - 36$ .

$f (x) = (x + 1) (x (x^{4} + 5 x^{2} - 36) - x^{4} - 5 x^{2} + 36)$

Step 4

Rewrite $x^{4}$ as ${(x^{2})}^{2}$ .

$f (x) = (x + 1) (x ({(x^{2})}^{2} + 5 x^{2} - 36) - x^{4} - 5 x^{2} + 36)$

Step 5

Let $u = x^{2}$ . Substitute $u$ for all occurrences of $x^{2}$ .

$f (x) = (x + 1) (x (u^{2} + 5 u - 36) - x^{4} - 5 x^{2} + 36)$

Step 6

Factor $u^{2} + 5 u - 36$ using the AC method.

Tap for more steps...

Step 6.1

Consider the form $x^{2} + b x + c$ . Find a pair of integers whose product is $c$ and whose sum is $b$ . In this case, whose product is $- 36$ and whose sum is $5$ .

$- 4, 9$

Step 6.2

Write the factored form using these integers.

$f (x) = (x + 1) (x ((u - 4) (u + 9)) - x^{4} - 5 x^{2} + 36)$

Step 7

Replace all occurrences of $u$ with $x^{2}$ .

$f (x) = (x + 1) (x ((x^{2} - 4) (x^{2} + 9)) - x^{4} - 5 x^{2} + 36)$

Step 8

Rewrite $4$ as $2^{2}$ .

$f (x) = (x + 1) (x ((x^{2} - 2^{2}) (x^{2} + 9)) - x^{4} - 5 x^{2} + 36)$

Step 9

Factor.

Tap for more steps...

Step 9.1

Since both terms are perfect squares, factor using the difference of squares formula, $a^{2} - b^{2} = (a + b) (a - b)$ where $a = x$ and $b = 2$ .

$f (x) = (x + 1) (x ((x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 9)) - x^{4} - 5 x^{2} + 36)$

Step 9.2

Remove unnecessary parentheses.

$f (x) = (x + 1) (x (x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 9) - x^{4} - 5 x^{2} + 36)$

Step 10

Rewrite $x^{4}$ as ${(x^{2})}^{2}$ .

$f (x) = (x + 1) (x (x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 9) - {(x^{2})}^{2} - 5 x^{2} + 36)$

Step 11

Let $u = x^{2}$ . Substitute $u$ for all occurrences of $x^{2}$ .

$f (x) = (x + 1) (x (x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 9) - u^{2} - 5 u + 36)$

Step 12

Factor by grouping.

Tap for more steps...

Step 12.1

For a polynomial of the form $a x^{2} + b x + c$ , rewrite the middle term as a sum of two terms whose product is $a \cdot c = - 1 \cdot 36 = - 36$ and whose sum is $b = - 5$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 12.1.1

Factor $- 5$ out of $- 5 u$ .

$f (x) = (x + 1) (x (x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 9) - u^{2} - 5 u + 36)$

Step 12.1.2

Rewrite $- 5$ as $4$ plus $- 9$

$f (x) = (x + 1) (x (x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 9) - u^{2} + (4 - 9) u + 36)$

Step 12.1.3

Apply the distributive property.

$f (x) = (x + 1) (x (x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 9) - u^{2} + 4 u - 9 u + 36)$

Step 12.2

Factor out the greatest common factor from each group.

Tap for more steps...

Step 12.2.1

Group the first two terms and the last two terms.

$f (x) = (x + 1) (x (x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 9) - u^{2} + 4 u - 9 u + 36)$

Step 12.2.2

Factor out the greatest common factor (GCF) from each group.

$f (x) = (x + 1) (x (x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 9) + u (- u + 4) + 9 (- u + 4))$

Step 12.3

Factor the polynomial by factoring out the greatest common factor, $- u + 4$ .

$f (x) = (x + 1) (x (x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 9) + (- u + 4) (u + 9))$

Step 13

Replace all occurrences of $u$ with $x^{2}$ .

$f (x) = (x + 1) (x (x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 9) + (- x^{2} + 4) (x^{2} + 9))$

Step 14

Rewrite $4$ as $2^{2}$ .

$f (x) = (x + 1) (x (x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 9) + (- x^{2} + 2^{2}) (x^{2} + 9))$

Step 15

Reorder $- x^{2}$ and $2^{2}$ .

$f (x) = (x + 1) (x (x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 9) + (2^{2} - x^{2}) (x^{2} + 9))$

Step 16

Since both terms are perfect squares, factor using the difference of squares formula, $a^{2} - b^{2} = (a + b) (a - b)$ where $a = 2$ and $b = x$ .

$f (x) = (x + 1) (x (x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 9) + (2 + x) (2 - x) (x^{2} + 9))$

Step 17

Factor $x^{2} + 9$ out of $x (x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 9) + (2 + x) (2 - x) (x^{2} + 9)$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 17.1

Factor $x^{2} + 9$ out of $x (x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 9)$ .

$f (x) = (x + 1) ((x^{2} + 9) (x (x + 2) (x - 2)) + (2 + x) (2 - x) (x^{2} + 9))$

Step 17.2

Factor $x^{2} + 9$ out of $(2 + x) (2 - x) (x^{2} + 9)$ .

$f (x) = (x + 1) ((x^{2} + 9) (x (x + 2) (x - 2)) + (x^{2} + 9) ((2 + x) (2 - x)))$

Step 17.3

Factor $x^{2} + 9$ out of $(x^{2} + 9) (x (x + 2) (x - 2)) + (x^{2} + 9) ((2 + x) (2 - x))$ .

$f (x) = (x + 1) ((x^{2} + 9) (x (x + 2) (x - 2) + (2 + x) (2 - x)))$

Step 18

Apply the distributive property.

$f (x) = (x + 1) ((x^{2} + 9) ((x \cdot x + x \cdot 2) (x - 2) + (2 + x) (2 - x)))$

Step 19

Multiply $x$ by $x$ .

$f (x) = (x + 1) ((x^{2} + 9) ((x^{2} + x \cdot 2) (x - 2) + (2 + x) (2 - x)))$

Step 20

Move $2$ to the left of $x$ .

$f (x) = (x + 1) ((x^{2} + 9) ((x^{2} + 2 x) (x - 2) + (2 + x) (2 - x)))$

Step 21

Expand $(x^{2} + 2 x) (x - 2)$ using the FOIL Method.

Tap for more steps...

Step 21.1

Apply the distributive property.

$f (x) = (x + 1) ((x^{2} + 9) (x^{2} (x - 2) + 2 x (x - 2) + (2 + x) (2 - x)))$

Step 21.2

Apply the distributive property.

$f (x) = (x + 1) ((x^{2} + 9) (x^{2} x + x^{2} \cdot - 2 + 2 x (x - 2) + (2 + x) (2 - x)))$

Step 21.3

Apply the distributive property.

$f (x) = (x + 1) ((x^{2} + 9) (x^{2} x + x^{2} \cdot - 2 + 2 x \cdot x + 2 x \cdot - 2 + (2 + x) (2 - x)))$

Step 22

Simplify and combine like terms.

Tap for more steps...

Step 22.1

Simplify each term.

Tap for more steps...

Step 22.1.1

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

Tap for more steps...

Step 22.1.1.1

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $x$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 22.1.1.1.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$f (x) = (x + 1) ((x^{2} + 9) (x^{2} x + x^{2} \cdot - 2 + 2 x \cdot x + 2 x \cdot - 2 + (2 + x) (2 - x)))$

Step 22.1.1.1.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$f (x) = (x + 1) ((x^{2} + 9) (x^{2 + 1} + x^{2} \cdot - 2 + 2 x \cdot x + 2 x \cdot - 2 + (2 + x) (2 - x)))$

Step 22.1.1.2

Add $2$ and $1$ .

$f (x) = (x + 1) ((x^{2} + 9) (x^{3} + x^{2} \cdot - 2 + 2 x \cdot x + 2 x \cdot - 2 + (2 + x) (2 - x)))$

Step 22.1.2

Move $- 2$ to the left of $x^{2}$ .

$f (x) = (x + 1) ((x^{2} + 9) (x^{3} - 2 x^{2} + 2 x \cdot x + 2 x \cdot - 2 + (2 + x) (2 - x)))$

Step 22.1.3

Multiply $x$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

Tap for more steps...

Step 22.1.3.1

Move $x$ .

$f (x) = (x + 1) ((x^{2} + 9) (x^{3} - 2 x^{2} + 2 (x \cdot x) + 2 x \cdot - 2 + (2 + x) (2 - x)))$

Step 22.1.3.2

Multiply $x$ by $x$ .

$f (x) = (x + 1) ((x^{2} + 9) (x^{3} - 2 x^{2} + 2 x^{2} + 2 x \cdot - 2 + (2 + x) (2 - x)))$

Step 22.1.4

Multiply $- 2$ by $2$ .

$f (x) = (x + 1) ((x^{2} + 9) (x^{3} - 2 x^{2} + 2 x^{2} - 4 x + (2 + x) (2 - x)))$

Step 22.2

Add $- 2 x^{2}$ and $2 x^{2}$ .

$f (x) = (x + 1) ((x^{2} + 9) (x^{3} + 0 - 4 x + (2 + x) (2 - x)))$

Step 22.3

Add $x^{3}$ and $0$ .

$f (x) = (x + 1) ((x^{2} + 9) (x^{3} - 4 x + (2 + x) (2 - x)))$

Step 23

Expand $(2 + x) (2 - x)$ using the FOIL Method.

Tap for more steps...

Step 23.1

Apply the distributive property.

$f (x) = (x + 1) ((x^{2} + 9) (x^{3} - 4 x + 2 (2 - x) + x (2 - x)))$

Step 23.2

Apply the distributive property.

$f (x) = (x + 1) ((x^{2} + 9) (x^{3} - 4 x + 2 \cdot 2 + 2 (- x) + x (2 - x)))$

Step 23.3

Apply the distributive property.

$f (x) = (x + 1) ((x^{2} + 9) (x^{3} - 4 x + 2 \cdot 2 + 2 (- x) + x \cdot 2 + x (- x)))$

Step 24

Simplify and combine like terms.

Tap for more steps...

Step 24.1

Simplify each term.

Tap for more steps...

Step 24.1.1

Multiply $2$ by $2$ .

$f (x) = (x + 1) ((x^{2} + 9) (x^{3} - 4 x + 4 + 2 (- x) + x \cdot 2 + x (- x)))$

Step 24.1.2

Multiply $- 1$ by $2$ .

$f (x) = (x + 1) ((x^{2} + 9) (x^{3} - 4 x + 4 - 2 x + x \cdot 2 + x (- x)))$

Step 24.1.3

Move $2$ to the left of $x$ .

$f (x) = (x + 1) ((x^{2} + 9) (x^{3} - 4 x + 4 - 2 x + 2 x + x (- x)))$

Step 24.1.4

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$f (x) = (x + 1) ((x^{2} + 9) (x^{3} - 4 x + 4 - 2 x + 2 x - x \cdot x))$

Step 24.1.5

Multiply $x$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

Tap for more steps...

Step 24.1.5.1

Move $x$ .

$f (x) = (x + 1) ((x^{2} + 9) (x^{3} - 4 x + 4 - 2 x + 2 x - (x \cdot x)))$

Step 24.1.5.2

Multiply $x$ by $x$ .

$f (x) = (x + 1) ((x^{2} + 9) (x^{3} - 4 x + 4 - 2 x + 2 x - x^{2}))$

Step 24.2

Add $- 2 x$ and $2 x$ .

$f (x) = (x + 1) ((x^{2} + 9) (x^{3} - 4 x + 4 + 0 - x^{2}))$

Step 24.3

Add $4$ and $0$ .

$f (x) = (x + 1) ((x^{2} + 9) (x^{3} - 4 x + 4 - x^{2}))$

Step 25

Reorder terms.

$f (x) = (x + 1) ((x^{2} + 9) (x^{3} - x^{2} - 4 x + 4))$

Step 26

Factor.

Tap for more steps...

Step 26.1

Factor.

Tap for more steps...

Step 26.1.1

Rewrite $x^{3} - x^{2} - 4 x + 4$ in a factored form.

Tap for more steps...

Step 26.1.1.1

Factor out the greatest common factor from each group.

Tap for more steps...

Step 26.1.1.1.1

Group the first two terms and the last two terms.

$f (x) = (x + 1) ((x^{2} + 9) ((x^{3} - x^{2}) - 4 x + 4))$

Step 26.1.1.1.2

Factor out the greatest common factor (GCF) from each group.

$f (x) = (x + 1) ((x^{2} + 9) (x^{2} (x - 1) - 4 (x - 1)))$

Step 26.1.1.2

Factor the polynomial by factoring out the greatest common factor, $x - 1$ .

$f (x) = (x + 1) ((x^{2} + 9) ((x - 1) (x^{2} - 4)))$

Step 26.1.1.3

Rewrite $4$ as $2^{2}$ .

$f (x) = (x + 1) ((x^{2} + 9) ((x - 1) (x^{2} - 2^{2})))$

Step 26.1.1.4

Factor.

Tap for more steps...

Step 26.1.1.4.1

Since both terms are perfect squares, factor using the difference of squares formula, $a^{2} - b^{2} = (a + b) (a - b)$ where $a = x$ and $b = 2$ .

$f (x) = (x + 1) ((x^{2} + 9) ((x - 1) ((x + 2) (x - 2))))$

Step 26.1.1.4.2

Remove unnecessary parentheses.

$f (x) = (x + 1) ((x^{2} + 9) ((x - 1) (x + 2) (x - 2)))$

Step 26.1.2

Remove unnecessary parentheses.

$f (x) = (x + 1) ((x^{2} + 9) (x - 1) (x + 2) (x - 2))$

Step 26.2

Remove unnecessary parentheses.

$f (x) = (x + 1) (x^{2} + 9) (x - 1) (x + 2) (x - 2)$