Cálculo Ejemplos

$\frac{d r}{d θ} = \sin^{4} (π θ)$

Paso 1

Reescribe la ecuación.

$d r = \sin^{4} (π θ) d θ$

Paso 2

Integra ambos lados.

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Paso 2.1

Establece una integral en cada lado.

$\int d r = \int \sin^{4} (π θ) d θ$

Paso 2.2

Aplica la regla de la constante.

$r + C_{1} = \int \sin^{4} (π θ) d θ$

Paso 2.3

Integra el lado derecho.

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Paso 2.3.1

Sea $u_{1} = π θ$ . Entonces $d u_{1} = π d θ$ , de modo que $\frac{1}{π} d u_{1} = d θ$ . Reescribe mediante $u_{1}$ y $d$ $u_{1}$ .

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Paso 2.3.1.1

Deja $u_{1} = π θ$ . Obtén $\frac{d u_{1}}{d θ}$ .

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Paso 2.3.1.1.1

Diferencia $π θ$ .

$\frac{d}{d θ} [π θ]$

Paso 2.3.1.1.2

Como $π$ es constante con respecto a $θ$ , la derivada de $π θ$ con respecto a $θ$ es $π \frac{d}{d θ} [θ]$ .

$π \frac{d}{d θ} [θ]$

Paso 2.3.1.1.3

Diferencia con la regla de la potencia, que establece que $\frac{d}{d θ} [θ^{n}]$ es $n θ^{n - 1}$ donde $n = 1$ .

$π \cdot 1$

Paso 2.3.1.1.4

Multiplica $π$ por $1$ .

$π$

Paso 2.3.1.2

Reescribe el problema mediante $u_{1}$ y $d u_{1}$ .

$r + C_{1} = \int \sin^{4} (u_{1}) \frac{1}{π} d u_{1}$

Paso 2.3.2

Combina $\sin^{4} (u_{1})$ y $\frac{1}{π}$ .

$r + C_{1} = \int \frac{\sin^{4} (u_{1})}{π} d u_{1}$

Paso 2.3.3

Dado que $\frac{1}{π}$ es constante con respecto a $u_{1}$ , mueve $\frac{1}{π}$ fuera de la integral.

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{π} \int \sin^{4} (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Paso 2.3.4

Simplifica con la obtención del factor común.

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Paso 2.3.4.1

Factoriza $2$ de $4$ .

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{π} \int {\sin (u_{1})}^{2 (2)} d u_{1}$

Paso 2.3.4.2

Reescribe ${\sin (u_{1})}^{2 (2)}$ como exponenciación.

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{π} \int {(\sin^{2} (u_{1}))}^{2} d u_{1}$

Paso 2.3.5

Usa la fórmula del ángulo mitad para reescribir $\sin^{2} (u_{1})$ como $\frac{1 - \cos (2 u_{1})}{2}$ .

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{π} \int {(\frac{1 - \cos (2 u_{1})}{2})}^{2} d u_{1}$

Paso 2.3.6

Sea $u_{2} = 2 u_{1}$ . Entonces $d u_{2} = 2 d u_{1}$ , de modo que $\frac{1}{2} d u_{2} = d u_{1}$ . Reescribe mediante $u_{2}$ y $d$ $u_{2}$ .

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Paso 2.3.6.1

Deja $u_{2} = 2 u_{1}$ . Obtén $\frac{d u_{2}}{d u_{1}}$ .

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Paso 2.3.6.1.1

Diferencia $2 u_{1}$ .

$\frac{d}{d u_{1}} [2 u_{1}]$

Paso 2.3.6.1.2

Como $2$ es constante con respecto a $u_{1}$ , la derivada de $2 u_{1}$ con respecto a $u_{1}$ es $2 \frac{d}{d u_{1}} [u_{1}]$ .

$2 \frac{d}{d u_{1}} [u_{1}]$

Paso 2.3.6.1.3

Diferencia con la regla de la potencia, que establece que $\frac{d}{d u_{1}} [{u_{1}}^{n}]$ es $n {u_{1}}^{n - 1}$ donde $n = 1$ .

$2 \cdot 1$

Paso 2.3.6.1.4

Multiplica $2$ por $1$ .

$2$

Paso 2.3.6.2

Reescribe el problema mediante $u_{2}$ y $d u_{2}$ .

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{π} \int {(\frac{1 - \cos (u_{2})}{2})}^{2} \frac{1}{2} d u_{2}$

Paso 2.3.7

Dado que $\frac{1}{2}$ es constante con respecto a $u_{2}$ , mueve $\frac{1}{2}$ fuera de la integral.

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{π} (\frac{1}{2} \int {(\frac{1 - \cos (u_{2})}{2})}^{2} d u_{2})$

Paso 2.3.8

Simplifica los términos.

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Paso 2.3.8.1

Multiplica $\frac{1}{2}$ por $\frac{1}{π}$ .

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} \int {(\frac{1 - \cos (u_{2})}{2})}^{2} d u_{2}$

Paso 2.3.8.2

Reescribe $\frac{1 - \cos (u_{2})}{2}$ como un producto.

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} \int {(\frac{1}{2} \cdot (1 - \cos (u_{2})))}^{2} d u_{2}$

Paso 2.3.8.3

Expande ${(\frac{1}{2} \cdot (1 - \cos (u_{2})))}^{2}$ .

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Paso 2.3.8.3.1

Reescribe la exponenciación como un producto.

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} \int \frac{1}{2} \cdot (1 - \cos (u_{2})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (1 - \cos (u_{2}))) d u_{2}$

Paso 2.3.8.3.2

Aplica la propiedad distributiva.

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} \int (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{2}))) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (1 - \cos (u_{2}))) d u_{2}$

Paso 2.3.8.3.3

Aplica la propiedad distributiva.

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} \int (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{2}))) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{2}))) d u_{2}$

Paso 2.3.8.3.4

Aplica la propiedad distributiva.

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} \int \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{2}))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{2})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{2}))) d u_{2}$

Paso 2.3.8.3.5

Aplica la propiedad distributiva.

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} \int \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{2}))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{2})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{2}))) d u_{2}$

Paso 2.3.8.3.6

Aplica la propiedad distributiva.

Paso 2.3.8.3.7

Reordena $\frac{1}{2}$ y $1$ .

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} \int 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{2}))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{2})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{2})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{2}))) d u_{2}$

Paso 2.3.8.3.8

Reordena $\frac{1}{2}$ y $1$ .

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} \int 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} (1 \cdot \frac{1}{2}) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{2}))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{2})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{2})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{2}))) d u_{2}$

Paso 2.3.8.3.9

Mueve $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} \int 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{2}))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{2})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{2})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{2}))) d u_{2}$

Paso 2.3.8.3.10

Reordena $\frac{1}{2}$ y $1$ .

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} \int 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{2}))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{2})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{2})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{2}))) d u_{2}$

Paso 2.3.8.3.11

Reordena $\frac{1}{2}$ y $- 1$ .

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} \int 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} (- 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{2})) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{2})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{2})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{2}))) d u_{2}$

Paso 2.3.8.3.12

Mueve los paréntesis.

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} \int 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} (- 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2}) \cos (u_{2}) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{2})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{2})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{2}))) d u_{2}$

Paso 2.3.8.3.13

Mueve $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} \int 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{2}) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{2})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{2})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{2}))) d u_{2}$

Paso 2.3.8.3.14

Reordena $\frac{1}{2}$ y $- 1$ .

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} \int 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{2}) - 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{2}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{2})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{2}))) d u_{2}$

Paso 2.3.8.3.15

Reordena $\frac{1}{2}$ y $1$ .

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} \int 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{2}) - 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{2}) (1 \cdot \frac{1}{2}) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{2})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{2}))) d u_{2}$

Paso 2.3.8.3.16

Mueve $\cos (u_{2})$ .

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} \int 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{2}) - 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 \cos (u_{2}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{2})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{2}))) d u_{2}$

Paso 2.3.8.3.17

Mueve $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} \int 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{2}) - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{2}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{2})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{2}))) d u_{2}$

Paso 2.3.8.3.18

Reordena $\frac{1}{2}$ y $- 1$ .

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} \int 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{2}) - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{2}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{2}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{2}))) d u_{2}$

Paso 2.3.8.3.19

Reordena $\frac{1}{2}$ y $- 1$ .

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} \int 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{2}) - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{2}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{2}) (- 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{2})) d u_{2}$

Paso 2.3.8.3.20

Mueve los paréntesis.

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} \int 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{2}) - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{2}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{2}) (- 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2}) \cos (u_{2}) d u_{2}$

Paso 2.3.8.3.21

Mueve $\cos (u_{2})$ .

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} \int 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{2}) - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{2}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cdot - 1 \cos (u_{2}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{2}) d u_{2}$

Paso 2.3.8.3.22

Mueve $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} \int 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{2}) - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{2}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{2}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{2}) d u_{2}$

Paso 2.3.8.3.23

Multiplica $1$ por $1$ .

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} \int 1 (\frac{1}{2}) \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{2}) - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{2}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{2}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{2}) d u_{2}$

Paso 2.3.8.3.24

Multiplica $\frac{1}{2}$ por $1$ .

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} \int \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{2}) - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{2}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{2}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{2}) d u_{2}$

Paso 2.3.8.3.25

Multiplica $\frac{1}{2}$ por $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} \int \frac{1}{2 \cdot 2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{2}) - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{2}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{2}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{2}) d u_{2}$

Paso 2.3.8.3.26

Multiplica $2$ por $2$ .

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} \int \frac{1}{4} + 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{2}) - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{2}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{2}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{2}) d u_{2}$

Paso 2.3.8.3.27

Multiplica $- 1$ por $1$ .

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} \int \frac{1}{4} - \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{2}) - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{2}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{2}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{2}) d u_{2}$

Paso 2.3.8.3.28

Combina $- \frac{1}{2}$ y $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} \int \frac{1}{4} - \frac{1}{2 \cdot 2} \cos (u_{2}) - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{2}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{2}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{2}) d u_{2}$

Paso 2.3.8.3.29

Multiplica $2$ por $2$ .

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} \int \frac{1}{4} - \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{2}) - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{2}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{2}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{2}) d u_{2}$

Paso 2.3.8.3.30

Combina $\frac{1}{4}$ y $\cos (u_{2})$ .

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} \int \frac{1}{4} - \frac{\cos (u_{2})}{4} - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{2}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{2}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{2}) d u_{2}$

Paso 2.3.8.3.31

Multiplica $- 1$ por $1$ .

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} \int \frac{1}{4} - \frac{\cos (u_{2})}{4} - \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{2}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{2}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{2}) d u_{2}$

Paso 2.3.8.3.32

Combina $\frac{1}{2}$ y $\cos (u_{2})$ .

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} \int \frac{1}{4} - \frac{\cos (u_{2})}{4} - \frac{\cos (u_{2})}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{2}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{2}) d u_{2}$

Paso 2.3.8.3.33

Combina $- \frac{\cos (u_{2})}{2}$ y $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} \int \frac{1}{4} - \frac{\cos (u_{2})}{4} - \frac{\cos (u_{2})}{2 \cdot 2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{2}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{2}) d u_{2}$

Paso 2.3.8.3.34

Multiplica $2$ por $2$ .

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} \int \frac{1}{4} - \frac{\cos (u_{2})}{4} - \frac{\cos (u_{2})}{4} - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{2}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{2}) d u_{2}$

Paso 2.3.8.3.35

Multiplica $- 1$ por $- 1$ .

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} \int \frac{1}{4} - \frac{\cos (u_{2})}{4} - \frac{\cos (u_{2})}{4} + 1 (\frac{1}{2}) \cos (u_{2}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{2}) d u_{2}$

Paso 2.3.8.3.36

Multiplica $\frac{1}{2}$ por $1$ .

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} \int \frac{1}{4} - \frac{\cos (u_{2})}{4} - \frac{\cos (u_{2})}{4} + \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{2}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{2}) d u_{2}$

Paso 2.3.8.3.37

Combina $\frac{1}{2}$ y $\cos (u_{2})$ .

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} \int \frac{1}{4} - \frac{\cos (u_{2})}{4} - \frac{\cos (u_{2})}{4} + \frac{\cos (u_{2})}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{2}) d u_{2}$

Paso 2.3.8.3.38

Multiplica $\frac{\cos (u_{2})}{2}$ por $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} \int \frac{1}{4} - \frac{\cos (u_{2})}{4} - \frac{\cos (u_{2})}{4} + \frac{\cos (u_{2})}{2 \cdot 2} \cos (u_{2}) d u_{2}$

Paso 2.3.8.3.39

Multiplica $2$ por $2$ .

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} \int \frac{1}{4} - \frac{\cos (u_{2})}{4} - \frac{\cos (u_{2})}{4} + \frac{\cos (u_{2})}{4} \cos (u_{2}) d u_{2}$

Paso 2.3.8.3.40

Combina $\frac{\cos (u_{2})}{4}$ y $\cos (u_{2})$ .

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} \int \frac{1}{4} - \frac{\cos (u_{2})}{4} - \frac{\cos (u_{2})}{4} + \frac{\cos (u_{2}) \cos (u_{2})}{4} d u_{2}$

Paso 2.3.8.3.41

Eleva $\cos (u_{2})$ a la potencia de $1$ .

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} \int \frac{1}{4} - \frac{\cos (u_{2})}{4} - \frac{\cos (u_{2})}{4} + \frac{\cos^{1} (u_{2}) \cos (u_{2})}{4} d u_{2}$

Paso 2.3.8.3.42

Eleva $\cos (u_{2})$ a la potencia de $1$ .

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} \int \frac{1}{4} - \frac{\cos (u_{2})}{4} - \frac{\cos (u_{2})}{4} + \frac{\cos^{1} (u_{2}) \cos^{1} (u_{2})}{4} d u_{2}$

Paso 2.3.8.3.43

Usa la regla de la potencia $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ para combinar exponentes.

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} \int \frac{1}{4} - \frac{\cos (u_{2})}{4} - \frac{\cos (u_{2})}{4} + \frac{{\cos (u_{2})}^{1 + 1}}{4} d u_{2}$

Paso 2.3.8.3.44

Suma $1$ y $1$ .

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} \int \frac{1}{4} - \frac{\cos (u_{2})}{4} - \frac{\cos (u_{2})}{4} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{2})}{4} d u_{2}$

Paso 2.3.8.3.45

Resta $\frac{\cos (u_{2})}{4}$ de $- \frac{\cos (u_{2})}{4}$ .

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} \int \frac{1}{4} - 2 \frac{\cos (u_{2})}{4} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{2})}{4} d u_{2}$

Paso 2.3.8.3.46

Combina $- 2$ y $\frac{\cos (u_{2})}{4}$ .

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} \int \frac{1}{4} + \frac{- 2 \cos (u_{2})}{4} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{2})}{4} d u_{2}$

Paso 2.3.8.3.47

Reordena $\frac{- 2 \cos (u_{2})}{4}$ y $\frac{\cos^{2} (u_{2})}{4}$ .

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} \int \frac{1}{4} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{2})}{4} + \frac{- 2 \cos (u_{2})}{4} d u_{2}$

Paso 2.3.8.3.48

Reordena $\frac{1}{4}$ y $\frac{\cos^{2} (u_{2})}{4}$ .

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} \int \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{2})}{4} + \frac{1}{4} + \frac{- 2 \cos (u_{2})}{4} d u_{2}$

Paso 2.3.8.4

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Paso 2.3.8.4.1

Cancela el factor común de $- 2$ y $4$ .

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Paso 2.3.8.4.1.1

Factoriza $2$ de $- 2 \cos (u_{2})$ .

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} \int \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{2})}{4} + \frac{1}{4} + \frac{2 (- \cos (u_{2}))}{4} d u_{2}$

Paso 2.3.8.4.1.2

Cancela los factores comunes.

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Paso 2.3.8.4.1.2.1

Factoriza $2$ de $4$ .

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} \int \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{2})}{4} + \frac{1}{4} + \frac{2 (- \cos (u_{2}))}{2 (2)} d u_{2}$

Paso 2.3.8.4.1.2.2

Cancela el factor común.

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} \int \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{2})}{4} + \frac{1}{4} + \frac{2 (- \cos (u_{2}))}{2 \cdot 2} d u_{2}$

Paso 2.3.8.4.1.2.3

Reescribe la expresión.

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} \int \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{2})}{4} + \frac{1}{4} + \frac{- \cos (u_{2})}{2} d u_{2}$

Paso 2.3.8.4.2

Mueve el negativo al frente de la fracción.

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} \int \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{2})}{4} + \frac{1}{4} - \frac{\cos (u_{2})}{2} d u_{2}$

Paso 2.3.9

Divide la única integral en varias integrales.

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} (\int \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{2})}{4} d u_{2} + \int \frac{1}{4} d u_{2} + \int - \frac{\cos (u_{2})}{2} d u_{2})$

Paso 2.3.10

Dado que $\frac{1}{4}$ es constante con respecto a $u_{2}$ , mueve $\frac{1}{4}$ fuera de la integral.

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} (\frac{1}{4} \int \cos^{2} (u_{2}) d u_{2} + \int \frac{1}{4} d u_{2} + \int - \frac{\cos (u_{2})}{2} d u_{2})$

Paso 2.3.11

Usa la fórmula del ángulo mitad para reescribir $\cos^{2} (u_{2})$ como $\frac{1 + \cos (2 u_{2})}{2}$ .

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} (\frac{1}{4} \int \frac{1 + \cos (2 u_{2})}{2} d u_{2} + \int \frac{1}{4} d u_{2} + \int - \frac{\cos (u_{2})}{2} d u_{2})$

Paso 2.3.12

Dado que $\frac{1}{2}$ es constante con respecto a $u_{2}$ , mueve $\frac{1}{2}$ fuera de la integral.

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} (\frac{1}{4} (\frac{1}{2} \int 1 + \cos (2 u_{2}) d u_{2}) + \int \frac{1}{4} d u_{2} + \int - \frac{\cos (u_{2})}{2} d u_{2})$

Paso 2.3.13

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Paso 2.3.13.1

Multiplica $\frac{1}{2}$ por $\frac{1}{4}$ .

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} (\frac{1}{2 \cdot 4} \int 1 + \cos (2 u_{2}) d u_{2} + \int \frac{1}{4} d u_{2} + \int - \frac{\cos (u_{2})}{2} d u_{2})$

Paso 2.3.13.2

Multiplica $2$ por $4$ .

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} (\frac{1}{8} \int 1 + \cos (2 u_{2}) d u_{2} + \int \frac{1}{4} d u_{2} + \int - \frac{\cos (u_{2})}{2} d u_{2})$

Paso 2.3.14

Divide la única integral en varias integrales.

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} (\frac{1}{8} (\int d u_{2} + \int \cos (2 u_{2}) d u_{2}) + \int \frac{1}{4} d u_{2} + \int - \frac{\cos (u_{2})}{2} d u_{2})$

Paso 2.3.15

Aplica la regla de la constante.

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} (\frac{1}{8} (u_{2} + C_{2} + \int \cos (2 u_{2}) d u_{2}) + \int \frac{1}{4} d u_{2} + \int - \frac{\cos (u_{2})}{2} d u_{2})$

Paso 2.3.16

Sea $u_{3} = 2 u_{2}$ . Entonces $d u_{3} = 2 d u_{2}$ , de modo que $\frac{1}{2} d u_{3} = d u_{2}$ . Reescribe mediante $u_{3}$ y $d$ $u_{3}$ .

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Paso 2.3.16.1

Deja $u_{3} = 2 u_{2}$ . Obtén $\frac{d u_{3}}{d u_{2}}$ .

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Paso 2.3.16.1.1

Diferencia $2 u_{2}$ .

$\frac{d}{d u_{2}} [2 u_{2}]$

Paso 2.3.16.1.2

Como $2$ es constante con respecto a $u_{2}$ , la derivada de $2 u_{2}$ con respecto a $u_{2}$ es $2 \frac{d}{d u_{2}} [u_{2}]$ .

$2 \frac{d}{d u_{2}} [u_{2}]$

Paso 2.3.16.1.3

Diferencia con la regla de la potencia, que establece que $\frac{d}{d u_{2}} [{u_{2}}^{n}]$ es $n {u_{2}}^{n - 1}$ donde $n = 1$ .

$2 \cdot 1$

Paso 2.3.16.1.4

Multiplica $2$ por $1$ .

$2$

Paso 2.3.16.2

Reescribe el problema mediante $u_{3}$ y $d u_{3}$ .

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} (\frac{1}{8} (u_{2} + C_{2} + \int \cos (u_{3}) \frac{1}{2} d u_{3}) + \int \frac{1}{4} d u_{2} + \int - \frac{\cos (u_{2})}{2} d u_{2})$

Paso 2.3.17

Combina $\cos (u_{3})$ y $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} (\frac{1}{8} (u_{2} + C_{2} + \int \frac{\cos (u_{3})}{2} d u_{3}) + \int \frac{1}{4} d u_{2} + \int - \frac{\cos (u_{2})}{2} d u_{2})$

Paso 2.3.18

Dado que $\frac{1}{2}$ es constante con respecto a $u_{3}$ , mueve $\frac{1}{2}$ fuera de la integral.

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} (\frac{1}{8} (u_{2} + C_{2} + \frac{1}{2} \int \cos (u_{3}) d u_{3}) + \int \frac{1}{4} d u_{2} + \int - \frac{\cos (u_{2})}{2} d u_{2})$

Paso 2.3.19

La integral de $\cos (u_{3})$ con respecto a $u_{3}$ es $\sin (u_{3})$ .

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} (\frac{1}{8} (u_{2} + C_{2} + \frac{1}{2} (\sin (u_{3}) + C_{3})) + \int \frac{1}{4} d u_{2} + \int - \frac{\cos (u_{2})}{2} d u_{2})$

Paso 2.3.20

Aplica la regla de la constante.

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} (\frac{1}{8} (u_{2} + C_{2} + \frac{1}{2} (\sin (u_{3}) + C_{3})) + \frac{1}{4} u_{2} + C_{4} + \int - \frac{\cos (u_{2})}{2} d u_{2})$

Paso 2.3.21

Combina $\frac{1}{4}$ y $u_{2}$ .

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} (\frac{1}{8} (u_{2} + C_{2} + \frac{1}{2} (\sin (u_{3}) + C_{3})) + \frac{u_{2}}{4} + C_{4} + \int - \frac{\cos (u_{2})}{2} d u_{2})$

Paso 2.3.22

Dado que $- 1$ es constante con respecto a $u_{2}$ , mueve $- 1$ fuera de la integral.

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} (\frac{1}{8} (u_{2} + C_{2} + \frac{1}{2} (\sin (u_{3}) + C_{3})) + \frac{u_{2}}{4} + C_{4} - \int \frac{\cos (u_{2})}{2} d u_{2})$

Paso 2.3.23

Dado que $\frac{1}{2}$ es constante con respecto a $u_{2}$ , mueve $\frac{1}{2}$ fuera de la integral.

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} (\frac{1}{8} (u_{2} + C_{2} + \frac{1}{2} (\sin (u_{3}) + C_{3})) + \frac{u_{2}}{4} + C_{4} - (\frac{1}{2} \int \cos (u_{2}) d u_{2}))$

Paso 2.3.24

La integral de $\cos (u_{2})$ con respecto a $u_{2}$ es $\sin (u_{2})$ .

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} (\frac{1}{8} (u_{2} + C_{2} + \frac{1}{2} (\sin (u_{3}) + C_{3})) + \frac{u_{2}}{4} + C_{4} - \frac{1}{2} (\sin (u_{2}) + C_{5}))$

Paso 2.3.25

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Paso 2.3.25.1

Simplifica.

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} (\frac{u_{2}}{8} + \frac{\sin (u_{3})}{16} + \frac{u_{2}}{4} - \frac{\sin (u_{2})}{2}) + C_{6}$

Paso 2.3.25.2

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Paso 2.3.25.2.1

Para escribir $\frac{u_{2}}{4}$ como una fracción con un denominador común, multiplica por $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} (\frac{u_{2}}{8} + \frac{u_{2}}{4} \cdot \frac{2}{2} + \frac{\sin (u_{3})}{16} - \frac{\sin (u_{2})}{2}) + C_{6}$

Paso 2.3.25.2.2

Escribe cada expresión con un denominador común de $8$ , mediante la multiplicación de cada uno por un factor adecuado de $1$ .

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Paso 2.3.25.2.2.1

Multiplica $\frac{u_{2}}{4}$ por $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} (\frac{u_{2}}{8} + \frac{u_{2} \cdot 2}{4 \cdot 2} + \frac{\sin (u_{3})}{16} - \frac{\sin (u_{2})}{2}) + C_{6}$

Paso 2.3.25.2.2.2

Multiplica $4$ por $2$ .

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} (\frac{u_{2}}{8} + \frac{u_{2} \cdot 2}{8} + \frac{\sin (u_{3})}{16} - \frac{\sin (u_{2})}{2}) + C_{6}$

Paso 2.3.25.2.3

Combina los numeradores sobre el denominador común.

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} (\frac{u_{2} + u_{2} \cdot 2}{8} + \frac{\sin (u_{3})}{16} - \frac{\sin (u_{2})}{2}) + C_{6}$

Paso 2.3.25.2.4

Mueve $2$ a la izquierda de $u_{2}$ .

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} (\frac{u_{2} + 2 \cdot u_{2}}{8} + \frac{\sin (u_{3})}{16} - \frac{\sin (u_{2})}{2}) + C_{6}$

Paso 2.3.25.2.5

Suma $u_{2}$ y $2 u_{2}$ .

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} (\frac{3 u_{2}}{8} + \frac{\sin (u_{3})}{16} - \frac{\sin (u_{2})}{2}) + C_{6}$

Paso 2.3.26

Vuelve a sustituir para cada variable de sustitución de la integración.

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Paso 2.3.26.1

Reemplaza todos los casos de $u_{2}$ con $2 u_{1}$ .

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} (\frac{3 (2 u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\sin (u_{3})}{16} - \frac{\sin (2 u_{1})}{2}) + C_{6}$

Paso 2.3.26.2

Reemplaza todos los casos de $u_{3}$ con $2 u_{2}$ .

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} (\frac{3 (2 u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\sin (2 u_{2})}{16} - \frac{\sin (2 u_{1})}{2}) + C_{6}$

Paso 2.3.26.3

Reemplaza todos los casos de $u_{1}$ con $π θ$ .

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} (\frac{3 (2 (π θ))}{8} + \frac{\sin (2 u_{2})}{16} - \frac{\sin (2 (π θ))}{2}) + C_{6}$

Paso 2.3.26.4

Reemplaza todos los casos de $u_{2}$ con $2 u_{1}$ .

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} (\frac{3 (2 (π θ))}{8} + \frac{\sin (2 (2 u_{1}))}{16} - \frac{\sin (2 (π θ))}{2}) + C_{6}$

Paso 2.3.26.5

Reemplaza todos los casos de $u_{1}$ con $π θ$ .

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} (\frac{3 (2 (π θ))}{8} + \frac{\sin (2 (2 (π θ)))}{16} - \frac{\sin (2 (π θ))}{2}) + C_{6}$

Paso 2.3.27

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Paso 2.3.27.1

Simplifica cada término.

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Paso 2.3.27.1.1

Cancela el factor común de $2$ y $8$ .

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Paso 2.3.27.1.1.1

Factoriza $2$ de $3 (2 (π θ))$ .

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} (\frac{2 (3 (π θ))}{8} + \frac{\sin (2 (2 (π θ)))}{16} - \frac{\sin (2 (π θ))}{2}) + C_{6}$

Paso 2.3.27.1.1.2

Cancela los factores comunes.

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Paso 2.3.27.1.1.2.1

Factoriza $2$ de $8$ .

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} (\frac{2 (3 (π θ))}{2 \cdot 4} + \frac{\sin (2 (2 (π θ)))}{16} - \frac{\sin (2 (π θ))}{2}) + C_{6}$

Paso 2.3.27.1.1.2.2

Cancela el factor común.

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} (\frac{2 (3 (π θ))}{2 \cdot 4} + \frac{\sin (2 (2 (π θ)))}{16} - \frac{\sin (2 (π θ))}{2}) + C_{6}$

Paso 2.3.27.1.1.2.3

Reescribe la expresión.

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} (\frac{3 (π θ)}{4} + \frac{\sin (2 (2 (π θ)))}{16} - \frac{\sin (2 (π θ))}{2}) + C_{6}$

Paso 2.3.27.1.2

Multiplica $2$ por $2$ .

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} (\frac{3 π θ}{4} + \frac{\sin (4 π θ)}{16} - \frac{\sin (2 π θ)}{2}) + C_{6}$

Paso 2.3.27.2

Aplica la propiedad distributiva.

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2 π} \cdot \frac{3 π θ}{4} + \frac{1}{2 π} \cdot \frac{\sin (4 π θ)}{16} + \frac{1}{2 π} (- \frac{\sin (2 π θ)}{2}) + C_{6}$

Paso 2.3.27.3

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Paso 2.3.27.3.1

Cancela el factor común de $π$ .

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Paso 2.3.27.3.1.1

Factoriza $π$ de $2 π$ .

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{π \cdot 2} \cdot \frac{3 π θ}{4} + \frac{1}{2 π} \cdot \frac{\sin (4 π θ)}{16} + \frac{1}{2 π} (- \frac{\sin (2 π θ)}{2}) + C_{6}$

Paso 2.3.27.3.1.2

Factoriza $π$ de $3 π θ$ .

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{π \cdot 2} \cdot \frac{π (3 θ)}{4} + \frac{1}{2 π} \cdot \frac{\sin (4 π θ)}{16} + \frac{1}{2 π} (- \frac{\sin (2 π θ)}{2}) + C_{6}$

Paso 2.3.27.3.1.3

Cancela el factor común.

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{π \cdot 2} \cdot \frac{π (3 θ)}{4} + \frac{1}{2 π} \cdot \frac{\sin (4 π θ)}{16} + \frac{1}{2 π} (- \frac{\sin (2 π θ)}{2}) + C_{6}$

Paso 2.3.27.3.1.4

Reescribe la expresión.

$r + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{3 θ}{4} + \frac{1}{2 π} \cdot \frac{\sin (4 π θ)}{16} + \frac{1}{2 π} (- \frac{\sin (2 π θ)}{2}) + C_{6}$

Paso 2.3.27.3.2

Multiplica $\frac{1}{2}$ por $\frac{3 θ}{4}$ .

$r + C_{1} = \frac{3 θ}{2 \cdot 4} + \frac{1}{2 π} \cdot \frac{\sin (4 π θ)}{16} + \frac{1}{2 π} (- \frac{\sin (2 π θ)}{2}) + C_{6}$

Paso 2.3.27.3.3

Multiplica $2$ por $4$ .

$r + C_{1} = \frac{3 θ}{8} + \frac{1}{2 π} \cdot \frac{\sin (4 π θ)}{16} + \frac{1}{2 π} (- \frac{\sin (2 π θ)}{2}) + C_{6}$

Paso 2.3.27.3.4

Multiplica $\frac{1}{2 π} \cdot \frac{\sin (4 π θ)}{16}$ .

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Paso 2.3.27.3.4.1

Multiplica $\frac{1}{2 π}$ por $\frac{\sin (4 π θ)}{16}$ .

$r + C_{1} = \frac{3 θ}{8} + \frac{\sin (4 π θ)}{2 π \cdot 16} + \frac{1}{2 π} (- \frac{\sin (2 π θ)}{2}) + C_{6}$

Paso 2.3.27.3.4.2

Multiplica $16$ por $2$ .

$r + C_{1} = \frac{3 θ}{8} + \frac{\sin (4 π θ)}{32 π} + \frac{1}{2 π} (- \frac{\sin (2 π θ)}{2}) + C_{6}$

Paso 2.3.27.3.5

Multiplica $\frac{1}{2 π} (- \frac{\sin (2 π θ)}{2})$ .

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Paso 2.3.27.3.5.1

Multiplica $\frac{1}{2 π}$ por $\frac{\sin (2 π θ)}{2}$ .

$r + C_{1} = \frac{3 θ}{8} + \frac{\sin (4 π θ)}{32 π} - \frac{\sin (2 π θ)}{2 π \cdot 2} + C_{6}$

Paso 2.3.27.3.5.2

Multiplica $2$ por $2$ .

$r + C_{1} = \frac{3 θ}{8} + \frac{\sin (4 π θ)}{32 π} - \frac{\sin (2 π θ)}{4 π} + C_{6}$

Paso 2.3.28

Reordena los términos.

$r + C_{1} = \frac{3}{8} θ + \frac{1}{32 π} \sin (4 π θ) - \frac{1}{4 π} \sin (2 π θ) + C_{6}$

Paso 2.4

Agrupa la constante de integración en el lado derecho como $K$ .

$r = \frac{3}{8} θ + \frac{1}{32 π} \sin (4 π θ) - \frac{1}{4 π} \sin (2 π θ) + K$